Canada. The meteorological observations were conducted in Canada by different schools until 1871, when the government took charge of the work, and since that time the service has grown rapidly. In 1898 there were 4 stations of the first order, 65 of the second order, 206 of the third order, and 89 rainfall stations. The service coöperates very extensively with that of the United States.

Cuba.-The Cuban government formed a weather service in 1902, and now has one first-order station in Havana and a second-order station in each of the other four provinces. The principal work of this Bureau consists in issuing warnings for the West Indian hurricanes and publishing the crop bulletins.

Mexico. The meteorological observations seem to have been made in Mexico more or less continuously from 1768 to 1877, when the Central Meteorological Observatory was founded, and all the other stations were gradually absorbed into the system. Attached to the organization there are one firstorder station, 28 second-order stations, and many stations of what may be called third order. The service coöperates with that of the United States, and depends on the latter for its storm warnings.

Argentine Republic.-The Argentine Meteorological Office was founded in 1872, and is the most complete organization at present in South America. Attached to the office there were, in 1898, one firstorder station, 10 second-order stations, 24 thirdorder stations, and 136 fourth-order stations.

Brazil. The system in Brazil seems at present to be undeveloped. The Central Meteorological Office was established in the Ministry of Marine in 1885 under the director. Capt. A. P. Pinheiro, who died in June, 1896, and whose death was a very great loss to the service. There is one station of the first order, but there does not appear to be any regular system of stations attached to it, though there are independent organizations in the different provinces.

Europe.

Austro-Hungarian Empire.- The Central Institute for Meteorological and Terrestrial Magnetism at Vienna was established in 1851. The present director is Professor J. M. Pernter, who in 1897 succeeded Professor Hann. The stations number over 500, of which 25 are first order. A large number of investigations have been completed. The yearly expense to the government is about $12,000.

Until 1870 the Hungarian Weather Service formed part of that of Austria, but in April of that year it was formed into a separate system, with an office at Budapest. The number of stations attached to the office is 321, of which one is first order and the remainder second and third orders. A daily weather report is published and many observations have been discussed. The expense to the government of the service is about $10,000.

Belgium.-The Royal Observatory of Brussels, now situated at Uccle, Belgium, was founded in 1826, but did not commence regular work until 1833. From the first, meteorology occupied a large place. Stations have been established gradually,

until now there are about 70 climatological stations and 250 rainfall stations attached to the Royal Observatory. Storm warnings are issued and forecasting is undertaken, but no percentage of success is published. Numerous publications relating to the climate of Belgium have been issued. The allowance for meteorology in 1897 amounted to about $10,000.

British Isles. In Great Britain the Meteorological Department of the Board of Trade of London was established in 1854, with Admiral Fitz-Roy as its chief. After the death of Admiral Fitz-Roy in 1867, the government placed the office under the management of a Committee of the Royal Society, and in 1877 the office was reconstituted and placed under the management of the Meteorological Council. The duties of the office relate to marine meteorology, weather telegraphy and land meteorology. The stations attached to the office numbered 269 in 1898, of which about one-half were first order and the remainder second or third order. The total number of reporting stations in the British Isles in 1898, including rainfall stations, was nearly 4,000. Forecasting is undertaken, the percentage of successful forecasts for the 10 years 1887-96 being 81.6, and for storm warnings for the same period, 87.3. The publications are numerous. The government grant is about $80,000 and free printing.

Denmark. The Danish Meteorological Institute was founded at Copenhagen in 1872, and is divided into five departments: (1) Climatology, (2) Weather Service, (3) Nautical Service, (4) Mareographic Observations, and (5) Magnetical Observations. There are 282 stations attached to the institute, of which 107 are rainfall stations. Thirty-one of the stations are in the colonies of Faroe, Iceland, and Greenland. Weather forecasting is undertaken and the percentage of success is 82. Many investigations have been published. The amount of the government grant is about $22,000.

France. The Meteorological Service of France was established in 1855 as a special branch of the observatory of Paris, and was constituted a separate service in 1878. The stations attached to the service number 2,236, and comprise 12 first order, 5 mountain stations, 183 second order, and 2,036 third order. Forecasts are issued, and for 1897 a large percentage of success, viz., 91, was claimed. Numerous investigations have been undertaken; the expense of the service is about $40,000.

German Empire. In the German Empire there is a very extensive system of coöperation between several nearly independent meteorological services, the principal ones being those of Hamburg, Prussia, Saxony and Baden. The Hamburg service is the imperial system of the Empire, and manages marine meteorology, storm warnings and forecasts. There are several thousand stations connected with the different services. Weather forecasts are made only to a limited extent, except in the Hamburg service, and even there no estimate of the percentage of success can be given. Numerous publications are issued, and they generally contain the results of some very interesting investigations.

