contains an insurance office, two churches and a printing office. The principal harbor is obstructed by a sandbar; and in the year 1820, the sum of $5000 was granted by Congress to build a pier at the mouth of the river. Pop. 2233. Belfast, 12 miles N. W. of Castine, has a fine situation and good harbor, and is a flourishing town. Pop. 3077. Waterville, on the Kennebec, 18 miles above Augusta, is finely situated at the head of boat navigation, opposite Teconic falls, which present a beautiful cascade. It has a bank, and a college under the direction of the Baptists. Pop. 2216. Vassalborough, between Waterville and Augusta, is a large agricultural town, having 5 churches, a town house, a woollen manufactory, and two large tanneries, one containing 700 pits and vats. Pop. 2761. Norridgewock, on the Kennebec, is a pleasant and thriving town, with a bridge across the river. Pop. 1710. Gardiner, on the W. side of the Kennebec, 4 miles S. of Hallowell, is a flourishing and pleasant town, containing a bank, a large flour mill, a paper mill, a cotton manufactory, iron works, a plaster mill and other valuable mills. It has two churches, one of which is the chief ornament of the town, being an elegant Episcopal church built of granite in the Gothic style. Pop. 3709. Warren, on St George's River, 30 miles E. by N. from Wiscasset, is a considerable town, and contains an academy. Pop. 2030. Eastport is situated at the most eastern limit of the United States, on Moose Island, in Passamaquoddy Bay, at the mouth of the St Croix : its harbor is very large and commodious. The wharves of the town are built nearly 40 feet high, on account of the great rise of the tide in the Bay of Fundy, which is commonly 25 feet. Eastport has a thriving commerce in fish, lumber, &c. the shores of the island offering every facility for the curing of fish, and loading of lumber and other articles of commerce. The town contains two printing offices, and three churches; a handsome bridge connects the island with the main land. The shipping owned at this place, Calais, and Lubec, which together constitute the port of Passamaquoddy, amounted, in 1827, to 13,937 tons: the shipments coastwise from this port in 1826,were valued at 342,500 dollars. Pop. 2450. Lubec, three miles S. of Eastport, has a fine open harbor, safe from all winds: this town was set off from Eastport in 1811. The principal village is on Flag's Point, and contains a meeting house, custom house, and many well built wharves. On Quaddy Head, the E. point of the township, is a light house. Pop. 1535. Machias, on the bay of that name, in the E. part of the state, consists of two villages, one at the falls at the E. branch of Machias river, and the other at the falls of the W. branch, 6 1-2 miles apart, each containing a postoffice. The village at E. falls, is at the head of the tide, two miles above the junction of the branches, and contains various mills. The village at the W. falls, contains the court house, jail and various mills: there are many saw mills in this town, which cut upwards of 10,000,000 feet of boards in a year. The tonnage of the shipping in 1827 amounted to 5236: much of this is employed in the transportation of plaster from the British territory adjacent to Passamaquoddy Bay. Pop. 2775. 5. AGRICULTURE. The agricultural products of Maine are maize, wheat, oats, barley, rye, pease, beans, potatoes, flax, hops, &c.; these not only furnish directly the food of the inhabitants, but support a numerous stock of horses, oxen, cows, sheep and swine, which form an important article of exportation. In a great part of the State a negligent and wasteful mode of agriculture is pursued, and poor crops are the consequence; but there are many judicious and skilful cultivators, and the business is manifestly improving. The crops of maize in different parts of the state vary from 30 to 50 bushels per acre; wheat 15 to 40; rye yields rather more; and hay from from 1 to 3 tons. The amount of tilled land in this state, according to returns made to the Legislature in 1820, was 78,964 acres; number of horses 17,849: oxen, 48,224: cows and steers, 95,091: swine, 66,639 : maize raised, 508,143 bushels: wheat, 202,161: rye, 45,679: oats, 102,605: barley, 74,972: pease and beans, 34,443: hops, 17,913 pounds: hay, 240,741 tons. Land is very easily obtained by cultivators: in some instances it has been customary for the landlord to furnish the implements, cattle, half the seed, and pay half the taxes, and to receive half the products. It is considered that, in general, one half the crops, deducting one half the value of the seed and taxes, pays the expense of cultivation. The proportionate quantities of the different descriptions of improved lands to each other, are found to be tillage 1,8; mowing 7,3; pasture 6,8. The agriculture of the western counties furnishes the principal exported articles; the eastern counties are more devoted to commerce and lumbering. The whole amount of improved land is reckoned at little more than a 30th part of the whole state. 