Infantilism, on the other hand, denotes the continuation intɔ adult age of a group of symptoms common to childhood only. Thus when an individual ceases to be a child we have the development of the primary sexual characteristics in the maturing of the genital organs. Promptly after this comes the development of the so-called "secondary" sexual characteristics. They are enlargement of the larynx and change of voice; appearance of hair upon face, axilla, and pubes; enlargement of the breasts; junction of epiphyses to long bones with cessation of their growth; and a tremendous mental change in outlook. Nearly all dwarfs have a certain number of these symptoms of infantilism aside from stature, but not all. On the other hand, there are many examples of infantilism in persons of normal adult stature. For example, Dr. 'Hewlett, of Ann Arbor, reported a case of infantilism associated with pituitary disorder. As you can see from this photograph this person was not a dwarf, but lacked the sexual characteristics of maturity, and had other symptoms of so-called infantilism. On the other hand, many dwarfs are thoroughly matured in every respect except size.

So while infantilism and dwarfism may exist in the same person, they are quite distinct in meaning, and often are found separately.

History.

Dwarfs have been known since the earliest time. Old Egyptian carvings of the early dynastics show individuals clearly represented as dwarfs and in Leviticus it is stated that no dwarf shall officiate at the altar.

The classical authors contain many references to dwarfs, some evidently legendary, but showing that they were well known. In Rome a dwarf was a necessary adjunct to every noble house. They were found in every royal court and were often made much of. Charles IX had nine dwarfs. Catherine de Medici had three couples whom she married to each other, purposing to raise a breed of dwarfs. These matings were all sterile. Peter the Great was very fond of them and when his favorite dwarf was married, he gave a great function which was attended by 72 dwarfs.

Nearly every art gallery in Europe has portraits of dwarfs. These portraits were often by the old masters. Thus we find dwarfs in paintings by Raphael, Veronese, Valasquez, Montegno and many other lesser artists. These dwarfs often succeeded and replaced the court jester.

Among historical dwarfs are included Attila, the Hun; Aesop, the author of Fables; Gregory of Tours; Pepin, the Short; Charles III, King of Naples; Prince Eugene; King Vladislaus of Poland; Gra

vina, a Spanish Admiral; Doos, the Dutch painter; William Hay, a member of the English parliament in the 18th century.

At the court of Charles I of England was a dwarf named Richard Cibson. He was a painter and the drawing-teacher of the princess. He was 46 inches tall and married a female dwarf of about the same size. They had nine children, five of whom lived to maturity and were of normal size. Gibson was a celebrated miniature painter and some of his work is still in the British Museum. He died at 75 and his wife lived to be 89.

At about the same time there lived another dwarf at the court of Charles I, named Geoffrey Hudson. This dwarf is a prominent character in Scott's novel, "Perveril of the Peak." Born in 1619 of quite normal parents, he was presented to Henrietta, the Queen of Charles I, when he was nine years old. He was then 18 inches in height, about the measurement of a new-born child. Tradition states that he was presented to the queen in a pot-pie. The Duchess of Buckingham gave a great dinner in honor of the Queen, and an enormous pot-pie was brought on. At a given signal the dwarf rose, breaking his way through the crust and walking across the table to the Queen, before whom he bowed and announced himself her property. He grew to be a great favorite at Court and was a man of unusual ability. At the age of thirty, he had grown to be 39 inches high. He was sent to France as a special Royal envoy to secure a mid-wife for Henrietta's first confinement, and intrusted with many responsibilities by the Queen, later accompanying her to France when she was banished. He was quite sensitive about his size and because of some taunt once challenged a courtier named Crofts to a duel. The latter came armed with a so-called "squirt" and Hudson attacked him fiercely with his sword. The seconds interfered and it was arranged to renew the duel in the morning with pistols. At the first volley Hudson shot Crofts dead. It is said that this ended the teasing.

Dwarfs are very commonly seen on the stage. Hardly a week passes during a theatrical season in Detroit but that a dwarf appears in one of the vaudeville theaters. The most famous modern dwarf was General Tom Thumb, whose real name was Charles Stratton. He was born in Bridgeport, Conn., the home town of Barnum's circus. He ceased growing at five months when 24 inches high. Barnum afterwards engaged him and showed him all over the world, under his assumed name. He was presented to Queen Victoria and received by the Royal family of France. His success and popularity were quite remarkable. His great drawing card was kissing the women who visited him. It is said that in England alone he kissed a million women. He received many presents and amassed a large fortune. He returned to America in 1864, bringing with him three other