No estimates of the costs to the governments are at hand, as many of the expenses are borne by the different departments.

Greece. The Meteorological Observatory at Athens, Greece, was founded as a second-order station in 1847, and up to 1890 there were practically only three stations attached to it. In the latter year the Observatory was completed, and it was provided with self-registering instruments in 1893. In the same year, 19 additional secondorder stations were established, which send two telegraphic reports daily. Besides these, 55 foreign stations in Europe, Asia Minor and Africa send daily telegraphic reports for a Meteorological Bulletin. The publications of the Observatory deal principally with the observations at Athens, and preparations are being made for the publication of the observations of the provincial stations. The government allowance is very small.

Italy. The Meteorological Service of Italy is extremely complicated. Observations were begun at the Collegio Romano, the present seat of the Central Office in Rome, in 1787. The government took up meteorology by a decree on December 13, 1863, and appointed a Committee for Weather Telegraphy. The stations attached to the Central Office number 553. Weather forecasting is undertaken, but the percentage of success and the cost of the service are not published.

Netherlands.-The Royal Meteorological Institute of the Netherlands was founded at Utrecht in 1854. The work is divided into two parts,-one for observation on shore and the other for observation on ship. There are attached to the Institute about 306 stations, of which 6 are first-order stations. Forecast work is conducted, but the success of the work has not been figured out in the percentage. The Institute is a government establishment, and the annual grant is about $18,000.

Portugal. The Observatory of the Infante Dom Luiz at Lisbon, Portugal, was founded in 1854, and the present building was erected in 1863. There are 24 stations attached to the Observatory; 15 on the continent and 9 on the adjacent islands. All the stations except the colonial ones send daily telegrams. By their aid and the telegrams from Spain, France and England, daily forecasts are issued. The percentage of successful forecasts is not calculated. Various memoirs have been at times published, some of which rank very high, and some very interesting investigations are in progress. The expense is about $9,000.

Roumania.-The Roumanian Meteorological Institute was founded in 1884. Attached to the office are 357 stations, one being a first-order station. The annual publications contain the results of valuable investigations relating to climate.

Russia.-In Russia there is a very extensive system under the direction of the Observatory at Pavlovsk. Weather forecasting is undertaken and the percentage of success is about 80. There are three stations of the first order, over 800 of the second order, and nearly 3,000 of the third order. The expense of the system, including the observatories, is about $250,000.

Spain. Practically no meteorological work was done in Spain until 1870, when 23 stations, with the Madrid Observatory as Central Station, were established by a royal decree. The department has been reorganized twice since that time, and now consists of 45 stations, two of the first order and 43 of the second order. Forecasting is undertaken, but the percentage of success is not known. The expenses of the system cannot be stated, as they are exclusive of the salaries of the Central Station, and of telegraphy, which is free.

Sweden and Norway. Both Sweden and Norway have developed very efficient meteorological services since 1860. Each service has attached to it between 400 and 500 stations, and the success of their forecast work varies between 80 and 85 per cent. Many interesting publications have been issued. The government grant in each case is about $10,000.

Switzerland. In 1824 the Swiss Society of Natural Philosophy had 12 meteorological stations superintended by a committee. These were given up thirteen years later for lack of funds. During later years the society established different stations, but they were practically suppressed by the establishment of the Swiss Meteorological Office in 1880. The stations attached to the office number about 400. The percentage of success of forecast is 70 for complete success. The annual vote from the government is about $15,000.

Asia.

India. The most important meteorological service in Asia is that of India. Previous to 1865 observations in India were for the most part conducted by the six observatories established by the East India Company for purely scientific purposes, the oldest record being that of the Madras Observatory established in 1792. Meteorological observations were begun at this institution in 1796 and have been continued to the present. In 1865, a system of independent provincial departments was established, and in 1875 the work was reorganized and unified under the direction of Mr. H. F. Blanford, Meteorological Reporter for the government of India. The service as a whole is organized thoroughly and is highly efficient. In 1901, the number of stations working under or in coöperation with the department, as given by Mr. John Eliot in his administrative report for 1900-1901, was 230, and the number of ports on the coast where storm-warning signal flags were displayed was 45. Observations are collected daily by telegraph, and weather maps and charts issued. The forecasting of the beginning and character of the monsoon rains has been a leading feature of the service since its introduction by Mr. Eliot in 1878. These forecasts are issued in May or June, some weeks before the setting of the southwest monsoon, and it is remarkable that in thirteen years there has been only one failure. A number of important investigations have been undertaken both by Mr. Blanford and Mr. Eliot, the results of which form valuable contributions to the science of meteorology.