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which are in themfelves very fimple and clear, are fuppofed to derive light from their interpretation in the Targum of Onkelos, 'p, and this ftrange explanation is given of them :--

will, indeed, bear another interpretation; in the preexifting one, that is, the eternal Logos, the almighty Word of God; which nevertheless equally proves the universe to have been created by an all-wife and all-powerful Being. The application of the term Pre-exifting to any perfon or any thing is only intelligible as it has a reference to fome other object. If matter were eternal as well as God, God could no more be called pre-exifting, with regard to matter, than matter could with regard to God, both being equally eternal; but if God did exist before matter, then matter cannot be eternal.' P. 58.

though ;ברא שית בריות We feel no difficulty in the paffage

we highly approve the author's attempts, and are much pleafed with his attention to Scripture in both difcourfes.

A Vindication of the Calvinistic Doctrines of Human Depravity, the Atonement, Divine Influences, &c. in a Series of Letters to the Rev. T. Belham, occafioned by his "Review of Mr. Wilberforce's Treatife:" with an Appendix, addressed to the Author of "Letters on Hereditary Depravity." By Thomas Williams, Author of the Age of Infidelity, &c. Svo. 45. Boards. Chap

man.

A defence of Calvinifm, we are happy to fay, cannot be very interefting in the prefent times; and we hope that the period is not far diftant when the word itself fhall be confidered as obfolete, and no Chriftian doctrine will go under the name of an uninspired writer. In this work Calvinism is oppofed to an ifm for which the author cannot find an appropriate term, though he, with justice, if not with kindness, excludes his antagonist from the corps of Socinians.

The name Socinian you disavow; and Socinus would have difavowed you as a heretic or an infidel, and probably have immured you in a prifon. As to the name Unitarian, I am unwilling exclufively to allow it, because we believe in no more Gods than you do; yet, for distinction's fake, I must be content to adopt this as a popular term for your non-defcript denomination.' P. 12.

The writer, perhaps, was not aware, that, in attacking Socinus for intolerance, he must bring to the recollection of his readers the bafe and inhuman conduct of the great Calvin, as he is called. It is true that Socinus would not have allowed the tenets now holden by many who call themselves Unitarians; and we, who are neither Calvinists nor Socinians, are glad to see a writer make the just ditinctions between the real Socinians and modern Unitarians. Our author is alfo to be commended for difallowing the exclufive application of the term Unitarian to any one fect of Chriftians; for,

however Chriftians may differ from each other in the objects of worship, the unity of the Godhead is univerfally acknowledged.

The depravity of human nature, the prefent state of human nature, the quantum of moral evil, Satan, and a future puniment, the atonement, interceffion of Chrift, divine influences, and experimental religion, are the chief subjects of thefe Letters, in which little is faid either new or important. The grand queftion of the depravity of human nature is decided upon Calvin's plan: but when the world exhibits so many instances of human wickedness, and the Scriptures exprefsly point out to us only one method of cleaning ourfelves from fin, namely, by the blood of Chrift, it would be of greater benefit to us to have recourfe to this efficacious remedy than to lose ourselves in difputations on the way by which we became servants of fin. At any rate, if we muft wander in the fields of controverfy, we fhould be happy to fee the great principle of the Christian religion, so affectingly described by the Apoftle, prevailing over these erudite difquifitions. Let faith lead to love; for, without it, the triumph is incomplete; and, instead of boafting as the difciples of Calvin, let us embrace each other in love as Chriftians. Dearness occafioned by Scarcity, not Monopoly; and the Duties of Men arifing out of the Circumstances of providential Vifitation recommended in a Sermon, delivered in a Parish Church in the County of Northampton, on Wednesday, March 12, 1800, being the Day appointed for a general Faft. To which is added, an Appendix, containing Hints of practical Expedients for alleviating the Calamity, and in general improving the Condition, of the Poor: together with a Table of the Average-Price of Wheat in each Year, from 1795 to 1798 inclufive. 8vo. 15. 6. Gurney. After some judicious obfervations on the present scarcity, the folly of rioting on the part of the poor, and the duty of the rich to use with moderation the neceffaries of life, are in a proper manner brought forward to the attention of both parties. The dedication of the fermon does honour to the writer; and humane minds will be induced by it, we hope, to entertain Chriftian ideas of the lapfes of human nature, and the energy of penitence.

