9. FACE OF THE COUNTRY. The southern half of the state is a level, sandy alluvion, and subsides from the higher regions into an unbroken plain. The middle section is hilly, and toward the N. the surface grows more variegated, till it rises into mountain ridges.

10. NATURAL CURIOSITIES. The Falls of the Passaic at Paterson are highly picturesque. The scenery around is variegated and wild. A perpendicular wall of rock rises from the side of a large basin, formed by the river. Into this basin, the foaming cataract pours, from a height of 70 feet. A road has been cut through the rock, by which the spectator may approach the spot in a favorable manner for enjoying the view.

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY.

1. DIVISIONS. New Jersey has 13 counties; Bergen, Burlington, Cape May, Cumberland, Essex, Gloucester, Hunterdon, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, Salem, Somerset, Sussex, and Warren; these are subdivided into 120 townships. The population of the state is 320,769, of whom 2,446 are slaves.

2. CANALS. The Morris Canal crosses the northern part of the state from New York to the Pennsylvania coal region. It leaves the Hudson at Powles's Hook, opposite the city, and proceeds N. and W. crossing the Mountain Ridge, beyond which it turns southwesterly and extends along the base of the ridge to Easton on the Delaware, 94 miles. At a place near Bloomfield, is an inclined plane 32 feet in height, up which boats are drawn by machinery. There are other smaller planes, furnished with the same apparatus, beside several locks. The whole rise and fall is 890 feet. Aqueducts pass over Passaic and Pompton rivers. Twenty miles of the canal lead through narrow ravines, between high ridges of granite, abounding in valuable minerals. It passes by the towns of Newark, Paterson and Dover. The Delaware and Raritan Canal is designed to extend from New Brunswick on the Raritan, to Lamberton on the Delaware, below Trenton, 38 miles in length. It is to be 7 feet deep, and 75 feet wide, at the surface, and is expected to be finished in 1833.

3. RAIL ROADS. Four rail road companies have been chartered by the legislature within two years; the state reserving a right to levy a transit duty upon the goods transported upon them. The Camden and Amboy rail road will extend from Amboy to Camden on the Delaware, opposite Philadelphia. It will probably be finished in the summer of the present year, and will be 61 miles in length. The Paterson and Hudson river rail road, will reach from Paterson to Jersey city on the river 14 miles. The Elizabethtown and Somerville rail road, and the West Jersey rail road, are projected but not yet begun.

4. Towns. The capital is Trenton, on the Delaware, 30 miles above Philadelphia. It is a place of considerable business, and contains a state house, two banks and 6 churches. The rapids upon the Delaware at this place form the limit of sloop and steamboat navigation. A wooden bridge across the river, 1100 feet long and covered with a roof, is the first on the Delaware from the sea upwards. Trenton is incorporated with city privi leges, and has some thriving cotton manufactures. Pop. 3,925.

Burlington, on the Delaware, 12 miles below Trenton, is beautifully situated, partly on an island united to the shore by four bridges and causeways. It has many fine buildings, and makes a very handsome appearance towards the river. It is a port of entry, but has no foreign trade.

Bordentown, on the river between this place and Trenton, is chiefly remarkable as the residence of Joseph Bonaparte, whose elegant villa

attracts the attention of travellers. Princeton, 10 miles N. E. of Trenton, is a handsome village, containing the college of New Jersey. It stands on an elevated ridge, and commands a good prospect.

New Brunswick is situated at the head of sloop navigation upon the Raritan. It contains a college, a theological seminary and other public edifices, and has some commerce, chiefly in corn and flour. Pop. 7,831.

Newark, on the W. bank of the Passaic, 9 miles from New York, is one of the handsomest towns in the country. The streets are regular, and in the centre of the place is a fine public square. The town has two banks, an academy and 6 churches, and many manufactories. The Passaic is here navigable for sloops of 80 tons, and four miles below the town, falls into Newark Bay. Pop. 10,953.

Elizabethtown is the oldest place in New Jersey. It stands on a small creek flowing into Staten Island Sound, with a navigation for vessels of 20 or 30 tons. It is a handsome town and surrounded by a fertile country. Pop. 3,451. Peterson is a large and handsome manufacturing town, with a population of 7,731.

Perth Amboy is situated at the bottom of a bay, where the Raritan and Staten Island Sound unite; it has a tolerable harbor, and considerable

commerce.

5. AGRICULTURE. In the southern parts, owing to the barren soil, the business of cultivation is not in a very thriving state. In the northern and middle parts, considerable attention is paid to the rearing of garden stuffs, and fruit, for the markets of New York and Philadelphia. The farmers also raise wheat, rye, maize, buckwheat, pulse, potatoes, &c. These portions of the state abound in orchards; the finest cider is made in the neighborhood of Newark. Cattle are also extensively raised for exportation.

