Psychological MonographsPeriodicals Service Company, 1899 - 109 páginas |
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Términos y frases comunes
activity adding ALFRED BINET animal Animal Intelligence association attention auditory auditory imagery average CARL STUMPF cause centres chick classes of data claw colors Columbia University column compared consciousness curves degree dogs door effect electricity emotion energy evidently excess experiment experimenter extension extramotion fact factor fatigue feeling flexion function give given greater HUGO MÜNSTERBERG humidity ideas imitation impulse inches increase indicated influence JAMES SULLY JOHN DEWEY JOSEPH JASTROW kymograph latter less lip-movement LIVINGSTON FARRAND loop MARY WHITON CALKINS means ment mental imagery mental images meteorological method mind motor movements muscles muscular nature normal object observed occur pleasant probably psychology rapid reader reaction reading rate record relation seems seen sensations sense sense-impression shown stimulation temperature tendency thing thought tion trials visual perception weather words ΙΟ
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Página 12 - Illumination. — Is the image dim or fairly clear? Is its brightness comparable to that of the actual scene? "2. Definition. — Are all the objects pretty well...
Página 39 - It does not ever in the course of its successes realize that such an act brings food and therefore decide to do it and thenceforth do it immediately from decision instead of from impulse. The one impulse, out of many accidental ones, which leads to pleasure, becomes strengthened and stamped in thereby, and more and more firmly associated with the sense-impression of that box's interior. Accordingly it is sooner and sooner fulfilled. Futile impulses are gradually stamped out. ' The gradual slope of...
Página 7 - The behavior of all but 11 and 13 was practically the same. When put into the box the cat would show evident signs of discomfort and of an impulse to escape from confinement. It tries to squeeze through any opening; it claws and bites at the bars or wire; it thrusts its paws out through any opening and claws at everything it reaches; it continues its efforts when it strikes anything loose and shaky; it may claw at things within the box. It does not pay very much attention to the food outside, but...
Página 72 - Sherrington leads them to conclude that " the chemical products of cerebral metabolism contained in the lymph which bathes the walls of the arterioles of the brain can cause variations of the calibre of the cerebral vessels; that in this reaction the brain possesses an intrinsic mechanism by which its vascular supply can be varied locally in correspondence with local variations of functional activity.
Página 22 - After getting out of six or eight boxes by different sorts of acts the cat's general tendency to claw at loose objects within the box is strengthened and its tendency to squeeze through holes and bite bars is weakened ; accordingly it will learn associations along the general line of the old more quickly. Further, its tendency to pay attention to what it is doing gets strengthened, and this is something which may properly be called a change in degree of intelligence.
Página 45 - Comfort ? comfort scorn'd of devils ! this is truth the poet sings, That a sorrow's crown of sorrow is remembering happier things.
Página 7 - With 13, an old cat, and 11, an uncommonly sluggish cat, the behavior was different. They did not struggle vigorously or continually. On some occasions they did not even struggle at all. It was therefore necessary to let them out of some box a few times, feeding them each time. After they thus associate climbing out of the box with getting food, they will try to get out whenever put in. They do not, even then, struggle so vigorously or get so excited as the rest.
Página 7 - In either case, whether the impulse to struggle be due to an instinctive reaction to confinement or to an association, it is likely to succeed in letting the cat out of the box. The cat that is clawing all over the box in her impulsive struggle will probably claw the string or loop or button so as to open the door. And gradually all the other nonsuccessful impulses will be stamped out and the particular impulse leading to the successful act will be stamped in by the resulting pleasure, until, after...