XI. MARKS OF REFERENCE. - The Asterisk, or little Star [ * ], the Obelisk, or Dagger [ + ], the Double Dagger [], the Section [§], Parallel Lines [||], and the Paragraph [ T ], are employed when references are made to observations or notes in the margin. When the references in the same page are numerous, the marks may be doubled or trebled [ **, +++ ]. To avoid, however, the clumsy appearance which these have, it is preferable to use letters or figures of a small size, technically called Superiors. XII. The ASTERISK [*] is used in some dictionaries to note that a word is of Greek origin; and the OBELISK [ + ], that a word or phrase is barbarous or obsolete. XIII. The SECTION [§] is sometimes employed, as in Locke's Essay on the Human Understanding, to divide books or chapters into smaller portions; and the PARAGRAPH [¶ ], as in the authorised version of the Bible. But the characters in question are now seldom used for these purposes. XVI. ARITHMETICAL, ALGEBRAIC, AND GEOMETRICAL SIGNS. signifies per; b, or lb. pound weight; @, at or to. £ denotes libræ, pounds sterling; s., solidi, shillings; d., denarii, pence; q. or qr., quadrantes, farthings. +represents plus, more; and is the sign of addition XVII. ABBREVIATED TERMS USED FOR THE SIZES OF Books. 4to 8vo 12mo. ...... Fol. denotes folio; a sheet folded into two leaves, or four pages. quarto; a sheet, into four leaves, or eight pages. octavo; a sheet, into eight leaves, or sixteen pages. duodecimo, or twelves; a sheet, into twelve leaves, or twenty-four pages. 24mo...... vicesimo-quarto, or twenty-fours; a sheet, into twenty four leaves, or forty-eight pages. XVIII. ABBREVIATED TITLES AND OTHER WORDS. A.B. denotes Artium Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Arts A.C. Ante Christum, before the birth of Christ A.D. Anno Domini, in the year of our Lord A.M. Artium Magister, Master of Arts; anno mundi, in the year of the world; ante meridiem, before noon Anon. Anonymous Ant. Chr. Ante Christum, before the birth of Christ A.P.G. Professor of Astronomy in Gresham College A.U.C. Ab Urbe Condita, from the building of the city B.A. Bachelor of Arts Bart. Baronet B.C. Before Christ B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law B. M. Baccalaureus Medicina, c. or cap. caput, chapter C.B. Companion of the Bath C.C.C. Corpus Christi College Cl. Dom. Com. Clerk of the C.P. Common Pleas C. P. S. Custos Privati Sigilli, Cr. Creditor C. S. Custos Sigilli, Keeper of the Seal P.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law D.D. Divinitatis Doctor, Doctor of Divinity D.F. Dean of Faculty (Scotland) Dr. Doctor or Debtor e.g. or ex. g. exempli gratiâ, as etc. or &c. et cæteri, et cæteræ, et cætera, and the others; referring to men, women, or things, not mentioned F.A. S. or F. S. A. Fraternitatis Antiquariorum Socius, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries F.D. Fidei Defensor, Defender of the Faith F.E.S. Fellow of the Entomolo gical Society F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society F.H.S. Fellow of the Horticultural Society Fil. Filius, a son F.L.S. Fraternitatis Linneanæ Socius, Fellow of the Linnean Society F.R.S. Fraternitatis Regia Socius, Fellow of the Royal Society F. R. S. L. Fellow of the Royal of Antiquaries, Edinburgh G.C.B. Grand Cross of the Bath G.C.H. Grand Cross of the Royal Hanoverian Guelphic Order G.R. Georgius Rex, George the King h.e. hoc est, that is, or this is H.E.I.C. Honourable East India Company H.M. His or Her Majesty Ship H.R.H. His Royal Highness Ib. or Ibid. Ibidem, in the same Id. Idem, the same i.e. id est, that is [place I.H.S. Jesus Hominum Salvator, J.V.D. Juris utriusque Doctor, K.C. King's Counsel K. C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath K.G. Knight of the Garter K.T. Knight of the Thistle LL.D. Legum Doctor, Doctor of M. B. Medicine Baccalaureus, Bachelor in Medicine M.D. Medicine Doctor, Doctor of Medicine Messrs. Messieurs, Gentlemen M.P. Member of Parliament Asiatic Society Mus. D. Doctor of Music N. North. n. note N.L. North Latitude No. In numero, in number, or number. Nos. Numbers N.S. New Style P. R. S. President of the Royal P. Th. G. Professor of Divinity R. Rex, a king. Regina, a queen S. South. s. sect. section S. T. P. Sacræ Theologiæ Pro- U.E. I. C. United East India Company U.J.D. Utriusque Juris Doctor, Doctor of both Laws ult. ultimus, the last U.S. United States of America v. verse; vide, see; versus, against v.g. verbi gratiâ, as for example viz. videlicet, namely V. R. Victoria Regina, Queen W. West [Victoria W.S. Writer to the Signet Xt. Christ. Xn. Christian y. the; yn. then; ys. this |