accensa super, Virg. Æn. i. 33. Comp. iv. 320. v. 663, Nihil astra præter vidit et undas, Hor. Od. iii. 27. 31. AL banos prope te lacus ponet, Id. iv. 1. 19. Illis ira modum. supra est, Virg. G. iv. 236. Corpus ad usque meum, Ov. Am. i. 5. 24. Prospexit ab usque Pachyno, Virg. Æn. vii. 289. Obs. So the preposition sometimes stands after the verb compounded with it: Agricolæ ponitur ante deo, Tib. i. 1. 14. § 26. Transposition of particles : Those which ought to stand first are sometimes placed second or third in the sentence: Notus et integræ, Hor. Od. iii. 4. 70. Et tu, potes nam, solve, Hor. Epod. 17. 47. Est mihi namque domi pater, Virg. Ecl. iii. 32. Doctrina sed vim promovet, Hor. Od. iv. 4. 33. Virg. En. i. 23. 357. Flebili sponsæ juvenemve raptum plorat, Hor. Od. iv. 4. 21. Ænean credam quid enim, Virg. Æn. v. 850. § 27. The following instance of Hypallage may be safely imitated: Dare classibus austros (for classem austris), Virg. En. iii. 61. Animá seduxerit artus, En. iv. 385. Vina cadis onerârat, i. 199. Vestigia pulvere signent, G. iii. 171. Veris inhorruit adventus foliis, Hor. Od. i. 23. 5. Aratra nitantur juvencis, Epod. 1. 25. Flammis adolere Penates, Virg. Æn. i. 704. Socios purâ circumtulit undá, En. vi. 229. § 28. (1.) The Latin poets often join several substantives to one verb, which can be applied literally to one only: Ne tenues pluvia rapidive potentia solis Acrior, aut Boreæ penetrabile frigus adurat, Virg. G. i. 92. (Adurere may be applied to the sun and the cold winds, but not to rain.) Sacra manu, victosque deos, parvumque nepotem ipse trahit, Virg. Æn. ii. 320. (Panthus dragged on his little grandson; but the same word cannot be applied to his gods and their furniture, which he carried in his hand.) Disce, puer, virtutem ex me verumque laborem, fortunam ex aliis, Virg. Æn. xii. 435. (He might have learned virtue and useful toil from him, but not fortune.) (2.) So a verb is often used with two accusatives, in two distinct senses: this is called Zeugma. Pariterque ipsosque nefasque sustulit, Ov. Met. ii. 506. (He took them up into heaven; and prevented the murder.) Oculos telumque tetendit, Virg. En. v. 508. Unoque duas ulciscere facto, Ov. Met. xiv. 36. (The word ulciscere here has two widely different meanings, to punish and to avenge.) (Obs.) But this figure must be used sparingly, especially in Heroic subjects. § 29. The following particles are used by the Latin poets in some peculiar sense: a. Donec, for whilst: Donec eris felix, Ovid. Met. b. Modo non, for tantum non: "Modò non genus (2.) Sometimes: Ut pueris olim dant crustula, Hor. d. Si, O si, for utinam: Virg. Æn. vi. 187. Si nunc ostendat, En. viii. 560. O mihi. referat si Jupiter annos, En. xi. 415. e. Quod nisi, for sed nisi: Virg. G. i. 155. Quod nisi et assiduis terram insectabere rastris. f. Modò nunc, for modo-modo: Nam modo siccus erat gelidis aquilonibus annus, g. Nec-aut, for nec-nec : Ovid. Fast. iv. 644. Nec tantos mente furores Concipit, aut graviora timet. Virg. Æn. iv. 501. h. Quam magis-tam magis, for quo magis-eo magis: Virg. Æn. vii. 787. Sometimes tam, in the latter part of the sentence, is omitted, as Virg. G. iii. 309. j. Sic, in the sense of a prayer, or strong wish: k. Sive-ve, seu-ve, seu-aut, for sive-sive, autaut, &c. These are variously combined by the Poets: Sive sacro pavi, sedive sub arbore sacrâ-seu nemus intravi vetitum, nostrisve fugatæ sunt oculis nymphæ, &c. Ov. Fast. iv. 749. Seu turbidus imber proluit aut annis solvit sublapsa vetustas, Virg. Æn. xii. 684. See also Hor. Od. i. 4. 12. Ov. Trist. iii. 5. 27. iii. 6. 17. 1. Velut, veluti, ac velut-haud secus, for velut—sic, Virg. Æn. ii. 379. 382. iv. 441. 447. § 30. The use of the personal pronouns is to be avoided. Obs. (1.) Is, ea, id, is scarcely admissible at all, except in such phrases as 'Vix ea fatus erat,' 'Quicquid id est.' Its genitive, both singular and plural, is scarcely used by Horace or Virgil. (See Bentley ad Hor. Od. iii. 11. 18.) Obs. (2.) Ille, even when not emphatic, may often be used with elegance in the second of two clauses: as, Nunc dextrâ ingeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistrâ, Virg. Æn. v. 457. Obs. (3.) And also in Similes. See above § 23. (4.) Obs. (4.) The frequent use of the relative pronoun 'qui,' though so elegant in prose, is tame and unsuited to poetry, if it occurs frequently. It is more animated to disjoin, than to conjoin sentences. (See Walford's Hints on Latin Writing, xiii. 1.) 31. An adjective is often placed with great elegance instead of an adverb: thus, Ludisque et bibis impudens, Hor. Od. iv. 13. 