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potatoes, flax, hemp, hops, and tobacco, are very generally cultivated; and several kinds of fruit are raised with success.

18. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. The exports consist principally of iron, copper, timber, pitch, tar, herrings, and fish-oil. The imports are grain, sugar, coffee, silk, and wines. After iron, the other manufactures of Sweden are inconsiderable. A little alum is exported, but the pottery, glass-works, silkworks, woolen-manufactures, and sugar-refineries are merely sufficient to meet the home consumption.

19. REVENUE, POPULATION, &c. The annual revenue of Sweden, arising from the rents of crown-lands, capitation taxes, customs, and various other articles, amounts to 4,500,000 dollars. The national debt is 17,264,812 dollars. The military force amounts to 45,200 men. The population in 1826, was 2,790,000. Sweden holds as a colony, the island of St Bartholomew in the West Indies.

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20. INHABITANTS. The Swedes are of the middle size, and few of them are corpulent. They have ruddy complexions, and flaxen hair, though the women often have auburn hair, and blue eyes. The females are distinguished for beauty. There is little diversity of appearance in the Swedes; and they seem to a foreigner, rather as members of the same family than natives of a large country. All have a very composed demeanor. There are four orders hos in the state: nobles, clergy, peasants, and burghers, or citizens of towns. 21. DRESS. The Swedes have a national dress, established by law, about years ago. The females, however, have little scruple to break this ordinance. The general color is black, but on gala days, it is blue, lined with white. The dress of ladies is somewhat like the English, except in the sleeves, which are Spanish. Veils are common. The coats of the men are short and close. They are fastened around the body with a sash. The cloak is black, but lined with gayer colors. Galoches, or outward shoes, are worn in winter, and a fur, or sheep-skin over dress, is then indispensable and universal. The peasantry in Dalecarlia are called white or black, as they are dressed in either color and almost all wear one or the other. They wear huge shoes, with thick wooden soles, and a hat like a quaker's. Generally in Sweden, the hats have a feather, and no gentleman is in full dress without a sword. The Swedes in general are comfortably and neatly clad.

22. LANGUAGE. The language is a Germano Gothic dialect, similar to that of Denmark.

23. MANNER OF BUILDING. The houses, except at Stockholm, and in Scania, are of wood. The peasants have log houses, and fill the interstices with moss. The roof is covered with birchen bark, and turf. In summer the floors are sometimes strewed with odorous twigs. In the mountains of Dalecarlia, the houses are very simple. Many of the country-houses are of several stories, and make a good appearance. Some of them are so constructed, that they may be taken down and removed in a short time.

The beds of the common people are placed one above another, on shelves, as in the berths of a ship.

24. FOOD AND DRINK. The common people live chiefly on hard bread, and salted, or dried fish. They consume much beer, and spirits, and a great deal of wine is drank by the higher classes. The bread is baked but twice a year; and it is hung around the room in small loaves, on strings, like dried apples in New England. It is extremely hard. The brandy is of a fiery quality, and no dinner is complete without several glasses. Ladies even, will take more than one. Before a dinner the guests are led to a side table furnished with liquors, and slight food, as a preliminary to the more important repast. The dishes are all brought on the table at once, and the guests do not ask for any particular one. All are circulated, in turn, and all are partaken, unless guest prefers to sit with an empty plate, till his favorite dish may arrive. After dinner the guests gravely thank the host for his entertainment. The Swedes like all northern people use much tobacco.

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Gluckstadt, near the mouth of the Elbe, has some trade, and is engaged in the Greenland fishery. Pop. 5,200.

Flensberg, in the duchy of Sleswick, has a good harbor, and is a place of some commerce. Pop. 16,000.

Roeskilde, at the extremity of the Roeskilde fiord, has a very ancient cathe dral, and is the burial place of the Danish kings.

14. AGRICULTURE. Denmark produces corn in abundance; also rape-seed, wheat, oats, buck-wheat and peas. A great quantity of excellent butter is manufactured. All kinds of domestic poultry are plentiful, particularly geese and ducks, the feathers of which are a valuable article of exportation.

15. COMMERCE. This country is well situated for commerce. The principal imports are cotton, tea, wine, brandy and salt. The exports are timber, black cattle, horses, stock-fish, tallow, hides, tar, pitch, and iron.

