91. Are pencils and penholders distributed and collected daily?...... Are they disinfected after each collection?.

How?..

92. Location of cloak room...

93. Separate compartment for each pupil?.

94. Light and ventilation of cloak room..

95. Is approach to fire escape clear?.

MEDICAL INSPECTION.

96. Name and address of medical inspector..

.; date of pridnert..

97. Frequency of inspector's calls......

98. Has board of education adopted rules for guidance of medical inspector?..

(Procure copy if available.)

99. Are blank forms used by medical inspectors in making records?.

(Procure copy if available.)

100. Number of lectures given before teachers by medical inspector during each term. 101. Are unvaccinated pupils or teachers permitted to attend school?..

102. Number of unvaccinated pupils in school..

......; teachers.

103. Are pupils or teachers residing in dwellings in which infectious disease exists excluded from school?.... 104. Are pupils and teachers required to present a written permit upon return to scho 1 after exclusion on account of infectious disease?... Who issues permit?..

108. Method and frequency of scrubbing floors...

109. Method and frequency of cleaning desk tops, chairs, handrails, door knobs, and casings. 110. Method of disinfecting schoolrooms after a case of infectious disease occurs..

performed?.

111. Describe any appliances for disinfecting kindergarten equipment.

112. How frequently used?.

113. Has school a gymnasium?.. 114. Any facilities for bathing?. Date.....

Are there special instructors?. .................; describe them...

.; by whom

.., Inspector.

AMERICAN SCHOOL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION.

QUESTIONNAIRE.

[PREPARED BY THE COMMITTEE ON THE STATUS OF MEDICAL INSPECTION OF THE AMERICAN SCHOOL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION.']

1. Is there any organized system of medical inspection of school children in your town?

2. Does this embrace inspection of children for the detection of (a) contagious disease, and (b) remediable physical and hygienic defects?

3. Do you follow up cases of contagious disease, remediable physical defect, and hygienic imperfection?

4. What per cent of children thus followed up receive legitimate treatment by reputable physicians? 5. State the number of schools under supervision.

6. Give the total population of all schools.

7. How many schools are visited daily by the medical inspector?

8. Are parochial, private, or any other than public, supervised by the medical inspector?

9. What is the average number of children under the supervision of one inspector, and how often are the individual children seen by the inspector?

10. Does the city provide free baths in the school buildings or in other places for the use of the school children.

11. How extensively are these baths used, and what is their sanitary supervision?

12. Do the medical inspectors visit the homes of absentees to learn the reason of their absence?

13. Do the pupils provide their own writing utensils?

14. How are the materials, as pencils, paper, clay, books, etc., collected and stored in the classroom?

1 See American medical association. Committee on medical inspection of schools. Its Journal, 57: 175157, Nov. 25, 1911.

82883°-13-9

15. Are the books of one pupil disinfected before being passed on to another pupil? If so, how?

16. What disposition is made of school books and other material which has been used by a child ill with contagious disease or used in a family where contagious disease existed?

17. Is there any systematic vaccination of school children by medical inspectors in the schools?

18. Is a certificate of successful vaccination required before child is allowed to enter school?

19. Does the city conduct a system of nursing?

20. What are the duties of the nurse?

21. How many schools does a single nurse cover?

22. What is the average number of children assigned to a nurse?

23. What is the area covered by a nurse?

24. Does the nurse or teacher in any way perform the functions of the medical inspector?

25. Is there any system of permanent record of the physical condition of a child kept in the school?

26. Is the medical supervision of school children under the department of health or the department of education, or established by private philanthropy?

27. If in the department of education, in what division-physical education, or school hygiene or other department?

28. What is your individual estimate of the value of medical inspection of school children in (1) improving the hygienic conditions at school, (2) improving the school efficiency of the children; (3) improving the attendance, (4) improving the morale of the school community, with particular reference to truancy, incorrigibleness, etc.?

29. Will you please cite any remarkable instance of improvement in the school children after physical or hygienic defects have been remedied?

30. What instruction does your system give in oral hygiene and constructive dental work? What cooperation do the local dentists afford?

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MEDICINE.

HEALTH SURVEY OF PUPILS, TO BE MADE BY THE TEACHER AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TERM.

1. Is the child healthy appearing?.

2. Is the color good?..

3. Is he physically well developed?.

A. GENERAL APPEARANCE.

4. Is he free from apparent deformides?.

5. Has he a good standing posture?.

6. Has he a good sitting posture?..

7. Are the shoulders even?..

8. Does the child walk normally?....

9. Are the heels of the shoes worn evenly?..

10. Is the physiological age of the child apparently equal to his chrɔ wi..i al g7.

7. Is he free from pronounced peculiarities such as irritability, timi lity, embarrassmet, cruelty, moroseness, fits, general misbehavior, etc.?...

