Their fronts, as we know, are formed by the currents of warm, moist winds from the southeast and south, consequently we expect to find them giving up most of their moisture along the western boundaries of the continents and bringing the smallest amounts of rain to the interiors of the same, since the storms are there at the greatest distance from the source of supply. It is therefore not surprising to find that the central parts of North America and of Asia are among the driest regions of the world. The same reason holds good in part for the continental mass of Australia.

The eastern coasts of both North America and Asia enjoy moderately heavy rainfalls, as is shown in Fig. 752. This is due in large part to the increased amount of moisture which the cyclonic storms are able to bring in from oceans lying to the east and south. In this connection it is worth while to draw attention to the relative positions of the Gulf of Mexico and the Sahara Desert of North Africa. The Gulf of Mexico furnishes a large amount of moisture to the trade-winds blowing over it toward the Isthmian part of North America, and also to the warm southeast and southerly winds blowing northward into the stormcenters of the winter. Thus the southeastern and eastern states of North America have a much heavier rainfall, in spite of their relatively low altitude, than would be possible if a land mass occupied the position of the Gulf. In comparing the rainfall maps of Asia and North America, it is also interesting to note that the driest region of North America does not occupy the central position with reference to the continent as does the corresponding region of Asia, but that it lies west of the center. In connection with this we must note the very heavy rainfall that characterizes the Pacific coast of North America. A portion of the moisture that the prevailing westerlies secure from the North Pacific is combed out as soon as they begin to ascend the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada. The elevations to which the storms and prevailing westerly winds are thus compelled to attain soon after reaching the western coast of North America, and the attendant loss of part of their moisture as rain, convert them into rapidly drying winds when they are compelled to descend the eastern slope of the Sierras and cross the great interior basin of the continent. In consequence of this the prevailing conditions over the interior basin are those of dry air and clear skies, imposing almost complete desert conditions on the ground beneath them. Similar conditions seem to characterize the eastern slope of the extreme southern Andes and the northern slopes of the Himalayas, although in the latter case the winds which are desiccated by the lofty mountain ranges are not the stormy winds of the prevailing westerlies but usually the southwest monsoon of the Indian ocean. Thus the great interior desert of North America seems to be a typical example of a desert due to the surface features of the continent and is not to be confused with trade-wind deserts such as the Sahara.

The precipitation of the polar regions is char

acteristically small, a fact that we are already prepared for by the table on page 588. The total annual fall is generally below ten inches, except where considerable mountain ranges interfere with the prevailing winds. Although the actual amount of moisture present in the atmosphere is here at its minimum, the low temperatures give a high relative humidity which would be favorable to more frequent precipitation if ascending air currents were general.

The seasonal shifting of the temperature belts and of the terrestrial wind system involves a cotemporaneous shifting of the belt of equatorial rains, since this must move north and south with the doldrums (see Figs. 732 and 733). The consequences of this are that some stations within the tropics experience two rainy seasons and two relatively drier seasons, according as the sun is overhead or to the north or south of them. Another consequence of this seasonal shifting of the wind belts is that those regions which lie along the equatorial side of the two trade-wind belts are subject to regular alternations of rain and fine weather corresponding to the seasonal shifting of the doldrum rain belt. A striking example of this alternation of wet and dry seasons is furnished by the region about the head of the Nile. When the sun is south of the equator the head-waters of the Nile have their dry seasons and therefore reach their lowest stages; but when the sun has reached its northernmost position, the Nile source lies within the western boundaries of the southwestern monsoon of the Indian ocean and receives the heavy precipitation which causes its summer floods.

