Mr. SHREVE. The same as management in any corporation, as far as that is concerned. Chairman KEE. Mr. Javits, could you suspend just a moment? Chairman KEE. Would you object if we inserted in the record at this point, a list of the United States delegation to the conference at Habana? Mr. JAVITS. It would be very helpful, Mr. Chairman. (The list of delegates referred to is as follows:) UNITED STATES DELEGATION TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT The following persons comprised the United States Delegation to the Conference: Chairman: William L. Clayton, Adviser to the Secretary of State. Vice Chairman: Clair Wilcox, Director, Office of International Trade Policy, Department of State. Delegates: A. W. Anderson, Chief, Division of Commercial Fisheries, Department of Interior. Jere Cooper, United States House of Representatives. Herbert Feis, Special Adviser to the Secretary of the Army. Morris J. Fields, Chief, Commercial Policy and United Nations Division, United States Treasury Department. James Grove Fulton, United States House of Representatives. William Fowler, Special Assistant, United States Representative, ECOSOC. Jacob K. Javits, United States House of Representatives. Harry C. Hawkins, Minister-Counselor for Economic Affairs, American Embassy, London, England. Herbert W. Parisius, Director, Areas Branch, Omice of International Trade, Department of Commerce. John H. G. Pierson, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of Labor. A. Willis Robertson, United States Senate. Oscar B. Ryder, Chairman, United States Tariff Commission. Lt. Col. Lester F. Schockner, Economic Branch, Civil Affairs Division, National Military Establishment. Robert B. Schwenger, Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, Department of Agriculture. Leroy D. Stinebower, Deputy United States Representative to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Alternate Delegates: George Bronz, Special Assistant to the General Councel, United States Treasury Department. Edgar B. Brossard, Commissioner, United States Tariff Commission. John W. Evans, Trade Barriers Policy Adviser, Department of Commerce. Political adviser: Albert F. Nufer, American Ambassador, San Salvador. Legal advisers: Edwin G. Martin, general counsel, United States Tariff Commission. Seymour J. Rubin, assistant legal adviser for economic affairs, Department of State. Nongovernmental advisers: John Abbink, past chairman, National Foreign Trade Council. Kenzie S. Bagshaw, chairman, executive committee, National Grange. H. W. Balgooyen, member, advisory group, International Economic Relations Committee, National Association of Manufacturers. John Brophy, director, Industrial Union Councils, Congress of Industrial Organizations. John Dickey, president, Dartmouth College. Elvin H. Killheffer, member, Foreign Commerce Department Committee, United States Chamber of Commerce. Lee Minton, president, Glass Bottle Blowers Association, American Federation of Labor. Mildred Northrop, associate professor of economics, Bryn Mawr College. John J. Riggle, assistant secretary, National Council of Farmers Cooperatives. Victor J. Schoepperle, Bankers Association for Foreign Trade. Wilbert Ward, past president, Bankers Association for Foreign Trade. H. L. Wingate, president, Georgia Farm Bureau, American Farm Bureau Federation. Technical advisers: Honore M. Catudal, Adviser, Division of Commercial Policy, Department of State. Hubert F. Havlik, Acting Chief, Division of Investment and Economic Development, Department of State. William R. Johnson, Deputy Commissioner, Bureau of Customs, United Edmund H. Kellogg, Specialist, Division of International Organization Donald D. Kennedy, Chief, International Resources Division, Department of John M. Leddy, Adviser, Division of Commercial Policy, Department of H. Gerald Smith, Acting Adviser, Office of Financial and Development Robert P. Terrill, Associate Chief, International Resources Division, Department of State. Oscar Zaglitts, Acting Head, Foreign Agricultural Policies Division, Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations, Department of Agriculture. Liaison officer: Morris N. Hughes, first secretary, American Embassy, Habana. James N. Cortada, economic analyst, American Embassy, Habana. Press officer: Roger W. Tubby, Assistant for Economic Affairs, Office of the Public liaison officer: Eleanor E. Dennison, executive secretary, Executive Committee on Economic Foreign Policy, Department of State. Technical secretary: J. Robert Schatzel, Special Assistant to Director, Office of International Trade Policy, Department of State. Executive secretary: Basil Capella, Department of State. Personnel of House of Representatives: Charles Burton Marshall, staff member of House Foreign Affairs Committee. Martha Cameron, administrative assistant. Mr. JAVITS. You subscribe to the view that the economy of the United States is made up not alone of management but is also