6. COMMERCE. New Jersey has little commerce within its own limits, from the want of good harbors, and from the contiguity of the great ports of New York and Philadelphia. The imports for 1829 amounted to 786,247 dollars; the exports of domestic produce to 8,022 dollars. The shipping in 1828, amounted to 48,772 tons.

7. MANUFACTURES. At Paterson, on the Passaic, are large manufactures of cotton, duck, iron and brass work, nails, &c. employing a capital of more than a million of dollars. At Trenton, are considerable manufactures of cotton. At Belleville, on the Passaic, are calico printing works which produce yearly 6,500,000 yards; copper works, manufacturing 1,800,000 pounds in sheets and bars, and manufactories of brass lamps, sheet brass and silver, white and red lead litharge; there are also brass foundries. At Orange, near Newark, is a small manufactory of silk and cotton fringes, and large manufactures of hats and shoes. At Bloomfield, in the same neighborhood, are manufactures of woolen cloths, kerseymeres and kerseymere shawls, and an establishment for dyeing and glazing cotton goods.

There are a great number of tanneries in this state; boots, shoes, and saddles are made in large quantities. Newark is famous for the shoe manufacture, and also for making carriages of various kinds.

8. FISHERIES. On the eastern coast, in the neighborhood of Staten Island are abundant oyster beds which are highly profitable to that part of the state; but the most productive source of income is the shad fishery upon the Atlantic coast and in the Delaware, which employ a great part of the population of the southern counties. The fishery is carried on by many separate establishments which employ laborers upon wages. The fisheries are taxed by the state. In the county of Gloucester, there are 40 of these fisheries, which employ 900 men. Most of the fish are sold in the market of Philadelphia. When the spring freshets are later than ordinary, the shad are most abundant in the bays and inlets of the sea-coast.

9. GOVERNMENT. The legislature consists of a Council and House of Assembly, the members of which are chosen annually. The Council consists of one member from each county, and the Assembly, of three from each county. The Governor is chosen by the legislature annually. Voters must be resident one year, and possess a property of 50 pounds. The legislature meets yearly in October. The constitution was established in 1776. New Jersey sends 6 members to Congress.

10. RELIGION. The Presbyterians have 85 churches; the Reformed Dutch church, 28; the Baptists, 34, and the Episcopalians 20 ministers. There are many Methodists and Quakers, and some Congregationalists.

11. EDUCATION. The College of New Jersey or Nassau Hall at Princeton, was founded in 1738. It has a President, 3 professors and 2 tutors. The libraries contain 12,000 vols. The number of students is 105. There are 2 vacations of 12 weeks in April and September. Commencement is in September. There is also at the same place a Theological Seminary established by the Presbyterians. This last has a spacious stone building with three professors, and about 100 students. Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, has 70 students. The state has a school fund, yielding an annual income of 22,000 dollars.

12. HISTORY. New Jersey was first settled by the Danes at Bergen, opposite New York, in 1624; shortly afterwards the Dutch settled in the same neighborhood. The Swedes, in 1626, purchased the land along the Delaware from the Indians; and in 1640, the English began a settlement within these limits at Elsingburg on the Delaware, but were soon driven away by the Swedes and Dutch. The Swedes built a fort at Elsingburg, and retained possession till 1655, when the Dutch of New York took all their posts, and sent the Swedes back to Europe. The English in 1664, after reducing New York, turned their arms against these settlements, which immediately submitted. The Duke of York made a grant of the country to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and the territory was named New Jersey in com. pliment to the latter, who had been governor of the isle of Jersey. The seat of government was established at Elizabethtown. The Dutch soon afterwards reconquered the whole country, but subsequently gave it up. In 1676, the territory was divided into East and West Jersey. In 1702, the proprietors surrendered both divisions to the crown, and they were formed into a single government by Queen Anne. They were ruled by one Governor, but continued to choose two assemblies. In 1738, two governors again were appointed. In 1776, the present constitution established the consolidation of the two governments.

1. BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. The northwestern corner of Pennsylvania is washed by Lake Erie; the state of New York forms its northern boundary; the river Delaware separating it from N. York and N. Jersey, bounds it on the E. A small portion of Delaware, with Maryland and Virginia, bound it on the S.; and a long narrow strip of Virginia with Ohio forms its western boundary. Its shape is almost a perfect parallelogram; three of its sides being marked by parallels of latitude and a meridian. It lies betwe en 3° 43′

and 420 N. lat; and between 74° and 80° 40′ W. long. It is 307 miles long and 160 broad, and contains 43,950 square miles.