6 COMMERCE. From the earliest settlement of Maine, its inhabitants were a commercial people, and their trade by sea is now very extensive. Their commerce consists chiefly in exports of timber,masts, spars, boards, plank, scantling, staves, wood, bark, dried and pickled fish, beef, pork, live stock, butter, cheese, cider, candles, soap, shoes, boots, nails, bricks, lime and marble. Most of these articles are shipped coastwise, but a considerable trade is carried on likewise with New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the West Indies and Europe. Many of the foreign cargoes imported into this state are immediately shipped to Boston, New York and other places. Maine is now the fourth state in the union for commerce. The shipping registered and licensed for foreign and coasting trade in 1827 amounted to 202,395 tons. The gross amount of revenue to the United States from the commerce of Maine, in 1825, was 466,819 dollars, which deducting expenses, left a net amount of re nue of 300,337 dollars. The amount of exports in 1826 to foreign port exclusive of exports coastwise, was 1,524,273 dollars: the coasting trad however, forms the chief part of the commerce of the state. The total e port trade is estimated at 8 million dollars annually. 7. MANUFACTURES. In those branches of manufacture which are indispensa ble to agriculture, some progress has been made in this state, but there ar few large manufactories; in the list of articles manufactured may be name woolen and cotton cloths, nails, leather, iron castings, paper, candles, soap rum, whiskey, &c. The annual value of manufactures exclusive of ship building, is estimated at 3,051,000 dollars. 8. FISHERIES. The coast of Maine swarms with fish: such as cod. pollock, herring, mackerel, alewives, salmon, &c. The fisheries are conducted partly by boats and small vessels near the shore, and partly by large vessels employed in the Bank and Labrador fisheries half the year, and the rest of the time in the coasting trade. The fishing craft in 1825 amounted to 6197 tons: the fish annually taken are estimated in value at 470,987 dollars. In Passamaquoddy Bay and the neighborhood, vast quantities of hering are taken by scooping them up with hand nets. This fishing is carried on during very dark nights, and often displays the most striking and picturesque appearances to the spectator on shore. The fishermen go in small light boats, each bearing a flaming torch. The boats row with great swiftness through the water, and the herring attracted by the glare of the light, crowd after the boats in such numbers, that those stationed in the stern for this puprpose coop them up by thousands. The fish frequently throng together with such eagerness as to throw one another out of the water. When there are twelve or fifteen boats at a time upon the water, with the strong red glare of their birchen torches reflected from the surface, the lights swiftly crossing and re-crossing each other, now suddenly disappearing and again appearing among the islands as if by enchantment; the whole contrasted with the darkness that shrouds every other object, produces a scene of the most novel and romantic character. 9. OTHER SOURCES OF WEALTH. The immense forests in the interior of this state furnish the materials for a great trade in timber, masts, spars, boards, plank, scantling, staves, &c: vast quantities of fuel are supplied from this state to Boston and other seaports in New England. The felling of timber in the interior districts is generally performed during the winter. The inhabitants unite in small bands, and in the depth of the coldest season penetrate into the midst of the woods; here they build huts roofed with bark, and, though the ground is covered 5 or 6 feet deep with snow, and the thermometer 18 or 20 degrees below the freezing point, begin their work of felling the trees. These are then cut into logs about 18 feet long, and dragged over the snow by oxen to the banks of the river, and rolled upon the ice. Many thousands of these logs are thus collected, and on the breaking up of the river in the spring they are floated down to the saw mills. The upper streams being narrow and crooked, the logs sometimes get clogged in immense masses between the banks, to the number of 80 or 100,000. Such an obstruction is called a jam, and the business of removing it is often highly dangerous. This is done by cutting away the foremost logs, when the whole mass, with the accumulated volume of water above it, rushes down the river, tearing away everything in its progress. When the logs arrive at the mills, each owner selects his property, the logs being previously marked. The lumberers, or river drivers, as these people are called, often earn five or six dollars a day, but no course of life is attended with greater hardships, and nothing can be more destructive to health and morals. The winter snows are little ed le h e ously earn, is spent with a thoughtless extravagance. After selling and delivering their timber, they pass some weeks in idle indulgence. At the approach of winter, they return to the woods, and resume their labor. * 10. INHABITANTS. The seacoast of Maine is the most thickly inhabited; the northern part is still a wilderness frequented only at times by hunters and lumbering parties: new settlements are forming every year, yet so great is the extent of wild land, that a long time will elapse ere the whole surface of the state will be covered with inhabitants. For the same reason the population is nowhere very dense compared with the other New England states. The inhabitants with the exceptions already noticed, may be designated as hardy, industrious, frugal and enterprising; their occupations are almost exclusively agriculture, commerce, and