The same seasonal changes appear even more strikingly in the monsoon region of India. During the northern winter the northeast trades combine with the winter monsoon, which blows from the mountains over the northern Indian ocean, and thus nearly the whole of India has its dry season. During the summer months, on the contrary, the very high temperatures of interior Asia have brought the low pressure of the doldrums to unite with that of India and Persia, so that the southeast trades crossing the equator are converted into the southwest monsoon and, heavily loaded with moisture, drive against the steep slopes of the Deccan and the lofty Himalayas, producing over these regions one of the heaviest rainfalls known on our globe. This rainfall amounts to 40 feet in a year over the southern slopes of the Himalayas north of the Bay of Bengal, and nearly all of this flood falls during the months from May to September. While the heavy rainfall in the doldrums shifts back and forth within the approximate limits of the tropics, the belts occupied by the trade-winds suffer corresponding shiftings. Those regions that lie close to the poleward boundaries of these trade-wind belts show a corresponding marked contrast between the rainfall during the prevalence over that region of the prevailing westerlies and the small rainfall that characterizes them during the prevalence of the trade-winds. The belts in which the rainfall shows this seasonal variation are called the regions of subtropical rains.

Acid phosphate. (See Phosphate, acid.)
Acidity. (See Soil acidity.)

Acorn, edible, for American tropics, 107.

Acreage and value of farm products in U. S., 10; in

field crops, Canada, 15; in U. S, 9; improved in
U. S., 9; occupied in Canada, 15; in U. S., 9.
Acreage, farm, increase by introduction of farm ma-
chinery, 209; required for dairy cows, 178.
Adams act, 13.

Adams, G. E., article by, 39.

Adobe (fine silicious silt, sufficiently plastic when wet
to allow of its being molded into bricks which, on
drying, can be used for buildings in semi-arid re-
gions; adobe forms the surface soil over many square
miles of the western states), 331, 336; chemical analy-
sis, 337; composition, 337.

Adornment of farm premises, 307-319; tasteful farm
yards, general features, 309-316; principles, 316;
house area, 317, 318; planting, 317; available plants,
317; farm area, 318, 319; site and environment, 318,
319; in treeless regions, 319; in forested areas, 319;
in blue-grass regions, 319; landscape gardening, 319.
Advice on buying a farm and becoming a farmer, 133–
142.

Advice, value of expert, in choosing a farm, 136, 137.
Aeolian soils, 331, 338, 339.

Aerobic organisms in nitrogen-fixation, 448.

Aërobies in manure, 497.

Africa, meteorological services, 550.

Agar culture for soil-inoculation, 449.

Agave in Philippine Is., 129.

Age of animal, effect on value of manure, 493.
Agricultural regions, 1-133.

Agricultural sentiment, rise, 14.

Agricultural survey, development of idea, 526, 527.
Agriculture, in American tropics, 98-132; in American
tropics in relation to plant introduction, 103–109; in
Canada, 15-20; in U. S., 7-14; northern limit, 5;
organization in Canada, 19, 20; in U. S. 13.
Agriculture, life-zones in relation to. (See Life-zones.)
Aguacate. (See Avocado.)

Air, chemical action in soils, 358, 359; as a source of
nitrogen, 445; warming for frost protection, 542.
(See also Atmosphere.)

Alabama, agriculture in, 56, 57.

Alaska, agriculture in, 91-97.

Alberta, agriculture in, 77, 78.

Alcohol, denatured, for farm engines, 214, 225; from
potatoes, 214.

Alcohol engines for farm water pumping, 304.
Alder in Alaska, 93.

Alfalfa, in Ont, 34; N. Y., 42; Del., 45; Tenn., 50; Ala,
56; Miss., 58; La., 59; Ark., 61; Okla., 62; Ind., 64;
Neb., 67, 68; Kans., 68: Mont., 78; Idaho, 80; Wyo.,
80; Colo., 82; N. M.. 83; Ariz., 84; Utah, 85: Nev.,
86; Ore., 88; B. C, 90; on dry farm, 161; effect of
feeding on composition of excrement, 493; fertilizer
formula for, 487; furrow irrigation for, 433, 435; as
green-manure, 503, 506: as hog feed, 153; for humus
in semi-arid regions, 347; on irrigated arid farm, 153,
160; on loess formation, 345; nitrogen, phosphoric
acid and potash content, 458; to reclaim alkali land,

515, 522, 524, 525; relation to nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
456; on sand-hill area, 346; soil-inoculation for, 448;
use of hay tedder for, 206,

Alfalfa seed, effect of alkali on, 520; effect of nitrogen-
restoring power on price, 157; inoculation, 457; in
Wyo., 81.