2. MOUNTAINS. The Apalachian chain here spreads to its widest limits, and covers with its various ranges more than one half of the state. The greatest width of the chain equals 200 miles. It consists of parallel ridges sometimes little distant from each other, and at other times with valleys 20 or 30 miles broad lying between them. The range nearest the coast is called the South Mountain, and is a continuation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia. This, however is hardly a distinct ridge, but only an irregular series of rocky broken eminences, sometimes disappearing altogether, and at others spreading out several miles in breadth. These eminences lie 150 or 200 miles from the sea, and their height does not exceed 1200 feet above the surrounding country. Beyond these are the Kittatiny or Blue Mountains, which extend from Maryland to New Jersey across the Susquehanna and Delaware. Farther westward are the ridges bearing the names of the Sideling Hills, Ragged Mountains, Great Warrior Mountain, East Will's Mountain, till we come to the Alleghany Ridge, the highest range, and from which this whole chain has in commom language received the name of the Alleghany Mountains. The highest summits are between 3 and 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. W. of the Alleghany are the Laurel and Chestnut ridges.

These mountains are in general covered with thick forests. The Laurel Mountains are overgrown on their eastern front with the tree from which they are named. The wide valleys between the great ridges are filled with a multitude of hills confusedly scattered up and down. The tops of the ridges sometimes exhibit long ranges of table land, two or three miles broad; some of them are steep on one side, and extend with a long slope on the other. These mountains are traversed by the great stream of the Susquehanna and the head waters of the Ohio.

3. VALLEYS. The valleys of the Susquehanna and its branches are remarkably irregular. These streams traverse the whole width of the Apalachian chain of mountains, sometimes flowing in wide valleys between parallel ranges, for 50 or 60 miles in a pretty direct course, and at other times breaking through the mountain ridges. The valleys between the different ranges of the great chain extending throughout the whole state, are often 20 or 30 miles in width, with a hilly or broken surface.

4. RIVERS. The Delaware washes the eastern limit of the state. It rises W. of the Catskill Mountains in New York, and flows in a regularly zigzag course S. into Delaware Bay. It is about 260 miles long, and is navigable for ships from the sea to Philadelphia. It has no branch of any importance on the eastern side. On the western, it receives the Lehigh at Easton, which flows 75 miles in a southeasterly course, nearly half of it being navigable. Nearer the sea and 6 miles below Philadelphia, it receives the Schuylkill, which flows also southeasterly 130 miles; it is navigable for boats 90 miles, but at Philadelphia it is crossed by a dam belonging to the water works, and there are falls 5 miles above. The Susquehanna rises from two sources; the eastern branch has its origin in Otsego Lake in New York; the western branch rises in the most elevated region of Pennsylvania, in the western part of the Apalachian mountains; it passes through the great Alleghany ridge, and the others which lie east of it, and unites with the east branch at Northumberland. The river then flows S. E. into Chesapeak Bay. The Susquehanna is the longest river of the eastern and central states, and is a mile and a quarter wide at its mouth; but it is much obstructed by falls and rapids, which sometimes occur in a continual series for 50 miles together. That part of its course near the mouth affords the fewest advantages

for navigation. This river abounds with fish, and vast quantities of salmon and shad are yearly taken in its waters. The Juniata, a branch from the west, which traverses the mountainous country, is a winding stream with broken and rocky barks, and the scenery along its shores is very picturesque. This river

rises in the Alleghany mountains, and enters the Susquehanna 11 miles above Harrisburg; being 180 miles long, and part of it navigable for boats.

The Tioga is a feeder of the eastern branch, and rises N. of the mountains, near the boundary of New York; it is navigable for boats 50 miles. The Alleghany rises W. of the mountains in the northern part of Pennsylvania, and flows northerly into New York, where it curves to the S. W. and re-enters Pennsylvania; it then flows S. till after a course of 400 miles it joins the Monongahela below Pittsburgh. This last river has its source among the Laurel Mountains in Virginia, and running N. enters Pennsylvania, and joins the Alleghany at Pittsburgh; it is 300 miles in length. Both these rivers have a boat navigation for a great part of their course, and their united waters form the great stream of the Ohio, which after a short course passes out of this state. The Youghiogeny is a tributary of this Monongahela, and rises E. of the Laurel mountains, through which it passes, and runs into the Monongahela 15 miles above Pittsburgh. The Ohiopyle Falls are upon this river.

5. HARBORS. About 40 miles of the northwestern border of the state lie upon Lake Erie; this extent of coast contains the harbor of Presqu' Isle, or Erie, which affords a good haven for small vessels.

6. CLIMATE. Under this head Pennsylvania may be regarded as comprising three separate divisions, namely, the eastern slope of the mountains, the mountainous region, and the western slope. In the country E. of the mountains, the climate does not differ greatly from that part of New Jersey in the same parallel. Its greater distance from the sea and somewhat higher level render the cold of winter in a slight degree more sensible, but the climate may be characterised in general terms as mild and temperate. The mountainous country lies exposed to the chilling northwest winds, and the winter in this part is severe, with deep snows. W. of the mountains, the climate becomes milder; here the easterly winds of the Atlantic coast are unknown, and the country is not exposed to the sudden changes which they occasion. The heat of summer is not so great as upon the coast, and the autumn is long, serene and temperate.