made up of workers, of investors, of farmers, and that together that is the economy of the United States? Mr. SHREVE. That is the economy, but management has to administer it. Mr. JAVITS. The others have a very real and potent interest, is that correct? Mr. SHREVE. That is always going to be true. Mr. JAVITS. Would you expect that a charter like this would be written only by business management? Mr. SHREVE. With the suggestions of the other phases of the economy. Mr. JAVITS. In other words, if management would write the charter and the other fellows would suggest, it would be all right? Mr. SHREVE. That is right. Mr. JAVITS. Then your real objection to ITO is that the Government wrote the charter with everybody suggesting, including management. What you want is for management to do it. Mr. SHREVE. I have no objection to the Government writing the charter. The only thought that I have there is that the ones who have to administer it, if they write it, it is going to be more simple and it is going to be more readily understood and it has a better chance or would have a better chance of really doing the thing that we are all looking for it to do. Mr. JAVITS. So your picture of a new conference, which is what you advocate, would be a delegation of American business management, with advisors from labor, government and agriculture? Mr. SHREVE. Yes. Mr. JAVITS. That would be your idea of the way this ought to be done? Mr. SHREVE. My personal opinion is that I would do it first through the medium of the International Chamber of Commerce, and then get the views of these advisers after the fundamentals were put down. Mr. JAVITS. If you were convinced, Mr. Shreve, from an assessment of the capabilities-as we used to say in the Army, and in terms with which I know you are very familiar-if you found that it might work out much worse if you had a new conference for a new charter under the auspices of business, would you still be taking the position you do? Mr. SHREVE. I would, unless it resulted in equitable features in the charter that gave the United States an even chance to profit by its operation. We would take, I am satisfied, the same position as we have now. Mr. JAVITS. In other words, you would rather have nothing than you would this? Mr. SHREVE. That is right. Mr. JAVITS. On page 10, I notice the sentence which comes about third in the first full paragraph and I would like to read it and then base my question on it: From the free enterprise point of view, it is rather anomalous that private cartels should be prohibited, while international commodity agreements, which are based on the assumption that governments can do a better job than can private enterprise, are encouraged. Do you allow there for international commodity agreements, like, for instance, that on wheat, which could not be made by business? The nature of the case is such that it could not. Mr. SHREVE. Of course, I have my own opinions and ideas with regard to that wheat agreement, too. Mr. JAVITS. I would appreciate very much your comment on that. STATEMENT OF KENNETH H. CAMPBALL, MANAGER, FOREIGN COMMERCE DEPARTMENT, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES Mr. CAMPBALL. The position of the chamber is that the chamber is definitely against the wheat agreement. Mr. JAVITs. It is against international commodity agreements, even where there is no other way to arrive at such understanding, even if it isn't an area in which business could make such an agreement. Mr. CAMPBALL. I think so. Mr. JAVITS. Is the chamber in favor of international agreement by business; to wit, company with company around the world? Mr. CAMPBALL. The agreement on the International Wheat Agreement was handled by a representative of the Agriculture Department. It was handled in that particular field. Mr. JAVITS. Your organization was against it? Mr. CAMPBALL. Yes. Mr. JAVITS. A witness was here yesterday who testified on rubber and tea, and he said that there always was an international commodity agreement on that for years and years, except that we were out of it. We always took the beating in high prices and restricted production. Now, this ITO would give us a chance to be represented and do something about it. Do you have any comment on that? In other words, he said it would work in our favor rather than against us. Mr. SHREVE. We have no position on that particular phase of it, but again it is my personal belief, the more that we have free, open, competition in the world, the more progress we are going to make and I think it will be to the benefit of the whole world as far as that goes. Mr. JAVITS. We do not have it now? Mr. SHREVE. No; we do not. Mr. JAVITS. It is certainly desirable that we do something about getting it? Mr. SHREVE. That is right, but that does not come through cartels or trade agreements. Mr. JAVITS. My only point incidentally in connection with the international commodity agreements was to indicate that there