taking and curing fish. The state of individual wealth is that of a general mediocrity; large fortunes and extreme indigence being equally uncommon; the means of a comfortable subsistence are within the reach of all. The population of Maine in 1800 was 151,719: in 1810, 228,705: in 1820, 298,335: in 1830, 399,462. After the capture of Nova Scotia by the English, in 1713, a body of French Catholics, who had resided in that country, took their departure, with the intention of finding some quiet retreat in the remoter lands of the north. They ascended the St John, and finally settled on the banks of the Madawaska, one of its tributaries. Here they lived, under the government of their priests, in solitude and ignorance, but contented and happy. Though within the boundaries of Maine, as then established, they remained securely buried in the forests for many years, their existence not being recognized,and probably not known, by the authorities of the state. The number of these settlers amounted to about two thousand; yet it was not till a recent period, that the state exercised any authority over them. By the late adjustment of the boundary, a part of these people have become the subjects of Great Britain, though the legislature, in disregard of the decision of the king of the Netherlands, at their last session, in 1830, incorporated them into a town. Some difficulties have consequently ensued with the British authorities. 10. INDIANS. A remnant of the aborigines, known by the name of the Penobscot Indians, still maintain an existence in this state at a spot called Indian Old Town, on the Penobscot river, 12 miles above Bangor. They are in number about 300, and have rather increased than diminished of late, which may be ascribed to the exertions of their chiefs in promoting early marriages. These Indians, so far as they pay any heed to religion, are Catholics, and have been for some time under the spiritual direction of a priest of that persuasion. This person has also applied himself to the improvement of their temporal concerns, and they now pay some attention to agriculture and the decencies of dress. They dwell mostly in rude wigwams built of logs, bark, or slabs, but some of the tribe have more substantial houses, comparatively neat and commodious; a few are even painted, but none are large. They live mostly by hunting, and making baskets. In the summer many of them visit the seacoast for the purpose of fishing. They are less addicted to the use of strong liquors than formerly, but preserve all their old attachment to finery and trinkets. Beads and ornaments of silver are worn upon their clothes in every fashion, but their dress in other respects resembles that of the lower orders in our cities; the women however wear blankets. In hunting they use only fire arms, and are no longer expert with the bow, which is now only the amusement of the children. Birch bark canoes are in common use with them, and are well constructed; their basket work too, displays considerable neatness. The best conditioned among them are young men who husband the products of their winter hunts. The priest above mentioned, has within a few years established a school, at which they have been taught to write. At the Eastern extremity of the state, in the town of Perry, on Passamaquoddy Bay, is the remnant of the Passamaquoddy tribe of Indians. A few years ago they consisted of about 100 families, but they are now reduced to less than half that number. Their condition is much the same as that of the Penobscots. They are Catholics, and every summer are visited by a catholic priest; a protestant missionary from the U. S. also spends the summer with them. The chief, whose name is Socbason, is an intelligent man, and writes a good letter in English. He is an officer in the church, and is familiarly known by the appellation of Deacon Socbason. 11. GOVERNMENT. The government of Maine consists of a Governor, an Executive Council, a Senate and House of Representatives. The Governor and members of the Legislature are chosen annually; all inhabitants of twenty one years of age are voters. The Legislature meets once a year at Augusta. The revenue is derived from a property and poll tax, fees, &c. to public officers, and sales of land. The expenditures of the state for 1928 amounted to 137,351 dollars. Maine sends seven Representatives to Congress. 12. RELIGION. The various denominations are equally under the protection of the government. The Baptists have 210 churches, 136 ministers, 22 licentiates and 12,936 communicants. The Calvinistic Congregationalists, have 156 churches, 107 pastors and 9,626 communicants. The Methodists, 56 ministers, and 12,182 communicants. The Freewill Baptists, 50 congregations. The Quakers, 30 societies. The Unitarians, 12 societies and 8 ministers. The Episcopalians, 4 ministers. The Roman Catholics, 4 churches. The Sandemanians, 3 societies. There are also some Universalists. 13. EDUCATION. The institutions for this purpose are numerous. Bowdoin College at Brunswick was incorporated in 1794, but did not go into operation as a college till 1806. It has at present two large brick buildings for the residence of students; another containing rooms for medical, chemical and philosophical lectures; a building for a chapel and library, and two houses for college officers. Its libraries contain 12,000 vols. It has a cabinet of |