on the Ohio River, and by the course of its railroads and canals, is immense. The shipping enrolled in the several districts amounted in 1850 to 62,462 tons.

In November, 1850, there were in the state 57 banks and branches, the condition of which in the aggregate presented the following features: liabilities— capital $8,718,866, circulation $11,059,760, deposits $5,310,555, and other items $1,649,745; and assets-loans and discounts $17,039,593, stocks $2,220,891, real estate $451,593, other investments $460,892, due by other banks $3,373,272, notes of other banks $1,195,655, specie funds $98,460, and specie $2,750,537. The banks of Ohio consist of three classes, viz. : Independent Banks, of which there are eleven, Old Banks, five, and the State Bank and branches, forty-one.

Ohio has completed several magnificent works of internal improvement. Railroads and canals traverse it in every direction. The Ohio Canal connects the waters of Lake Erie at Cleveland with those of the Ohio at Portsmouth, and is 309 miles long; the Walhonding Canal extends along the valley of the river of the same name, from Roscoe on the Ohio Canal to Rochester, a distance of 25 miles; the Hocking Canal leaves the Ohio Canal at Carroll, and traverses the left bank of the Hocking River to Athens, 56 miles; the Miami Canal and extension extends from Cincinnati to its junction with the Wabash and Erie Canal, 181 miles; the Warren county Canal, 19 miles long, the Sidney Feeder, 13 miles long, and the St. Mary's Feeder, 11 miles long, are branches of the Miami Canal, and extension; the Muskingum Improvement extends from the Ohio Canal at Dresden to the mouth of the Muskingum River, 91 miles; and the Sandy and Beaver Canal (Mahoning) extends from the Ohio Canal at Bolivar to the Ohio River, a distance of 86 miles, and unites with the Pennsylvania Canals at the state line. The tolls collected on all the canals in 1849 amounted to $740,463. The principal railroads in the state are as follows:

Of these 27 roads, 690 miles were in operation in 1850, and 1,341 in course of construction. The cost so far as completed had been up to June of that year $12,768,000. Besides these highways the state has a number of fine macadamized roads, plank-roads, and ordinary roads traverse every county. The schools of Ohio are scarcely inferior in efficiency to those of Massachusetts and New-York. The common school fund amounts to $615,626; the greater portion of school moneys, however, are derived from taxation. In 1849, the amount distributed to the several districts was $293,159. The whole number of school districts is 6,826, and of common schools 5,042, which have on their rolls 90,464 scholars. The principal collegiate institutions are the University at Athens, founded 1804; Miami University at

Oxford, founded 1809; Franklin College at New Athens, Western Reserve College at Hudson, Kenyon College at Gambier, Granville College, Marietta College, Oberlin College, Cincinnati College, to which medical and law schools are attached; St. Xavier's College, and Woodward College, also at Cincinnati, Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, etc. Theological schools are attached to Kenyon College, the Western Reserve College, and several others. Lane Seminary at Cincinnati is a celebrated institution belonging to the Presbyterians. Several of these institutions are in high repute.

The most numerous religious denominations are the Episcopal Methodists, Baptists and Presbyterians. The Episcopalian Protestants, the Congregationalists, and Roman Catholics have also many communicants, and the minor churches are represented in the larger cities.

The constitution of Ohio grants the right of voting to all male citizens 21 years of age. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Representatives; Senators, who must be citizens of the United States, 30 years of age, are chosen for two years, and Representatives, who must be 25 j 5 years of age, for one year. The General Assembly has the sole power of enacting all the state laws, the assent or signature of the Governor not being necessary in any case whatever. The Governor is chosen biennially. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court with four Judges, Courts of Common Pleas, for the holding of which the State is divided into 19 circuits, and several inferior and local courts. Justices are elected by the legislature for seven years. Cleveland and Cincinnati have Special Superior Courts, and Cincinnati has also a Commercial Court. The institutions supported by the state are the Lunatic Asylum and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Columbus.

