length of the space they cover is more than 2,53 several Roman remains. Near Villa Franca forming a line between two steep mountains. N of a fortress, and numerous sepulchres dug in the site of Carthago Vetus, a town mentioned by Ptole arch beyond the town of Vendrell and near Torr tomb, which according to a popular tradition con At Tarragona is another Roman aqueduct still Alcantara there is a noble bridge over the Tagus, to the height of 211 feet 10 inches above the ri and its breadth 27 feet 6 inches. Of the six arch 94 feet wide. There is an inscription in honor of leum for the architect, at the end of the bridge. mously large, and is at present consecrated as a Merida the Roman remains are little inferior in nu the towns in Italy. There are two ancient bridg good preservation; one has 60 arches and extends 2 quities within the walls are a fine triumphal arch, the inscriptions, &c. Without the walls are a theatre, remains of three aqueducts and of four Roman way antiquities of inferior magnitude and interest in var

24. REVENUE, DEBT, &c. The revenue of Spain rope, but is now greatly reduced. In 1828 it amou The debt in the same year was 230,443,062 dollars ing. The system of taxation is very defective a exigencies of the government.*

25. ARMY AND NAVY. The peace establishment is war the army is increased to 175,000, but is very 1826 the navy consisted of 10 ships of the line and oldest hulks and those on the stocks.

26. COLONIES. Of all the immense territories in A longed to Spain, none remain under her dominio and Puerto Rico, and the city of St Domingo in I possesses Ceuta, Metilla, Pennon and Albucenas o the Canary Islands in the Atlantic. In Asia are the Ladrone Islands.

27. POPULATION. The number of inhabitants in Sp at 13,732,172. Of these 127,345 belonged to th soldiers, and 14,064 sailors. The population of th 4,088,000, making a total of 17,830,172 for the Spa

28. HISTORY. The early inhabitants of Spain were attempts of the Carthaginians to establish colonies the second Punic war with the Romans, which r of the whole peninsula by the Romans. It continu nearly 700 years. At the fall of the Roman empir Suevi invaded Spain, and in 419 the empire of the In the early part of the 8th century the Saracens Africa. Roderic the last Gothic king, was defeate Xeres and the Gothic inhabitants were driven into t and Biscay. The Moors established themselves i

The revenue is ordinarily derived from the following so bacco and salt, stamps, lotteries, lanzas, or contributions ex equivalent for the lances or horsemen which they formerl cruzada, an ancient tax levied for the crusades, the excusado for the revenue of the clergy, the noveno, a ninth part of the of the tithes, the diezmo, a tax on the river fishings at Seville. clergy, fines, posts, capitation tax and duties on gunpowder,

feet. In country and their sovereigns reigned in great splendor at Granada. The an and Spaniards were roused to resistance by Don Pelayo, and maintained a strugVillanogle against the Moors, which the Spanish historians dignify with the name of

ks. These

a continual war of 700 years. The territories gained from the enemy were formed into several distinct kingdoms. These were gradually amalgamated, and in 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand, king of Arragon with Isabella, queen of Castile, united the whole of Christian Spain into one kingdom. These sovereigns conquered Granada, and completed the total subjugation of the Moorish power in the peninsula, at the same time that Columbus under their auspices discovered America and gave them a new world in the west.

In the 16th century, under Charles V., who was king of this country and Emperor of Germany, Spain was the most powerful monarchy in Europe. Philip II. the successor of this monarch, expelled all the Moriscoes or descendants of the Moors who remained in the country, which caused an immense loss to the kingdom in wealth and population. The war of the Succession in the early part of the 18th century, completed the impoverishment of the country, and Spain has been only a second rate power since that time.

In 1808, Napoleon seized the kingdom and placed his brother Joseph upon the throne, but the resistance of the people who were assisted by the armies of Britain, and his reverses in Russia, frustrated his plans. This event caused the revolt of nearly all Spanish America. In 1820, an insurrection of

the

troops and the people against the tyrant Ferdinand produced a liberal Constitution, which was sworn to by the king in the ancient assembly of the Cortes. But the Holy Alliance expressed their disapprobation. France interfered; the constitution was put down by the bayonet, and despotism restored.

1. BOUNDARIES AND EXTENT. Portugal is bounded north and east by Spain, south and west by the Atlantic. It lies between 37° 3′ and 42° 11 N. lat., and 7° 20' and 9° 40′ W. lon. It is 360 miles in length, and 160 in breadth, and contains 36,945 square miles.

