gender by this substantive if it immediately precedes the verb, and is defined by a genitive or an adjective: as

'this crown and robe and (these) pearls

and jewels might make up the

capital stock of a thousand merchants.'

یہ تاج و خلعت اور در و جواهر هزار سوداگر کي پونجي هو

سكتي هي

putting together words (concocting ادهر كي أدهر باتيں ملاني اور فريب دينا أسكي عادت

stories) from this side and that,

هو جاتي هي

and deceiving, becomes his habit.'

294. A declinable adjective which is connected as an attribute with two or more substantives of different genders usually agrees with the masculine if the substantives denote living beings; but if they denote things or ideas, it generally agrees with the nearest : as

.such calamities and fearful places ایسی آفتیں اور خطرناک مقام انني تعريف اور اشتياق

so much praise and longing.'

295. An impersonal proposition, by which the existence of an action or relation is asserted, without being referred, as predicate, to any noun for its subject, is formed 1) by the verb 'it is proper or necessary; 2) by the verbs and with one of the adjectives; 'necessary,'

،

96

right, necessary,' etc., followed واجب ',proper‘ مناسب

in each case by a subordinate proposition to which the assertion refers: as

.itisnecessary that he so deal with them جاھیئے کہ اُن سے ایسا برتاؤ کري .it is right that he act on this مناسب هي كه اس پر عمل كري

244

CHAPTER VII.

THE ARTICLE; THE RELATIONS OF SUBSTANTIVES IN A SENTENCE, AND THE CASES.

a) ON THE ABSENCE OF THE ARTICLE IN URDU.

گهر

296. Urdū, like Sanskrit and the modern Āryan languages, possesses no definite article: thus may be translated by either 'house,' or 'a house,' or 'the house,' according to the context.

297. Some nouns however are in their very nature definite, e.g.

proper names.

9

'the sun,'

'the East,' etc., and all Others are rendered definite

1) by standing in apposition to a proper name; as

,the sage حکیم بیڈ پائے '; the seaport of Karachi بندر

Bedpa'e.'

2) by standing in the relation of governing noun to a proper noun in the genitive, when this is explicatory

'; the country of Zerbad زیرباد کا دیس as : ( اضافت بياني) .the king of Greece ، یونان کا پادشاه

3) by being connected with the demonstrative pronouns, which, in many instances, may be properly rendered by

وه كتاب جسکا ورق پهتا هوا هي the English definite articles : Has

'that, or the book, a leaf of which is torn.'

Rem. According to the native grammarians not only are all proper names, personal, demonstrative, and relative pronouns, definite or

THE RELATION OF SUBSTANTIVES IN A SENTENCE. 245

determined (), but a noun which governs any of these in the

genitive is also definite; thus

کا

of Mohan,' and not ‘a child of Mohan's.’

signifies properly the child

298. If it be desired to point out a noun as indefinite,

حرف تنگیر one, a, an (called ایک the numeral adjective

'the indefinite particle') or the indefinite pronoun

some one,' 'a certain one,' is employed for the purpose, with this distinction, however, that the former more commonly particularizes the substantive, implying that only one person or thing is understood, whereas the latter implies that some one out of many, or something not described, is intended: e.g.

".knowledge is a good thing علم ایک اچي چيزهي

a king gave a costly robe to a certain ایک بادشاہ نے کسی زاہد کو قيمتي خلعت دِي

devotee.'

a duck used to remain by the margin کسی تالاب کے کناري ایک بط

299. If some indefinite portion or quantity of a thing is implied, the word is placed before the noun in the

bring some بازار سے کچھ چوزا لے آنا singular or plural; as

chickens from the market' (see § 399).

6) THE RELATION OF SUBSTANTIVES IN A SENTENCE. 300. The relation in which a noun (substantive, adjective, participle, pronoun) stands to the other parts of a sentence, is denoted by its case, or by a postposition with its noun.

301. Nouns which stand in the same relation, stand also in the same case: e.g.

1) The appositive (tabi') and its matbū'; as bīlas

'; ause of oil ایک سیر تیل ,by our master Sindbad سند باد نے ;a bigha of land ' ایک بیگھا زمیں ;a yard of cloth ، ایک گر کپڑا '.ten thousand horses‘ لاکھ گھوڑي

Rem. Nouns denoting measure or quantity are coordinate with the noun denoting the thing of which they form a part. Native grammarians, however, do not regard the two nouns as in apposition, but call the second of the two nouns the specification () of the first. When a noun is preceded by a numeral adjective (ac), it is termed or numbered. It is wrong to say of such nouns that “they are put in the nominative," for the two nouns may be in any case: e.g. what can be done with two sers of ghĩ?'

رگهي سے کیا ھوگا

2) Words which are connected by conjunctions, enume

جاهل طلب كرتا هی مال کو اور عاقل ration, and antithesis; as

J'the fool seeks wealth, and the wise man perfection.' 3) The word with which a question is put, and that

was he beaten?' ('who beat him?'), (l)

by me;'

by whom اس کو کس نے مارا which conveys the answer ; as

;Mohan's موهن فلانے ? (for whom are you making (it کس کے لیئے بناتے هو

یہ کسکا گھر هَي

whose house is this?' K

for such-and-such a gentleman.'

I. THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

302. The Nominative is used to denote the subject of

I teach میں لڑکوں کو پڑھاتا ھوں ; which a verb is predicated

boys,' or 'I am teaching the boys.'

303. The Nominative is also used as the predicative. noun, 1) with verbs signifying to be or become, to prove, issue, turn out; as, ligid, lita, gd, like gud, likki, etc.; 2) with verbs denoting a state or mode of existence, as, 'to

هوجانا هونا

#

تھہرنا ',remain

'to stand or last,' etc.; 3) with passive verbs of naming, calling, making, esteeming, etc. (cf. §§ 262 and 351).

304. The Nominative is often employed absolutely to avoid the use of two or more consecutive nouns in an oblique case, and the case in which these nouns would stand is then taken by a following pronoun or pronominal adjective. This construction is also commonly employed when attention is called to the subject (with which the following pronoun is put in apposition), or when a relative explanatory sentence is inserted between the nominative and the verb: e.g.

to pick holes in any one's dress, or to ، کسی کے کپڑي ميں عیب نکالنا ۔ يا کسي کي بد اعتقادي کا ذِكْر کرنا اور عَلَي هَذَا القِياس سب غیبت میں داخل هي

speak of the untrustworthiness of any

one, and so forth-all is compre

hended in the word Slander.'

a villagers son, who was moving گنوار کا ایک لڑکا جو کھیت کی

about there to watch the field-as

soon as his eye fell on the pigeon.'

نگہبانی کے لیئے وہاں پھرتا تھا۔

نظر أسكي جوں کبوتر پر پڑي

Malik Sadik, who is the king of the ملک صادق ـ جو بادشاہ جنوں

Jinn

your father had formed a

friendship with him.'

كا هي - تمهاري باپ نے اسکے ساتھ دوستي پيدا كي تهي

and certain matters pertaining to the ، اور بعض باتیں عربی اور فارسي

Arabic and Persian, the knowing of

which was essential, and a means of enlightenment to young scholars

they also have been introduced.'

کی ۔ جنکا جاننا نو آموزوں کو ضروري اور موجب هوشياري کا تها ـ وه بهي درج كي گئیں