point of a knife; insert a good bud with its bark, letting the bud itself peep out; put on wax to keep out the moisture; and bind firmly with the soft bands. b. Common or standard grafting. Saw off the top of the stock; split the stump, and insert a scion at each edge of the slit, so that the two barks shall come in contact; protect with wax as before. c. Root-grafting may be done in the same way as standard; 'but, if the stock be small, it is better to cut it and the scion both obliquely with the knife, and then bind them together, bark to bark. 31. SOCIETY. I. Definition. An association of many families, forming, as it were, a great household; their purposes being mutual aid in danger, security of person and property, mutual help in the acquisition of wealth and in the attainment of useful knowledge. II. Relief in danger. a. On the outbreak of a fire, firemen, fire-engines, relief for the sufferers. b. In case of inundations. c. Support of the poor and the unfortunate, - orphan asy lums, free schools, asylums for the insane, the deaf, dumb, and blind, &c. III. Security of person and property. a. To settle disputes by proper authority, -as by a judge, mayor, justice of the peace, arbitrator, &c. b. To protect the innocent, and detect criminals, — by policemen, constables, sheriffs, and the military. c. To punish the guilty, magistrates, prisons, jails, &c. IV. Acquiring wealth. a. Laying out and making streets, walks, roads, and bridges. b. Constructing houses, churches, public works, &c.; c. Thus giving employment to mechanics and laborers, and opening a market for farmers, and d. Securing a flourishing business for merchants and other tradesmen. V. Attaining knowledge, by means of a. The clergy, sermons and lectures. b. Teachers, - – private instruction, schools, and colleges. c. Newspapers, public libraries, reading-rooms. d. Daily intercourse, and interchange of thought, among persons of refinement and good sense, a characteristic of the American people. VI. The preservation of society requires for all these things various expenses; hence a. Taxes, and, b. In order to enforce laws and good customs, moral, and, if need be, physical support, — good advice, good example, police, armies, &c. 32. COTTON. I. Sources from which it is obtained. a. Cotton-tree, fourteen to eighteen feet high,— poor wool. shrub. c. Common wool, - from a plant, the seed being sown every year. Stem and leaf of stock dotted, black, and shaggy; leaves pointed; blossoms pale yellow, about the size of the flower of the cherry-tree; seed in a case somewhat larger than a walnut. The seed-case explodes with a slight noise, and should then be picked. The wool is separated from the seed by hand, or by a machine called the cotton-gin (invented by Eli Whit In ney) it is then formed into bales for shipment. II. The cotton-growing countries are mostly warm climates, but chiefly the southern parts of the United States, Egypt, Algiers, parts of Asia, &c. III. The amount used yearly is immense. England alone consumes more than eighty million pounds. It is spun by machinery. One pound makes a thread sixty miles in length. The spinning-machine was invented by a Mr. High, and improved in 1775 by Richard Arkwright. IV. The different uses to which cotton is applied by man. 33. THE BENEVOLENT MAN. I. Name some misfortunes which may befall men. A child may lose its parents; a man, his house by fire. A poor mechanic, the father of a large family, may become sick. II. Consequences. The child is quite helpless, and obliged to beg; the man who has lost his house becomes poor, and cannot shelter his family; the mechanic, being unable to provide food for his family, contracts debts. III. Assistance. A rich person takes the child to his own home, and sends him to school; citizens collect money to build a house for him whose home was destroyed by fire, meanwhile one of them gives the family shelter until the house is built; a kind physician heals the sick mechanic gratis, and through his intercession the sick man is furnished with food and other necessaries which soon restore his strength. IV. Gratitude of those who have received help. The child attends to his studies, and leads a useful and virtuous life; the man, on beholding his new house, sheds tears of joy, and calls down the blessings of Heaven upon his kind neighbors; the children. of the sick man surround the physician, kiss his hand, and look gratefully upon him; the wife, full of emotion, thanks him in silence. It will be noticed that the above analysis furnishes material for three essays, one of which we give as an example. THE BENEVOLENT MAN. Mr. Walker, a poor laborer, who had always supported his family by honest toil, came home one evening, laid his hard-earned money on the table, and threw himself exhausted upon a chair, saying, "My dear wife and children, I do not feel well; all my limbs ache; I fear I am going to be sick." All surround him with grave apprehensions. He is obliged to lie down upon the bed while Mrs. Walker prepares a warm cup of tea; but this proves of no avail, and the next morning he has grown worse: he can not leave his bed, and his pains become more violent. In this condition, Mr. Walker lay for three weeks; and the distress of his poor family was daily on the increase. The good father could not, as formerly, bring in his daily earnings for the support of his family. Their small stock of provisions was soon exhausted, and all began to suffer for want of food. Every thing salable was disposed of to provide refreshment for the sick man, and food for his wife and children. The state of Mr. Walker's health became daily more and more perilous; and his wife at last found herself obliged to call a physician. This she did with a heavy heart, for how would she pay him? The physician came, and found Mr. Walker's sickness of a very critical nature. He prescribed some medicine, and recommended him to take nutritious food. The poor wife wept at this, and said, "Alas, doctor! how am I to procure nutritious food? For fourteen days, potatoes and dry bread have been our only food." The physician looked around the room; and as he perceived the emaciated children, and the great scantiness of every thing, he became moved with pity. "Grieve not yourselves, good people," said he: "God will not forsake you. I will charge you nothing for my trouble, and will so manage it, that you will get the medicine free.” Many rich families to whom he spoke of this poor family sent them from time to time abundance of food. The gifts of those friendly persons were so many, that the poor family had now even more than they needed. By careful nursing and the skill of the physician, Mr. Walker soon regained his health; and, as the good doctor came for the last time, all this poor, but now happy family shed tears of gratitude. The children kissed his hands; and the hearts of the thankful mother and the recovered father were so full of emotion, that they could scarcely utter a word, but thanked the good man in silence, while they looked up to heaven, and prayed in their hearts that God would bless him. 34. THE GRATEFUL PERSON. I. A favor which one may do for another. A child may give a poor boy his dinner; a good-hearted |