2. MOUNTAINS. The mountains of Portugal are prolongations of the ranges, we have already described in Spain. The Sierra de Cintra is the extremity of the Iberian chain, and reaches to the sea, a little north of the mouth of the Tagus, where it forms the celebrated Rock of Cintra. The Sierra de Guadalupe extends to the sea at Cape St Vincent.

3. RIVERS. The Duero rises in Spain, and passing into this country, takes the name of Douro, and flows into the sea at Oporto. The Tagus passes from Spain through Portugal to the sea at Lisbon. The Mondego is a small stream between the above rivers, which has the whole of its course in Portugal. The Minho forms part of the northern boundary, and the Guadiana passes into the kingdom and forms part of its southeastern limit.

4. CAPES. Cape St Vincent is a very prominent headland, forming the Southeastern extremity of the kingdom; it is the termination of one of the mountain ranges already described. Cape Roca, a little to the north of the Tagus, is the extremity of another chain. It is a celebrated sea-mark, known to mariners as the 'Rock of Lisbon.'

5. CLIMATE. The climate is more agreeable and healthy than in the most of Spain. The air of Lisbon is famed for its salubrity, and that city is resorted

show here a sarcophagus of marble, called the tomb of Shakspeare's Julie t Pop. 60,000. The subjoined cut represents one of the streets of the city.

8. AGRICULTURE. The irrigation applied to the lands in Lombardy is the most perfect in the world. The mountains which border the country afford an inexhaustible supply of water. The meadows yield six crops of hay in a year. Rice is cultivated in some parts. The grain and ordinary fruits are ripe in June or July, and the vintage takes place in October. The bee and the silkworm receive much attention, but the dairy is the main occupation of the farmer. The fields are separated by rows of poplars.

9. MANUFACTURES AND TRADE. The chief manufactures are silk, glass and hardware. At Venice and Murano beautiful mirrors are made. Hardware and fire-arms are made at Brescia. Jewelry and plate are wrought at Milan and Venice. There are some manufactures of woolen, musical instruments, china, carpets, paper, artificial flowers, perfumes, vermicelli, macaroni, glass beads, &c. Venice has been made a free port, but its commerce is trifling. The internal trade is pretty active.

10. GOVERNMENT AND POPULATION. The government is arbitrary, and is administered by an Austrian viceroy. There is a show of representation, yet everything is controlled by the authorities at Vienna. All the taxes are imposed by the Emperor. The administration of justice is arbitrary and wretched in the extreme, and the censorship is very rigid. The population is 4,237,301.

11. HISTORY. The ancient republic of Venice was founded in the 6th century, and from the marshy islands of the Adriatic it gradually extended its limits so as to embrace a large portion of the neighboring continent. In the 13th century this republic had become one of the most flourishing and pow erful states in the world. The discovery of the passage to India by the Portuguese at the end of the 15th century, ruined the commerce of Venice with the East, and from that time the republic began to decline. It had become totally insignificant on the breaking out of the French revolutionary wars, in the course of which it fell into the hands of Austria.

Lombardy was conquered by the Langobards or Lombards, in the 6th century and made a kingdom. Charlemagne annexed it to his empire. The

Milanese was for a long time an object of contention between the French and Austrians. The Lombardo Venetian Kingdom with its present limits, became fixed under the Austrian rule, at the Congress of Vienna in April, 1815,

CHAPTER LXIV. —THE DUCHIES OF PARMA, MODENA, MASSA-CARRARA AND LUCCA.

1. BOUNDARIES, EXTENT AND DIVISIONS. These four territories are distinct and independent of each other. They are bounded north by the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom; east by the States of the Church; south by Tuscany, and west by the Mediterranean and the Sardinian territory.

2. PARMA. This Duchy comprises a surface of 2,350 square miles, and is washed on the northern limit by the Po. The Apennines bound it on the south. The climate is temperate and healthy. The soil is rich and produces corn, fruits, the vine and olive. Silk is everywhere raised, and there are manufactories of this article and of iron. The government is absolute and the duchy is divided into four districts. Maria Louisa, the widow of Napoleon, is the reigning Duchess. By a certain contingency, the country may fall to Austria and Sardinia. The population is 440,000.

Parma, the capital, stands on a river of that name. Its walls are three or four miles in circumference. The streets and squares are spacious, but they contain little that is remarkable for architecture. Almost every other building is a church, rich within, but seldom finished without. Here is a university and a public library of 110,000 volumes. Pop. 30,000.

Piacenza, on the Po is a fortified town occupied by Austrian troops. Pop. 28,000.

