IX. ERROR AND FALLACY IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

X. ON THE CERTAINTY OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE

XI. TRUSTWORTHINESS AND ACCURACY IN SCIENCE

XII. PROBABILITY IN MATTERS OF SCIENCE

XIII. ON THE CRITERIA OF SCIENTIFIC TRUTH

XIV. THE GREAT PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE

82

90

XVI. THE POSITION OF MAN AS A DISCOVERER IN NATURE 168

XVII. STARTING-POINTS OF RESEARCHES AND DISCOVERIES 170

XVIII. CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF DISCOVERY AND OF

CHAPTER

CONTENTS.

XXXI. VALUE OF STUDY

XXXII. NECESSITY OF INVENTIVE POWER. ADVANTAGE OF

EXPERIMENTS

XXXIII. NECESSITY OF MANIPULATIVE SKILL

XXXIV. OBSERVATION OF PHENOMENA. USE OF THE SENSES

IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

XXXV. USE OF THE POWER OF COMPARISON IN SCIENTIFIC

RESEARCH

xvii

PAGE

1 303

306

313

315

324

332

360

XXXVIII. SELECTION OF A SUBJECT OF INVESTIGATION

. 372

XXXIX. OUTLINE OF A MODE OF CONDUCTING AN ORIGINAL

RESEARCH

377

XL. ADVANTAGES OF VARIETY OF EXPERIMENTS

XLI. ADVANTAGES OF NUMBER OF EXPERIMENTS

PART V.

SPECIAL METHODS OF DISCOVERY.

CHAPTER

PAGE

L. SPECIAL EMPIRICAL METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 453

• Fundamental Laws of Discovery'

458

LI. DISCOVERY BY EXTENDING UNDEVELOPED OR NEG-

LECTED PARTS OF SCIENCE

466

LII. DISCOVERY BY THE USE OF NEW OR IMPROVED INSTRU-

MENTS

470

LIII. DISCOVERY BY INVESTIGATING LIKELY CIRCUMSTANCES 486

a. By Examining Neglected Truths and Hypotheses, 487.

b. By Examining Peculiar or Unexplained Truths in

Science, 487. c. By Investigating Unexplained Phe-

nomena Observed in Manufacturing and other Opera-

tions, 495. d. By the Investigation of Exceptional

Cases, 498. e. By Examining Extreme Cases and Con-

spicuous Instances, 500. f. By Examining Common

but Neglected Substances, 501. g. By Investigating

Peculiar Minerals, 503. h. By Examining Rare Sub-

stances, 504. i. By Examination of the Residues of

Manufacturing Processes, 505. j. By Examining the

Ashes of Rare Plants and Animals, 507.

LIV. DISCOVERY BY DEVISING HYPOTHESES AND QUESTIONS,

AND TESTING THEM

a. By Searching for one thing and Finding another, 515.

b. By Assuming the Truthfulness and Certainty of all

the Great Principles of Science, 519. c. By Assuming

that most of the Principles which Operate in the Simpler

Sciences Operate also in the Complex and Concrete ones,

520. d. By Assuming that Statements which are True

of one Force or Substance are True to some extent of

others, 522. e. By Assuming the Existence of Converse

Principles of Action, 522. f. By Assuming the Existence

of Complete Homologous series, 524.

508

CONTENTS.

xix

CHAPTER

LV. DISCOVERY BY MEANS OF NEW EXPERIMENTS AND

METHODS OF WORKING

a. By Making, or Repeating in a Modified Form,

Experiments Suggested by other Persons, 543.

b. By Extending the Researches of others, 544.

c. By Using Known Instruments or Forces in a

New. Way, 546. d. By Making Converse Experi-

ments to those already Known, 548. e. By Subject-

ing a Series of Forces or Substances to similar New

Conditions, 549. f. By Examining the Effects of a

particular Force upon Substances, 550. g. By Ex-

amining the Effect of Mutual Contact of Substances

upon each other, 555. h. By Examining the In-

fluence of Time upon Phenomena, 557. i. By

Investigating the Effects of Extreme Degrees of

Force on Substances, 559. j. By Employment of

Instruments of very Great Power, 560,

LVI. DISCOVERY BY MEANS OF ADDITIONAL, NEW, OR

IMPROVED OBSERVATIONS

a. By Additional or New Observations with Know

Instruments or by Known Methods, 565.
b. By

Employing New or Improved Modes or Instruments

of Observation, 572. c. By Means of more Intelli-
gent and Acute Observation, 574. d. By the Com-
bined Efforts of many Observers, 575.

LVII. DISCOVERY BY CLASSIFYING AND COMPARING KNOWN

TRUTHS

a. By Simple Comparison of Facts or Phenomena, 577.

b. By Comparison of Facts with Hypotheses, 579.

c. By Comparing Facts and Collecting together

Similar ones, 580. d. By Comparing Collections of

Facts with each other, 581. e. By Arranging a

Collection of Facts in Particular Orders, and Com-

paring the Orders, 583.

PAGE

524

563

576

LVIII. DISCOVERY BY MEANS OF STUDY AND INFERENCE. 583

t