4. Obs. This is most frequent in the case of adjectives of time: as, Virg. G. iii. 538, Nec gregibus nocturnus obambulat. Æn. viii. 465, Æneas se matutinus agebat. Æn. vi. 574, Solvite vela citi. § 32. New words, not found in classical writers, may be coined occasionally, if strict analogy be followed. Thus Vulcan may be called ferripotens Deus;' the English, 'Angligenæ;' the song of birds,dulciloquus,' or 'mellifluus;' and Rome, urbs septicollis; because each of these terms follows the classical forms, Armipotens,' 'Trojugenæ,' &c. Obs. Archaisms and obsolete words are to be avoided, with the exceptions mentioned above, § 4. § 33. Diminutives may be used with great effect, especially in Elegiac verse: as, Lapillus for lapis, Virg. G. iv. 194. Labella for labra, Ecl. ii. 34. So also, asellus, capella, opella, corpuscula; and the adjs. candidulus, tenellus, turgidulus, languidulus, misellus, pauperculus. § 34. Though in prose the masc. is said to be more worthy than the fem.; yet in poetry, the fem. is to be preferred to the masculine whenever it is possible: thus, Multd cane, Hor. Epod. 2. 31. Rabida venantis Iuli canes, Virg. Æn. vi. 493. So also the poets generally prefer 'agna,' 'cerva,' &c. to 'agnus,' 'cervus.' Qualis conjectâ cerva sagittâ, Æn. iv. 69. Nos humilem feriemus agnam, Hor. Od. ii. 17. 32. So also dies is to be made feminine in poetry, where possible: 'Longa dies,' 'Læta dies,' &c. Obs. Though, for the sake of the metre, Virgil has, Sæpe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus, Ecl. i. 8. § 35. Much is often gained in elegance by the use of apposition: Sceleris nisi præmia magnas adjecisset opes, Ovid. Met. xiii. 434. Rex, genus egregium Fauni, Virg. Æn. vii. 213. Obs. 1. This is particularly striking when the object in apposition precedes the principal subject of the sentence, so as to suspend the attention a while: Fortunæ parva prioris munera relliquias, Virg. Æn. vii. 244. Obs. 2. And when the apposed noun is placed between the primary noun and its adjective: Nisæi, naufraga monstra, canes, Ov. Fast. iv. 500. Raucæ, tua cura, palumbes, Virg. Ecl. i. 58. § 36. The figure of speech called Hendiadys, if occasionally used instead of the subst. and adj., adds considerable elegance: thus, Virgil has Pateris libamus et auro, G. ii. 192. Comp. Ov. i. 61. Hor. Od. ii. 16. 39. §37. For such simple verbs as esse and habere, another verb is frequently used expressing more forcibly the state or action of the subject: Mille meæ Siculis errant in montibus agnæ, Virg. Ecl. ii. 21. Proximus ingreditur donis, En. v. 543. (See Heyne's note in loco.) An Deus immensæ venias maris. G. i. 29. Plena puellarum jam tibi navis eat. Ovid. R. A. 488. § 38. The use of the genitive partitive will add elegance: thus Horace has, Superis deorum gratus et imis, Od. i. 10. 19. Cuncta terrarum, Od. iii. 3. 23. Amara curarum, Od. i. 9. 14. Virginum primæ, Od. iv. 6. 31. Quæ tibi virginum.. barbara serviet, Od. i. 29. 6. And Virgil, Sequimur te, sancte deorum, En. iv. 576. See above, § 11. g. Obs. The gen. partitive is often used with an ellipse of the substantive on which it depends: Fies nobilium tu quoque fontium, Hor. Od. iii. 13. 13. § 39. By Hypallage an epithet often is applied with great elegance, not to its proper object, but to some other noun in the sentence: Seu te- bearis interiore notd (for interioris) Falerni, Hor. Od. ii. 3. 8. Disjecti membra poetæ, Hor. Sat. i. 4. 61. Nec Læstrygonid Bacchus in amphora languescit mihi Od. iii. 16. 34. (The wine should have been called Læstrygonian (i. e. Formian), but the epithet is elegantly transferred to the vessel in which it is contained.) The So, Tyrrhena regum progenies, Od. iii. 29. 1. Premant Calená falce -vitem, Od. i. 31. 9. epithet belongs really to vitem, not to falce. Compare "Sabellis docta ligonibus versare glebas," Od. iii. 6. 26. And, "Prælo domitam Caleno uvam," Od. i. 20. 9. So also Virgil, Ibant obscuri solâ sub nocte per umbram (for obscurâ soli), En. vi. 268. And again, Tacitumque obsedit limen Amatæ, Æn. vii. 343. § 40. Comparison: Instead of the simple comp. and superl. degrees, the Latin poets used many circumlocutions: (1.) Comparatives: a. The Latin poets used the words superare, præstare, and cedere, or decedere: as, Ubi non Hymetto mella decedunt' (are inferior), Hor. Od. ii. 5. 14. b. They denied the contrary: Instead of saying that Romulus was braver than Hercules, they would say, Non fortior illo Alcides,' &c. (2) Superlatives: a. Unus is often used in the sense of best: Faber unus et ungues exprimet, Hor. Art. Poet. 32. b. Instead of saying that any one was best, most power |