Algæ in water contamination, 289; treatment of water,
292.

Algaroba tree, Hawaii, 115.

Alinit, soil-inoculation with, 447, 448, 457.
Alkali, barrens in Utah, 85; black, 341, 513, 519; chemi-
cal composition, 519; defined, 322, 341; determination,
528, 529; in dung and urine, 491; gypsum for "black,"
478, 515, 519; vertical distribution in soil, 520; white,
341, 513, 519.

Alkali soils, 513-525; formation, 365; precautions re-
garding irrigation, 421; in relation to plants, 519-525:
factors controlling action of alkali on plants, 519;
relative tolerance of important crop-plants, 521; in-
creasing the tolerance, 523; crops used in reclaiming,
524; natural vegetation as indication of alkali, 524.
(See also Soil).

Alkali spots, treatment, 525.

Alkalinity of soils in Arizona, 84.
Alleghanian life-zone, 25.

Alligator pear. (See Avocado.)

Alluvial soil, 331, 334-338; formation from cumulose
soil, 333; mechanical analysis, subsoil, 336.
Alluvium (soil deposited by streams wherever the cur-
rent is checked), 331.

Almanac weather forecasts, 547.

Almonds on alkali land, 523; Amboina for American
tropics, 106; in Idaho, 79.

Alsike clover. (See Clover, alsike.)

Altitude, effect on air temperature, 558-560; on soil
temperature, 356.

Alumina in diorite - andesite rocks, 325; in gabbro-
basalt, 325; in peridotite-limburgite, 325.

Aluminum, forms of, in soil, 324, 360; as plant con-
stituent, 458.

Amatungula, 105.

America, meteorological services, 547.

American horses in Philippine Is., 131.

Ammonia as component of atmosphere, 552; influence
on soil-solution, 370; losses of salts in drainage,
459; losses by fermentation, 497; stable absorbents
for, 496; to verify fertilizer guarantee, 488.
Ammonia water test for lime, 483.
Ammoniates, organic, 462, 463.
Ammonium chlorid, lime to counteract, 481.
Ammonium salts in soil, formation, 444.

Ammonium sulfate, described, 462; for fertilizer ex-
periments, 472; fertilizer guarantee, 488; lime to
counteract ill-effect, 481; for market-garden crops,
486.

Anabæna (blue-green algae) in water contamination,

289.

Anacharis Canadensis in water-supplies, 289.
Anaërobies in manure. 497.

Anderson, J. R., article by, 90.

Andesite (a volcanic rock composed largely of soda-
lime feldspar, with hornblende or augite), 324.
Andropogoneæ (grasses) in Philippine Is., 130.
Anemometer, notes, 568; Robinson, 568.
Aneroid barometer, 545; pocket-aneroid, 561.
Angora goats, caution as to raising, 136; in Ore., 89.
Angus cattle, in Can., 17; in Hawaii, 121.

Animal bodies, dead, as source of organic matter in
soil, 444.

Animal exports from Can., 19; U. S., 13.
Animal-farming system in U. S., 9.
Animal motors, 217-219.

Animal products, effect on value of excrement, 493.

Animals in soil, chemical action, 358, 359.
Animals, domestic, effect of condition on value of ex-
crement, 493; need of breeding in tropics, 103; in
relation to health, 287, 288. (See also Cattle, Live-
stock.)

Anona, 105.

Ant, action in soil formation, 328; as garden pest in
Philippine Is., 131.

Anthrax bacillus, 286, 288; persistence, 288; spread by
water-supplies, 291, 292.

Antitoxin as household disinfectant, 286.
Apatite (phosphate of lime. In small quantities it is
an almost universal constituent of eruptive rocks.
In the granular limestones, schists and other meta-
morphic and vein-rocks, it sometimes occurs in
quantities large enough to be valuable as a source of
mineral phosphate fertilizer. It is the only common
mineral containing phosphorus), 463, 468; in diorite-
andesite rocks, 325; in granite-liparite rocks, 324.
Apio in Porto Rico, 106.