3. MODENA. This Duchy lies also upon the Po, to the east of Parma. It contains 2,121 square miles. The climate is like that of Parma. The soil produces corn and wine. The government is arbitrary, and the revenue is about 70,000 dollars. A military force of 1,600 men is maintained. The duchy is divided into three districts. It contains some iron mines and stone and marble quarries. The population is 350,000.

Modena, the capital, stands in a pleasant plain, and has a neat, handsome appearance. Its general architecture is striking to a stranger, the greater part of the streets being built with open arcades. The ducal palace is a large and elegant structure, with a gallery of pictures and antiquities, and a library of 80,000 volumes. Here is also a university. Pop. 26,814.

Reggio, is a handsome town with 18,000 inhabitants; it was the birthplace of Ariosto.

4. MASSA-CARRARA. This Duchy lies upon the Mediterranean between Tuscany, Modena, Lucca and Genoa. It contains only 94 square miles, and a population of 29,000. The government is absolute, and the revenue about 90,000 dollars. This region is chiefly remarkable for its fine statuary marble which the mountains afford in great abundance. There are no less than 150 quarries. Some of them have been wrought more than 2000 years. The marble is of a snowy whiteness and of a very close texture. Great quantities of it are exported. This is the chief source of the wealth of the inhabitants. There is besides some trade in oil and silk.

Massa, the capital, stands on a small elevation a mile or two from the seashore. Its situation is perfectly delightful. At the entrance of the town is the most beautiful bridge in the world, being a single arch of the finest proportions, built of the purest white marble. The palace of the Archduchess is a magnificent pile fronted by a large inclosure bordered by orange trees. Pop.

Carrara, five miles distant, is an ill built town, but growing rich from its commerce in marble. Pop. 6,000.

5. LUCCA. This Duchy also lies upon the Mediterranean, and is bounded on the south by Tuscany. It contains 438 square miles and a population of 143,000. It has a senate which exercises the legislative power. The reve nue is 288,000 dollars, and the military force 1,400 men. It is the most populous and best cultivated part of Italy. It is divided into three districts.

Lucca, the capital, is a handsome city. It stands in a plain and is surrounded by walls. The towers of its churches rising above the ramparts have a fine effect in the rich and beautiful landscape; the view is bounded by vineclad hills, and spotted with villas, over which tower the craggy Apennines. The ramparts are planted with rows of trees, between which is an elevated road round the whole city. The streets are narrow. The churches are streaked and adorned with patches of different colored marble. Here is a university. Pop. 22,000.

CHAPTER LXV.-TUSCANY.

1. BOUNDARIES, EXTENT AND DIVISIONS. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is bounded north and east by the Roman States, southwest by the Mediterranean, and northwest by Lucca. It contains 8,430 square miles, and is divided into three provinces, Florence, Pisa and Siena, containing 36 towns, 135 villages and 2,570 parishes.

2. RIVERS. The chief river is the Arno, which rises among the mountains in the eastern part, and flows westerly to the sea. In summer it is a shallow stream, flowing in the middle of a broad channel; but when swelled by rains or the melting of the snows, it becomes a broad and deep river. It is navigable by barges from Florence to the sea. It supplies with water above 1,000 canals. The Ombrone in the south, is not navigable. The Tiber rises in the mountains of this country.

3. ISLANDS. The island of Elba is nine miles from the coast of Tuscany. It is 60 miles in circumference and contains 160 square miles. It is very mountainous, and instead of wood the mountains are covered with aromatic plants and bushes. The climate is mild and the seasons change regularly; autumn and winter are only distinguishable by the greater quantity of rain which falls. The chief production is iron, taken mostly from a single mountain consisting of one immense mass of iron ore. The island contains also copper, lead and silver mines, and produces excellent wine. The chief town, Porto Ferrajo, has a good harbor, and contains 600 houses all built of granite, with 3,034 inhabitants. In 1814 this island was given in entire sovereignty to Napoleon who resided here from May, 1814, till February 26, 1815. Pop. 13,700. The island of Gorgona, near Leghorn, is famous for the fishing of

anchovies.

4. CLIMATE. The climate is exceedingly diversified. On the mountains the snow lies for weeks during the winter; in the valleys it scarcely continues a day. Rain is not common, but the dews are copious. On the Apennines and in the delightful valley of the Arno, the air is always healthy. In summer the southerly winds are very oppressive, and the region of the Maremma is unhealthy.

5. SOIL. The vale of the Arno is rich and well cultivated. The soil on the Apennines is stony. The coast is low, sandy, and in some parts swampy. In the southern part begins that desolate region called the Maremma, the soil of which consists of white clay impregnated with sulphur, and emits constantly nephitic flames.