the Indians. They purchased the furs which the red men obtained in their hunting expeditions, and sent them over to Europe, where they were sold at a great profit. Some of the French married Indian wives, and the missionaries converted great numbers of them.

10. When the English began to form settlements to the south of Canada, the French incited the savages to make war upon them. Parties of French and Indians would sometimes set out from Quebec or Montreal, and burn the New England villages. The inhabitants were killed, or carried captive to Canada.

11. In 1629, the British took Quebec ; but it was afterwards restored to the French. The people of New England made several attempts to retake it.

12. In 1711, the British government sent a strong fleet up the St. Lawrence, under the command of Admiral Walker, with an army. of seven thousand men on board. If they had landed in safety, they would probably have succeeded in taking Quebec; but when they were entering the river a fog came on, a strong wind began to blow, and drove eight or nine of the vessels upon the rocky shore. The next morning, the French found the dead bodies of a thousand men in scarlet coats, heaped among the rocks; these were the drowned English soldiers. This sad event caused the English to give up, at that time, the design of conquering Canada.

QUESTIONS. 1. When and by whom was Greenland discovered? -2. What happened in 1379? What soon after ?—3. What attempts were made? Hans Egede ?4. Present state of Greenland? 5. What does British America consist of? How large is it? Population? Boundaries? The capital? Montreal? Halifax ?

6. What of the French ?- -7. What was done in 1524? Who was appointed governor of Canada ?— -8. When and where was Quebec founded? -9. What of the French and Indians?- -10. In what way were the English treated by them?- -11. When was Quebec taken? -12. What happened in 1711 ?

1. WHENEVER there was a war between France and Old England, there was likewise a war between New England and the French provinces in America. The French built strong fortresses, and the English colonists made great efforts to take them.

2. The French had carefully fortified the city of Louisburg, on the island of Cape Breton. In 1745, the New England people formed the project of taking it. They raised a strong army, and gave the command to a Boston merchant, named William Pepperell.

3. The army sailed under the escort of an English fleet, and landed on the island of Cape Breton. General Pepperell's men were merely farmers and mechanics; and he himself knew but little about taking fortresses.

4. But if the New Englanders had no skill, they had plenty of courage. They erected batteries, and cannonaded the city for about a fortnight, when the French commander hauled down his flag. The conquest of Louisburg was considered a very brilliant exploit.

5. Louisburg was restored to the French, at the close of the war; but it was again taken by General Wolfe, in 1758. The same general soon afterwards led an army against Quebec.

6. This city was so strongly fortified, that it appeared almost impossible to take it. It had a citadel, which was built on a rock, several hundred feet high; and there were strong walls all round the city; and besides the strong garrison within the walls, there was a large French army on the outside.

7. But General Wolfe was determined to take Quebec, or lose his life in the attempt. After trying various other methods, he led his army from the shore of the river up a steep precipice; when they reached the top, they were on a level with the walls of Quebec.

8. This bold movement was performed in the night. As soon as the Marquis de Montcalm, who commanded the French army, heard of it, he marched to meet the British, and the battle immediately began.

9. General Wolfe put himself at the head of his troops, and led them bravely onward. Though he had received two wounds, he refused to quit the field. At last, a ball struck him in the body, and stretched him on the ground. 10. A few of his soldiers carried him to the rear. But, though the hand of death was on him, General Wolfe thought only of the battle that was raging around. He heard a voice shouting, "They run! they run!" and he asked eagerly, "Who run?"

11. "The French!" said the soldier; 66 they are beaten the victory is ours!" A smile appeared on the general's face: "Then I die happy!" he cried, and immediately expired.

12. The victory was complete. The Marquis de Montcalm was mortally wounded; and in a few days after the battle, Quebec was surrendered. The whole province, and all the French possessions in America, soon fell into the hands of the British.

13. They have ever since continued under the British government. When the other American territories of Great Britain became independent, these old French colonies continued attached to the crown of England.

QUESTIONS. 2. Where is Louisburg? What was done in 1745? Describe the capture of Louisburg.—5. When was it restored to the French? When taken by General Wolfe?————6. Describe the capture of Quebec.-8. Who commanded the French army? 9. Describe General Wolfe's death. -12. Consequences of the victory?—13. What has happened since?

CHAPTER CLVII.

AMERICA continued. Description of the United States.

1. THE United States are bounded on the north by the British possessions, east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by the Gulf of Mexico and the states of Mexico, and west by the Pacific Ocean. The whole country is about two-thirds as extensive as all Europe, and contains about fifteen millions of inhabitants.

2. Not more than half of this vast country is settled. The whole western portion is unoccupied, or thinly scattered over with Indian tribes. The United States are divided into twenty-six states, each having a governor, and a legislature to make laws. The whole are united under a national government, over which a president is placed as the chief ruler.

3. The United States possess many fine rivers, flowing through fertile valleys. There are many mountains, but none are so lofty as the Andes of South America, the Alps of Europe, or the Himalaya mountains of Asia. The climate of the north is temperate, and the soil yields apples, pears, peaches, and other fruits. In the south it is warm, and oranges, figs, and lemons flourish.

4. The settlement of the country which now forms the United States was begun by Sir Walter Raleigh, who in

the year 1584 established a colony in Virginia. The settlers were all swept away by sickness, and the project abandoned; but in 1607, Captain Newport built Jamestown, at the expense of Lord Delaware.

5. In the year 1620, a party of puritans from England formed a settlement, which they called Plymouth, in New England. Soon after Charlestown, Salem, and Boston, in the same state, were built, and the whole coast of New England was rapidly settled by persons of the same religious opinions.

6. In 1635 sixty persons formed a settlement on Connecticut river, and in the next year, a minister, named Roger Williams, led a party of settlers to Rhode Island, and founded the town of Providence.

7. The first settlement in New York was made in 1613, on the shores of the Hudson river, where Albany now stands. The city of New York, founded about the same time, was at first called New Amsterdam; it derived its name from the capital of Holland, for the early settlers were natives of that country. In 1664, the province of New York was surrendered by the Dutch into the hands of the English. It grew and prospered very fast, and became one of the most powerful of the colonies.

8. The state of New Jersey was also settled by the Dutch, and Delaware by the Swedes; but both states came into the hands of the English soon after.

9. Pennsylvania was settled in 1681. Its founder was William Penn, a Quaker, and all the earliest settlers likewise belonged to the sect of Quakers. When William Penn arrived in the country, he bought lands of the Indians, and made a treaty with them. This treaty was always held sacred. The Indians saw that the Quakers were men of peace, and therefore they were careful never to do them any injury.

10. The province of Maryland was granted by Charles the First to Lord Baltimore. He was a Roman Catholic,