Appalachian Belt, geological features, 2, 3.
Apple, exports from Can., 19; production in U. S., 13;
in N. S., 18, 31; N. B., 18; Que., 18, 33; Ont., 19;
Me., 35, 36; Vt., 37; R. I., 39; Conn., 41; N. Y.,
41, 42; N. J., 44; Del., 45; Md., 46; W. Va., 48;
Tenn., 50; S. C., 52; Ala., 56; Miss., 58; Ind., 65;
Ill., 65; Mich., 70; Mont., 78; Idaho, 79, 80; Wyo.,
81; Ore., 88, 89; B. C., 19, 90; Hawaii, 120; South,
154; on alkali land, 523; in relation to soil disease,
451.

Apricots in Hawaii, 119; Idaho, 79; production in U. S.,

13.

Arable soil, specific gravity, 350; weight, 350. (See
Soil.)

Arctic-alpine life-zone, 24.

Argentine Republic, meteorological service, 548.
Argillaceous. Resembling clay or pertaining to clay.
Argillite (older formations of clay that have undergone
hardening), 326; nature of residual soils from 332.
Argon, 552.

Arid farm, layout, 159-161.

Arid regions, extent of rock disintegration in, 333; ne-
cessity of drainage in irrigated, 412; need of irriga-
tion reservoirs, 423.

Arid soils, available plant-food, 340; chemical compo-
sition, 365; percentage of alkali, 514.

Arid transition life-zone, 25.

Arizona, agriculture in, 84, 85.
Arkansas, agriculture in, 61.
Aroids, 106.

Artesian wells, bacterial content, 289; in Fla., 54; Miss.,

57; nature, 295; in S. D., 74.

Artichokes, globe, tolerance of alkali, 523
Ash in Alabama, 56; on limestone soil, 364.
Ashby, Newton B., article by, 169.

Ashes, city, use on farm, 510, 512.

Ashes, wood, 464, 465; object of application, 358; phos-
phoric acid in, trade value, 489; for soil acidity,
483; as soil amendment, 479.

Asia, meteorological services, 549.
Asparagus, in Del., 45; fertilizer requirements, 485;
Mass., 38; N. J., 44: Ore., 89; resistance to alkali,
523; on small farm, 139; S. C., 51; southern Ill., 196.
Assuan irrigation reservoir, 423.
Atmosphere environment, 532-594; its phenomena, 550-
594; physical character, 551; vertical distribution,
551; composition, 552; significant physical proper-
ties, 553; temperature, 553-560: pressure and circu-
lation, 560-568; winds, 568-573; storms, 573-584;
moisture, 584-594.
Atmospheric moisture, 584-594; source, 584: amount,
585; dewpoint, 586; distribution, 587; dew, 588; forms
of precipitation, 589; cause of precipitation, 589;
measuring rainfall, 590; variations in rainfall, 591;
distribution of rainfall, 593; as related to frost for-
mation, 540, 541.

Atwood, Horace, article by, 48.

Augite (a form of pyroxene containing much alumina
and iron), in deltas, 335; in diorite-andesite rocks,
325; gabbro-basalt rock. 325; specific gravity, 350; in
syenite-trachyte rock, 325.

Aurora, 552.

Austral life-zone, lower, 27: upper, 26.

Bacillus Ellenbachensis in soil-inoculation, 447, 448.
Bacillus prodigiosus, water-borne, 290.
Bacillus radicicola, nitrogen-gatherer, 446, 448.
Bacon production in Canada, 17, 18; Ont., 18, 34; Que.,

33.
Bacteria, action in manure. 497; effect on soil-solution,
370; influence of temperature on, 355; lime in relation
to, 482; nitrogen-fixation, 445, 456; in relation to soil-
diseases, 450; in sewage, 297; in soil, 441-453, 456.
459, 461; in soil formation, 328, 446; soil inoculation
with non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing, 447; in water-sup-
plies, 289-291.
Bacterial soil amendments, 480.
Bacteriology, water, 291, 292.
Bad land, 343.