were areas in which business could not possibly function, in respect to these agreements. So you will give-taking up now the previous thread of thought— the drafters of this charter credit for good intentions in the right direction? Mr. SHREVE. They worked good and hard and did their level best to get a charter, here. There is no question about that. Mr. JAVITS. You agree it is in the right direction, too? Mr. SHREVE. They compromised entirely too much in my opinion. Mr. JAVITS. Would you agree it is in the right direction? Mr. SHREVE. They had the right ideas to start with, but when they finished they were not so good. Mr. JAVITS. Do you feel, Mr. Shreve, that regardless of how arrived at, whether by negotiation in the first instance of management, which is what you advocate, a charter to liberalize world trade is necessary to the future economic stability and therefore the peace of the world? Mr. SHREVE. It is highly desirable. I think if we do not get it, we will work it out some other way. I think that is the position of the chamber, that we were for the idea of a charter right from its beginning. We think the State Department did a wonderful job in making this suggestion in the beginning, but it has not worked out so well. Mr. JAVITS. As a businessman, you are familiar with the kind of negotiation which amounts to various things leaning on each other. In other words, you finally arrive at an agreement because everything leans on everything else. You do not agree on one thing at a time. You are acquainted with that kind of negotiation; are you not? Mr. SHREVE. That is right, but you do not quibble with basic principles. Mr. JAVITS. In other words you feel this charter goes beyond that technique of agreement; to wit, where things lean on each other? Mr. SHREVE. They have compromised with basic principles, which is fatal in my opinion. Mr. JAVITS. Is it fair to sum up the position of the chamber, or your position, as you designated in your answer to this question, by saying that you are for a liberalization of world trade, that you feel in order to attain it, a very effective way is a charter, but you believe a charter must in the first instance be negotiated by management in order to be the kind of a charter that would really do the job? Mr. SHREVE. I agree with that statement 100 percent. Mr. JAVITS. I am just trying to characterize your testimony. you. Chairman KEE. Mr. Shreve, we appreciate your coming here very much and we are very glad to have had you. Mr. SHREVE. You have been very, very nice to me and I appreciate it, too. Chairman KEE. We have with us this morning, Mrs. Allan C. G. Mitchell, national director of the League of Women Voters. We are very glad to have you with us, Mrs. Mitchell. I will have to ask you to excuse me, however, as I have a previous engagement I will have to fill. I am very sorry. Mr. Gordon, will you please take the chair? STATEMENT OF MRS. ALLAN C. G. MITCHELL, NATIONAL DIRECTOR, LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF THE UNITED STATES Mrs. MITCHELL. I am Mrs. Allan Mitchell from Bloomington, Ind., a national director of the League of Women Voters. The League of Women Voters is here today to urge that your committee report favorably House Joint Resolution 236, providing for United States membership in the International Trade Organization. I appear before you not as an economic expert, but as representative of a group of women citizens who support the ITO as a necessary step in building the security and prosperity of the United States. Most members of this committee, I believe, have already heard from the leagues in their districts on the subject of ITO, and I am sure that you will be hearing from them even more in the future. For over 2 years our 739 local leagues have been bringing to the attention of their fellow citizens the stake of the United States in a thriving system of multilateral trade and the need for an International Trade Organization. Hundreds of meetings have been held throughout the country, where thousands of pieces of informational literature have been discussed and distributed. I have just come from our biennial national convention where nearly 900 league representatives gather to decide on the league's program of work for the coming 2 years. You might be interested to know that from the many possibilities for citizen action in the international field, these delegates chose expanding world trade and international economic development as the area in which the league will concentrate. In our opinion this is a key front on which the decisions made by our Government in the 2 years just ahead will be major factors in keeping the peace. Our national convention saw the problem of the foreign trade gap as one of the foremost issues which United States citizens face today. The closing of this gap at a high level of trade requires approaching the problem on several fronts. Basic to them all is a concerted attack |