16. MANUFACTURES. There are a few hands employed in the manufacture of woolen stuffs. Carpets, stockings, gloves, camlets, and lace are also made to some extent. Sugar refineries are common, and the produce is equivalent to the consumption.

17. FISHERIES. The most considerable fishery is that of herrings in the Lymfiord. Seals and porpoises are killed upon the coast and in the Eider.

18. REVENUE AND POPULATION. The annual revenue of Denmark, is 4,080,000 dollars. It arises principally from the royal demesnes, tithes, land tax, poll tax, a tax upon titles, places and pensions, stamp duties, customs, and a toll on vessels passing the Sound. The public debt is 40,000,000 dol lars. The population of all the Danish dominions in 1823, was 2,057,531. Of this number 160,000 belonged to the colonies.

19. ARMY AND NAVY. The present military force of Denmark consists of 38,819 men. In 1828, the whole Danish navy with all the ships of the colo nies amounted to 3 ships of the line, 3 frigates, 4 sloops of 20 guns, 2 brigs, 2 schooners, 77 gun boats, and 1 steamboat. The Danes are expert seamen. 20. COLONIES. The Feroe Islands lie between Iceland and the Shetland isles. They consist of 25 islands, 17 of which are inhabited, the rest being mere rocks. Their superficial extent has been estimated at 500 square miles; and the number of inhabitants at 5,300. The whole of these islands are com posed of basaltic rocks; and some of the mountains rise to the height of 3,000 feet above the level of the sea. In Osteroe is a range of basaltic pillars, almost as regularly defined as those of Staffa. The principal minerals are copper, jasper, and coal. The climate is rigorous. Trees are unknown, and the only fruit is wild berries. Cows of a small breed, and sheep form the principal wealth of the inhabitants. The islanders are supported chiefly by bird-catching and fishing; the seal-fishery in the month of September being often very productive. They manufacture a few jackets, and upwards of 112,000 pairs of stockings annually, which they exchange with the Danes for grain, timber, nails, coffee, salt, and other necessaries.

The Feroe islands were discovered and colonized by fugitive Normans, be tween the years 858 and 868. During the American war they became notorious for smuggling, and continued so for some time. The language is a Danish dialect of the Norse. The inhabitants are a laborious and simple race of men, and their ordinary food is barley, milk, fish, &c.

Iceland has been described in America. The other colonies are Tranquebar on the coast of Coromandel, and the factories of Portonovo, Friedrichsnager, Bassora, and Serampore in Asia; the forts of Christiansburg, Friedensburg, Konigstein, and Prinzenstein in Africa; the settlement of Greenland in North America; and the islands of St Thomas, St Croix, and St John in the West Indies.

21. INHABITANTS. The Danes, like most of the northern nations, are fair in complexion, of middle stature, and hardy in constitution. The women have blue eyes, and auburn hair, and many of them are beautiful. There is a no

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bility, which though reduced from its ancient splendor, contains many who
live in elegance, if not in ostentation. There are two orders of knighthood.
The Germans occupy Holstein, Lubec and the most of Sleswic, and there are
a few gypsies.

22. DRESS. The women of the middle classes are very fond of show in
their dress, which is composed of many colors, red being the most prevalent.
In summer many of the people retain their great-coats, and in winter they
assume furs. The French fashions are cominon in the cities.

23. LANGUAGE. The Danish language is allied to the Swedish and Norwegian. The Frisish is used in some of the islands, and the German in Holstein, Lubec, and a part of Sleswic.

24. MANNER OF BUILDING. The houses in the cities are generally of brick; in the country they are of wood with piazzas; few of them have much pretension to elegance.

25. FOOD AND DRINK. The general food of the lower class is oat cake, rye-bread, potatoes, fish and cheese, Much beer and spirits, chiefly brandy, are consumed, and the use of tobacco is general, but less so than in Germany. 26. TRAVELLING. The mode of travelling is less convenient than in Germany and few foreigners visit Denmark. The common post vehicles do not exceed four or five miles an hour.