8. Is he apparently free from bad sexual habits?..

9. Is he free from so-called "bladder trouble" (requests to "go out")?.

10. Is he usually free from headache?..

1 Reprinted as an outline for the health grading of the school child. See Hoag, E. B. The teacher's relation to health supervision in schools, etc. American academy of medicine. Bulletin 13: 127-134, June, 1912.

D. TEETH.

1. Are the teeth clean?.

2. Are the teeth sound?.

3. Are the six-year molars in good condition?..

4. Has the child been to a dentist within six months?

5. Are the teeth regular?...

6. Does the child use a toothbrush every day?.

7. Are the gums free from abscesses?.

8. Are the gums healthy looking?..

9. Are the upper teeth straight (not prominent)?..

10. Have decayed teeth been filled?...

E. NOSE AND THROAT.

1. Does the child breathe with the mouth closed?.

2. Is he free from nasal discharge?.

3. Is he free from "nasal voice"?.

4. Has he a well-developed face?.

5. Has he a well-developed chin?.

6. Has he straight, even teeth?.

7. Is the child mentally alert?.

8. Is he usually free from sore throat?.

9. Is the hard palate wide (not high and narrow)?

10. Is the hearing good?.......

F. EARS.

1. Does the child usually answer questions without first saying "What"?. 2. Is he fairly attentive?..

3. Is he fairly bright appearing (not stupid)?..

4. Does he have a voice with good expression (not expressionless)?.

5. Does he spell fairly well?.

6. Does he read fairly well?.

7. Is he free from earache?.

8. Does he hear a watch tick as far as the average chil

9. Is he free from ear discharge?.

10. Is he free from any peculiar postures which might indicate deafness?.

1. Are the child's eyes straight?.

2. Is he free from chronic headache?.

3. Does he do his work without fatigue?.

4. Is he free from squinting or frowning?.

G. LYES.

5. Is the child free from postures which might indicate eye defects, such as leaning over too near the desk, holding the head on one side, etc.?......

6. Are the eyes free from redness and discharge?..

7. Are the eyelids healthy looking?......

8. Can the child read writing on the board from his seat?.

9. Have the eyes been tested separately with the Suellen test type?.

H. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

1. Is the head free from any signs of disease (lice, ringworm)?..

2. Is the skin of the face, hands, wrists, forearms, chest, free from red, somewhat circular petches (ring. worm)?...

3. Is the skin of the face, hands, and forearms free from infected spots with crusts and pus (impetigo)?.... 4. Is the child free from red scratched lines and spots on the hands, wrists, forearms, chest, and between the fingers (itch)?.......

I. ERUPTIVE CHILDREN'S DISEASES.

Is the child free from the following general early indications of contagious diseases?

1. Flushed face..

2. Lassitude..

3. Vomiting..

4. Eruptions.

5. Congested eyes.

6. Discharging eyes. 7. Nasal discharge. 8. Persistent cough. 9. Scratching..... 10. Sleepiness..

APPENDIX B.

(See p. 34.)

SHAWAN, Jacob Albright. School activities in relation to children's eyes. In National education association of the United States. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1911. Published by the association, 1911. p. 1063-70.

A résumé of information being gathered through questionnaire sent out by N. E. A. Committee appointed at the Boston meeting of the Department of special education, 1910, "to study and report on the conservation of vision. This committee consists of an ophthalmologist, a psychologist, an illuminating engineer, a publisher, and a superintendent of schools. Its object is to study not only school conditions with reference to the use and abuse of vision, but other conditions. . . . The committee has so far planned to investigate the following phases of the subject: 1. The physiology and pathology of vision. 2. Illumination, both natural and artificial. 3. Objects of vision, including books, writing tablets, blackboards, etc. 4. The psychology of vision, especially with reference to conduct. 5. The legal aspects of the problem of the conservation of vision with special reference to legislative regulations. "This paper is . . . a partial report of one member of the committee and is confined to one phase of the subject.

"A comprehensive questionnaire has been prepared and 3,000 copies sent to superintendents and principals of schools in the United States.

...

"Out of 736 answers. . . 456, or 59 per cent, have the eyes of children examined periodically. . . Out of 504 answers, the following facts are deduced: 326, or 42 per cent, of the examinations were made by teachers; 138, or 17.7 per cent, of the examinations were made by physicians; 30, or 3.9 per cent, of the examinations were made by teachers, physicians, and ophthalmologists; 10, or 1.5 per cent, of the examinations were made by ophthalmologists and specialists."

Summary:

"First, light should be admitted to the schoolroom from the left of the pupils with a window space equal to not less than one-futh of the floor surface.

"Second, a shiny surface, whether the blackboard or printed page is injurious and should be avoided. "Third, the type used for printing school books should be large and clear.

Fourth, the amount of work requiring pencil or pen should be limited.

"Fifth, correction of the differences in refractive power of the two eyes should be discovered and promptly made by the use of proper glasses.

"Sixth, where the power of vision is limited it should be conserved and developed by proper eyetraining, either by segregation or by the omission of certain subjects of study."

132

AUTHOR AND SUBJECT INDEX.