LAW.

The whole Proceedings upon an Information exhibited ex Officio by the King's Attorney-General, against the Right Hon. Sackville Earl of Thanet, Robert Ferguson, Efq. and others, for a Riot and other Mifdemeanours: Tried at the Bar of the Court of King's Bench, April 25, 1799- Taken in Short-Hand by William Ramfay The Evidence compared with the Notes of two other Short-Hand Writers. To which are added, fome Obfervations, by Robert Fergufon, on his own Cafe, and on the Points of Law arifing upon the Information. Svo. 55. 5s. Boards. Ogle. With the cafe of Lord Thanet and Mr. Ferguson the public are

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well acquainted. The purport of the prefent publication is vindicatory, but it has the merit of giving a very full and impartial statement of the trial. The comments of Mr. Ferguson on the law of this cafe are certainly ingenious; but, if they poffefs intrinfic weight, why were the objections not infifted on at the trial, on the informa tion, or in arreft of judgement?

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Report of a Cafe recently argued and determined in His Majefty's Court of King's Bench, on the Validity of a Sentence of Condemna tion by an Enemy's Conful in a neutral Port, and the Right of the Owner of the Ship to call upon the Underwriters, to reimburse him the Money paid for the Purchase of the Ship at a Sale by Auction, under fuch Sentence. With an Appendix, containing the French Laws now in Force relative to Maritime Prizes, &c. and the Danish Ordinance, of the 20th of April, 1796, impofing a Duty on Foreign Ships. By Nathaniel chefon, F. A. S. Solicitor. Svo. 65. fewed. Butterworth, 1800.

The importance of the caufe, the proceedings in which are de. tailed in this publication, is indifputable, and we perfectly coincide with Mr. Atchefon in the prefatory remarks to his report.

It is a fubject of regret, that the principles of the law of nations, as the apply to maritime captures, have not hitherto, by the confent of the European powers, been embodied into a fyftem of jurifprudence, poffetfing fufficient arrangement and authority to elucidate the grounds, and to reconcile the frequent difcordancy of the decisions of their various prize tribunals.

6 The want of fuch a code has been peculiarly felt in the courfe of the prefent war. The nation with which Great Britain is now engaged in hoftilities, though diftinguished by many luminous writers, and by a series of excellent pofitive regulations on the fubject of marine jurifprudence, has burft through the reftraints of its own. accumulated wisdom, and has despised the most valuable foreign authorities, in language dictated by infolent rapacity.

Other ftates, unwilling to take a part in the conteft in which the principal powers of Europe have engaged, are fedulously employed in turning it to their own advantage; nor muft it excite furprife, when confiderations of commercial and lucrative advantage feem to have predominated over the regards which political fecurity appeared to require, that the thield of neutrality may, in some instances, have been used to protect or cover tranfactions not strictly compatible with the honour or the law of nations. Whether thefe remarks be in any refpe&t applicable to the facts difclofed in the following cafe, the editor does not prefume to offer an opinion that this cafe is no lefs accurately than fully reported, he can, however, with confidence affert; and he hopes that this circumftance, with the illuftrative felections in the notes and the appendix, will together render this publication in fome degree ufeful, as it certainly is

is in a high degree interefting to the legal and commercial part of the community, P. v.

From the report itfelf we would willingly extract fome paffages; but our limits permit us only to obferve, that Mr. Atcheson is entitled to the thanks of the public for the fullness with which he has stated the arguments of the judges and council in the cause, and for the pertinency of his selections from the French marine ordinances, and the writings of learned jurifts on that part of the law of nations.

The profits arifing from the fale of this publication will be applied to the fund of the Society for bettering the Condition of the

Poor.'

MEDICINE.

Obfervations on Vaccination, or the inoculated Cow-Pox. By Richard Dunning, Surgeon, Plymouth-Dock. 8vo. 2s. 6d. Black and Parry.