27. CHARACTER, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. The Danes are brave but not adventurous. They would do more for defence than for glory. They are less cordial than the Germans, and less cheerful than their northern neighbors. They are faithful and honest, but not strongly marked with national peculiarities. They are addicted to the use of spirituous liquors, and the proverbial expression of a drunken Dane' has some foundation in the national character. 28. AMUSEMENTS. The Danes are much less cheerful than either the Swedes, or the Norwegians. Cards and dancing are the most common amusements, but these are not followed with much spirit.

29. EDUCATION. There is a university at Copenhagen, and another at Kiel. There are many Gymnasiums, and every town has a primary school: 30 2,302 of these schools are on the Lancasterian plan. The nobility are educated at Scröa. There is a school at Copenhagen for the instruction of teachers, and there are several learned societies. The largest library has 260,000 volumes, of which 30,000 are of a date prior to 1500. There are

80 periodical publications in Denmark, 70 of which are in Danish.

30. STATE OF THE ARTS, SCIENCE, AND LITERATURE. The arts are not in a flourishing state, though Thorwaldsden the sculptor is by birth a Dane. The ancient literature is the Scandinavian, which will be mentioned under another head. In the 12th century Saxo Grammaticus wrote his Danish History. Holberg and Pontoppidan were Danes, and Malte Brun was born in Denmark. The sciences are cultivated with success, but the literature is limited. There are some popular songs, and good dramas.

31. RELIGION. The religion is chiefly Lutheran, and the church government partakes of the English hierarchy, and of the calvinistic discipline. Few of the clergy have livings of more than $1800, or less than $250 a year. In Jutland however some have but $130. There are a few nunneries.

32. GOVERNMENT AND LAWS. The government is an hereditary and unlimited monarchy. But though the king has power to make, interpret, and abrogate the laws, there is much practical freedom. The laws are equitable, and justly administered. The police is strict.

33. HISTORY. Denmark, Norway and Sweden were anciently called Scandinavia. A century before the Christian era the inhabitants of the peninsula of Jutland were known to the Romans by the name of the Cimbri. The Gothic conquerors gave this country a new set of rulers. In the middle ages these people with the Swedes and Norwegians were called Normans or Northmen. They conquered Normandy in France, peopled the Feroe Islands,

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15. FISHERIES. The herring fishery has been prosecuted on a large scale. by the Dutch, ever since the 12th century. The art of curing and barrelling these fish was discovered here in 1316. In the middle of the 18th century, the business employed 100,000 fishermen. At present there are in Holland and Belgium 20,000 families and 200 busses in occupation. The whale fishery is also prosecuted.

16. INHABITANTS. The Dutch are hardy, and can endure much labor and fatigue. The complexion of the females is not to be surpassed in clearness, but their forms are not universally distinguished for lightness. There are some Germans and Jews settled in Holland. The nobility are numerous, but not always rich.

17. DRESS. The national dress is not much liable to the fluctuation of fashion; it is nearly the same as it was in the time of the Duke of Alva. People of the higher class follow the French fashions, but the peasantry dress in a peculiar manner. The men have jackets, and breeches of great capaciousness. They wear many huge buttons on their dress, and both sexes have wooden shoes. The females in common life, wear close caps, and long. waisted gowns. The female peasantry wear short petticoats, with very long waists, and their dress is much padded and stuffed.

18. LANGUAGE. The general and written language is the Dutch, which is derived from the German. The Frisian is a dialect of the Dutch, used in some of the northern parts. The Dutch merchants generally are familiar with several languages.

19. MANNER OF BUILDING. The architecture of the cities is neat and imposing. The ends of the houses are often placed towards the street, and the walls are filled with ornaments. The country houses are stiff and formal. They have frequently a motto over the gateway, or front. The new buildings are few, but many old ones bear over their doors, the date of the 14th or 15th century. The first of May is the time when tenants remove from houses: a practice common in New York, and which has there a Dutch derivation. At the windows in cities, are large glasses, so placed at angles with others, that they reflect the passengers in the street, to the unobserved scrutiny of the parlor.

20. FOOD AND DRINK. A great part of the food of the common people, consists in potatoes, salt meat, and fish. The garden vegetables are excellent and abundant. Raw gin is a universal beverage, and takes the place of cider or beer, though some beer is used. The Dutch, however, from a phlegmatic temperament, and from the humidity of the climate, can take much spirits, without injury; they are not an intemperate people. No sign is more frequent over shops than that of tobacco, for no Dutchman is long without his pipe. Even the females of the common class, are addicted to smoking. The rooms of a public house, or of a trekschuyt, are filled with the thickest smoke, from never-dying pipes, which, says Professor Silliman, the Dutch 'maintain, with vestal vigilance under their noses.'