The total revenue of Ohio for the fiscal year ending 15th November, 1849, amounted to $2,937,571, and the disbursements to $2,383,136; surplus $554,435. The chief sources of income are taxes on property, canal tolls, dividends, rents, interests, etc. The chief expenses are interest on foreign and domestic debt, repairs of canals, schools, and legislative appropriations. The public debt consists of domestic bonds outstanding, $529,592 38, bearing interest $28,557 96 annually, school and trust funds $1,615,625 59-interest $96,937 54, and the foreign debt $16,880,982 50; interest $1,022,358 95; total $19,026,200 47-interest $1,147,854 45. The state has assets$2,007,260 34, surplus revenue, and public property in canals, railroads, etc., $3,011,858 71. The value of real and personal property in the state, in 1849, was $430,839,085, on which the state tax was $1,296,347 56.

COLUMBUS, the capital of the state, is situated on the left bank of the Scioto River, immediately below the junction of the Olentangy or Whitestone. The State capitol is a very handsome building. The streets are laid out rectangularly, and in the centre of the city is a public square of ten acres, handsomely enclosed. Franklinton, on the opposite bank of the river, is connected with Columbus by a bridge. Railroads connect it with Cincinnati and Cleveland. Population in 1850, 17,367; in 1840 it was 6,048.

The

CINCINNATI, the Queen city of the West, is beautifully situated on the north bank of the Ohio. The shores of the river at this point afford good landing. The city, except on the margin of the river, is laid out in streets crossing at right angles; it has many handsome public buildings, including more than 100 churches, several colleges, spacious school houses, etc. commerce of Cincinnati is immense, and it is likewise the principal seat of Ohio manufacturing industry. In 1795 it was a mere village of 500 inhabitants; in 1810, it had 2,540; in 1820, 9,642; in 1830, 24,831; in 1840, 48,338, and in 1850 116,108.

SANDUSKY, on the lake shore, is the terminus of the Mad River and Erie Railroad, and otherwise a point of importance connected with the lake and interior trade of the state. In 1850, its population was 5,434, and in 1851, 7,901, having increased in one year 45 per centum.

CLEVELAND, also on the lake, and a great railroad centre, is situated on an elevated plain at the mouth of Cuyahoga River; it has a spacious and safe harbor, and may be considered as the principal port of the state. Its population has increased rapidly; in 1840 it was 6,071; in 1850, 17,074, and in 1851, 21,034. The great increase in 1850-51 may be attributed to the completion of several lines of railroads terminating at this point.

Fairfield, Astabula, etc., are ports of consideration, and have good harbors. Toledo is the eastern terminus of the Michigan railroads. Hamilton and Dayton are important interior towns. Springfield has several large manufacturing establishments; and Zanesville, Portsmouth, Marietta, Chilicothe, etc., are also flourishing places, on the great thoroughfares.

Ohio, previous to 1788, was an entire wilderness; in that year a settlement was made at Marietta, and in 1789, the country was placed under a territorial government, and called the "Western Territory." This name applied not only to Ohio, but to all the district north-west of the Ohio River to the Mississippi, and included the present states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. At a subsequent period it was known as the "Territory North-west of the Ohio." The ordinance by which this territory was established forbids "slavery" in any future state that may be formed within this district. Ohio became a state in 1802.

THE STATE OF INDIANA.

INDIANA lies between the latitudes of 37° 45′ and 41° 52′ north, and between the longitudes of 84° 42′ and 88° 12′ west. It is bounded on the north by the lake and State of Michigan; east by the State of Ohio; south by the Ohio River, which separates it from Kentucky; and west by the State of Illinois. The state is 246 miles long and 160 miles broad, and has an area of 36,580 square miles, or 23,411,431 acres.