Since we laft adverted to the fubject of the cow-pox, very rapid advances have been made in an inquiry into its nature and effects. The refult has been pretty uniformly in favour of the opinion of those who introduced it; and we claim fome little merit from our befitation and objections, since we know that they have directed the obfervers in their views and experiments, which have contributed to remove the difficulties we offered. Yet we think it by no means clear, that the cow-pox is a complete prefervative against the fmallpox, though it is fo in a much greater degree than we fuppofed.We are not certain, for it is not yet proved, that it is never a puftular difeafe. It is certainly not a violent disorder, neither dangerous in infancy nor during pregnancy, and certainly not communicable by effluvia. Mr. Dunning is warm in his commendation of this new inoculation, and eagerly fees in it not only the extinction of the fmall-pox, but of ferofula, and, perhaps, of confumption, fince, in one of two cafes, fcrofulous fwellings, and a hectic tendency feemed to be checked after vaccine inoculation. Such eager, injudicious praise must however weaken the beft caufe. It is a curious fancy that chicken and fwine-pox were originally diseases of these animals refpectively, and it is apparently fupported by the chicken. in Bengal being fubject to an eruption, as the fwine are in this country. The fwine-pox is only the, chicken pox, with a fuller puftule, denominated from its refemblance to the little fwellings of the conglobate glands in fwine. This latter is, therefore, merely a diminutive term, and we may as well look for the heart of a chicken in a coward, because, from a metaphor, he is fo denominated. The hint that the variolous affection may be a compound, and that the vaccine disease, united with fome other virus, may have afforded the more active affection of variola, deferves fome attention, as a point of fpeculation which cannot (and, perhaps, fhould not) be fubjected to the teft of experiment. On the whole, this is the performance of an ingenious, though an eager young man, and does dot add greatly to our knowledge of this fubject.

The Seaman's Medical Advocate: or, an Attempt to shew that Five Thoufand Seamen are annually, during War, loft to the British Nation, in the Weft-India Merchants' Service, and on-board Ships of War on the West-India Station, through the Yellow Fever, and other Difeafes and Means, from Caufes which, it is conceived, are chiefly to be obviated, and unconnected with the Misfortunes of War or Dangers of the Seas. Illufirated by Cafes and Facts. By El, liot Arthy, Surgeon in the African and Weft-India Merchants' Service. 8vo. 5s. Boards. Richardfon.

Mr. Arthy, with great humanity and good fenfe, explains the causes of no inconfiderable lofs of men in our marine fervice from the yellow fever, and the want of furgeons in the Weft-India hips; amounting, as is fuppofed, to five thousand annually. The propofed remedy will fufficiently point out what he confiders as the caufes of the mortality.

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The reader will, I dare fay, anticipate me in the means I have to propofe, for the accomplishment of the above most desirable purpoles, namely, regulating their wages and preventing them from defertion; abolishing the imprefs fervice in the Weft-Indies, or elfe, preventing feamen from leaving their ships, and going on-fhore, in the Weft-Indies, to avoid being imprefied; keeping them as much as can be on-board their ships, and when they must of neceffity go on-fhore, on their fhip's duty or otherwise, sheltering them, as much as practicable, from the night air and inclemencies of the weather; alfo, allowing them a proper place to fleep in on-board; and providing them, in the fpeedieft manner, the best medical and furgical affistance, as well as requifite attendance, when they are sick and have received accidents.' P. 154.

The author fhould have known that more than one fpecies of chincona grows in the West-India islands, and that the bark of the mahogany-tree is almost equal in efficacy.

Reports of a Series of Inoculations for the Variola Vaccine, or CowPox; with Remarks and Obfervations on this Difeafe, confidered as a Subfitute for the Small-Pox. By William Woodville, M. D. &c. Svo. 35. 6d. fewed. Phillips and Son.

We now proceed to the work of a more candid, difpaffionate author, who has examined the fubject experimentally with care, and reported his obfervations with apparent fidelity. Two hundred cafes are diftinctly mentioned, and the refult of three hundred others added. The conclufion is, that the vaccine-pox is a much milder disease than variola, but not without danger. Dr. Woodville found it to be a puftular disorder, and this must weaken fome of Mr. Dunning's strongest arguments against the facts recorded of small-pox oc curring after a perfon had experienced the cow-pox. Dr. Woodville alfo found it a dangerous complaint, and thinks that one child

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