21. DISEASES. The diseases of Holland are not peculiar, though rheumatism, and the maladies of a humid climate are common.

22. TRAVELLING. The posting is less expeditious and convenient, than in France. But the roads are not more numerous than the canals, and a ge neral method of travelling is, therefore, by 'the trekschuyt, or drag-boat; this is ten feet wide, and fifty long; and in shape it resembles the common repre sentations of Noah's ark. The expense does not exceed three cents a mile, and the rate of travelling is three miles an hour, which is so invariably the result, that distances, as in the East, are reckoned by hours, and not by miles. When frozen, the canals are travelled over by sleighs, and skates. All persons skate; the peasant girl skates to market, with her merchandize on her head, the sen ator to his assembly, and the clergyman to his church.

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character from the descriptions of the English, we should do it injustice; for the commercial islanders are never just to commercial competitors, and the Dutch have often been their successful rivals. The Dutch are distinguished for frugality, neatness and industry. They are of a cold, phlegmatic temperament, but when roused to passion, have as much ardor as any people. They are grave and heavy in appearance, and even children are sedate. They are quiet and domestic, and enjoy much happiness in their family circles. Generally they prefer gain to ambition, but in their dealings they are honest. very soil they till is a monument of their perseverance and industry. They live in a country of meadows, reclaimed from the sea, and the acquisition is maintained only by continual vigilance, toil, and expense. In Holland, neatness is carried to excess. In their kitchens every metallic utensil is as bright as scouring can make it, and hung upon the walls for show; for neatness here is ostentatious. The very tongs and shovel are hung up for monuments.' The principal utensils are of pewter and copper. One room in the house is held too sacred for common intrusion and the neatness and arrangement of this, is a peculiar study. In some of the villages wagons are not permitted to pass through the streets; the front walks are scrubbed, sanded, and marked out in fanciful figures. The doors and porches are burnished, and the trees that shade them, do not escape the brush. Little admittance is

granted at the front door; and even at the back entrance, a shoe not perfectly satisfactory to the genius of the place, must be laid aside, and a slipper which is kept for this purpose, worn during the visit.

The Dutch are profuse of time, but economical of money. All their conveyances by sea or land, are slow, and Dutch speed' has grown into a saying for tardiness. The economy, however, is not to be discovered in the public establishments, which are on a princely scale.

24. AMUSEMENTS. The principal of the peculiar amusements of the Dutch, are skating and dancing at the licensed houses, where the most infamous class resort. It is common for staid and respectable people, in family groups, to mingle in the dance, with those who have neither character, nor modesty to lose. Skating is followed by both sexes: it is a graceful and healthful amusement. The females are generally dressed in white, and each one is attended by a`man; generally they move with each a hand resting on the other's shoulder. They step simultaneously, as in marching. It is an interesting spectacle, to see many females with florid complexions, and dressed in white, moving swiftly and apparently without effort, like Camilla,

When like a passing thought, she fled

In light, away.'

25. EDUCATION. There are three universities; one at Leyden, another at Groningen, and a third at Utrecht. There are several Athenæums or Gymnasiums, and many high schools. There are elementary schools in all towns and villages, and there are in many places mechanic institutions.

26. STATE OF THE ARTS, SCIENCES, AND LITERATURE. Painting only, has been cultivated with great success; and the Dutch school is distinguished by the most faithful and exact imitation of nature. The greatest painters are Rembrandt, Wouvermann, Gerhard Douw, Ruisdael, Mieris, Ostade, &c. Erasmus was the great restorer of literature in the west, and Grotius is a great name in jurisprudence, theology, history, &c. The Dutch however, have little literature, though they have done much for the sciences. Many of their most popular books, are imitations of English, French, or German au

thors.

27. RELIGION. This is protestant, and in the calvinistic form. The church government is somewhat similar to that of Scotland. There are many Walloon churches, belonging to Flemish protestants, who have a Synod of their

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