Indiana is in no part mountainous, but that portion bordering on the Ohio contains much broken, hilly land. The interior parts, the valleys of the east and west forks of White River, present a gently undulating country, generally timbered, with occasional strips of rich bottom on the margin of the streams. The valley of the Wabash, in the lower part, is an undulating surface of forest and prairie. North of Terre Haute, the land is of the first quality, fine forest, occasionally opening into beautiful and fertile prairies. On the St. Joseph's, and across to the head waters of the Maumee, are extensive wet and dry prairies, and heavily timbered lands, with a soil of exhaustless fertility. On the shore of Lake Michigan are sand hills, and along the Kankakee extensive swamps and marshes. The kinds of timber most abundant are, oaks of various species, ash, beech, buckeye, walnut, cherry, sugar tree, hickory, elm, sassafras, honey-locust, with some cotton-wood, sycamore, hackberry and mulberry. The principal productions are wheat, rye, Indian corn, oats, buckwheat, barley, potatoes, etc.

The climate of Indiana is favorable and agreeable. The winters are milder and shorter than in the Atlantic states, and the summers are, in general, not warmer. The spring commences about the middle of February.

COUNTIES.

Adams.

Allen

Benton..

Blackford

Boone..

Browne

Carroll

Cass

Clark

Clay

Clinton.

Crawford.

Daviess

Dearborn

Decatur

The peach blossoms in March, and the woods are green in April. The country in the upper parts of the state is healthy, and the districts along the rivers, except in the neighborhood of swamps and marshes, are not considered insalubrious.

In 1850 Indiana contained 988,416 inhabitants, or one person to every 24 acres; and these were distributed to the several counties in the following proportions:

White Colored

Total

Persons. Persons. Popula. COUNTIES.
5,789.. 8.... 5,797 Madison.....
16,817....
.102.... 16,919 Marion

Bartholomew. 12,336.. 92.... 12,428 Marshall

De Kalb....

8,241...

10..

8,251 Posey

Delaware

10,839..

4.

10,843 Pulaski

11,773 323 12,096 Washington... 16,788.. 252.... 17,040 12,086.... 15.... 12,101 Wayne

10,546....538. 11,084 Wells

24,323....997. 25,320

6,141.... 11.... 6,152

10,243 White 8,387 Whitley 1.... 3,991

The number of dwellings in the state in 1850 was 170,178, and of families, 171,564, nearly equal, or in the ratio of about 5.7 persons to each dwelling and family. The deaths in 1849-50 amounted to 12,728, or one death to every 77.7 persons.

The number of blind persons, according to the new census, was 278, of deaf and dumb 517, of insane 442, and of idiotic 617; of paupers there were 861, of convicts 81, and of persons of all ages unable to read and write 75,017. The number of farms was 101,973, valued at $128,325,552, and the value of farming utensils was $6,684,799. The principal agricultural productions, compared with the same of 1840, exhibit the following results:

And in 1850 there was also produced 13,366 gallons of wine, 17,591 bushels clover seed, 16,986 bushels grass and other seeds, 35,677 bushels flax seed, 181,518 gallons maple molasses. The live stock consisted of 310,475 horses, 7,068 mules and asses, 280,052 milch cows, 37,108 working oxen, 385,969 other horned cattle, 1,068,413 sheep, and 2,314,909 hogs, in all valued at $23,002,978; and the products of animals were as followswool 2,679,909 lbs., butter 12,787,547 lbs., cheese 654,808 lbs., and the value of animals slaughtered was $5,668,374. The yield of silk cocoons was 1,591 lbs., and of bees' wax and honey 830,261 lbs.

The manufactures of Indiana are on a respectable footing, and are continually being extended, both in kind and amount. In 1850 the capital invested in this branch of industry amounted to $7,235,220, being an increase over that of 1840 of $3,103,177, or 75 per cent. The condition of the cotton, wool and iron manufactures is exhibited in the annexed table:

The total number of manufacturing establishments producing annually $500 and upwards was 4,326, and the value of goods manufactured was $19,199,681. The value of home-made goods was $1,682,918.

Indiana does not enjoy a direct foreign commerce, and is dependent on ports of other states for outlets. Most of its surplus products are now car