Badger, action in soil formation, 328.
Baguio, 574.

Baker, M. N., article by, 510.

Balloon framing of barns, 258. (See Barn construction.)
Balsam poplar in Alaska, 93.

Banana in Central America, 104; Hawaii, 120; Jamaica,
104; P. I., 123, 124; P. R., 112, 113; tropies, 99, 106.
Banana, date, in tropics, 106.

Bananas, dwarf, in Florida, 55.
Bananas for fiber, (Saba, Butuhan, Tindoe, samorong
itom), 126.

Barley, in U. S., 10; Canada, 16; N. S.. 16; P. E. I.,
16; N. B., 16; Ont., 16; Que., 16; Newfoundland, 29;
Ala., 56; Ind., 64; Neb., 67; Kans., 68. 69; Minn., 72;
N. D., 75; Man., 16, 75; Sask., 76; Alta., 78; Mont.,
78; Idaho, 79; N. M., 83; Nev., 86; B. C., 16; Alaska,
95; for denatured alcohol, 214; depth of water for
irrigation, 435; on dry farm, 161; in relation to alkali
and alkali land reclamation, 521, 524; in rotation (N.
C.), 149; on sewage farm, 511; utilizing mineral ele-
ments of humus, 358.

Barley (grain), nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash
content, 458.

Barley straw, as litter, composition, 495; manurial
value, 502; nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash
content, 458.

Barn construction. 245-253; balloon framing. 258: con-
crete, 253; construction details, 253-258: exterior
finish, 252; foundation walls and floor. 248-252;
interior arrangement, 246-248; iron frame, 253:
Kassen's rib-frame, 259; mangers, 247; manure-
carrier, 252; minor considerations. 252; principles,
246; provision for sunlight, 246; remodeling_old
buildings, 253; Shawver plank - frame, 259, 260:
special requirements, 245, 246; stall arrangement,
247; types, 258-260; ventilation, 249-252:
troughs, 247; Wing joist-frame, 258, 259.
Barns on corn-belt farm, 156.
Barnyard, care. 313; covered, for manure, 495.
Barograph, 561.

water-

Barometer, aneroid, 545: mercurial, 561: pocket, 561;
table of indications, 545; use, 535; water, 560, 561.
Barrett, O. W., article by. 103.

Bartholomew quoted, 5, Chapter xviii.
Basalt (volcanic rock composed essentially of augite
and plagioclase feldspar, with olivine. The basalts are
among the most abundant and wide-spread of the young-
er eruptive rocks. In the United States they are found
mainly west of the Mississippi river. They occur in
the form of lava sheets. Sometimes they show a
characteristic columnar structure, as in the Giant's
Causeway, Ireland), 324, 325.

Base, chemical, defined, 322.
Basic cinder. (See Slag meal.)

Bathroom plumbing, 305.
Bathtub, 305.

Beach-rye in Alaska, 94.

Beaker method of physical soil analysis, 367.
Beans, in N. Y., 42; Ñ. J., 44; Ky., 49; S. C., 51; Miss.,
58; La., 59; Mont., 78; (Mexican) N. M., 83; (Wind-
sor) Alaska, 94; Hawaii, 120; P. I., 131; (string),
southern Ill., 196; drill for, 207; effect of alkali, 520,
523; fertilizer for, 487; as green-manure, 503; as
market-garden field crop, 199; in relation to nitrogen-
fixing bacteria, 456.

Bear river irrigation canal, 423.

Beech in Newfoundland, 30.

Beef cattle, in P. E. I., 31; in Que., 33; in Ont., 18, 33;
Ky., 49; Tenn., 50; Wyo. 81; B. C., 90; Alaska, 96;
P. R., 113; Hawaii, 121; on southern stock farm,
153. (See also Animals, Live-stock.)
Bee-keeping in Hawaii, 121; Ont., 33.

Beet pulp, manufacture of denatured alcohol from, 214.
Beets, in Newfoundland, 29; Mass., 38; Utah, 85;
Alaska, 94, 96; Hawaii, 120; effects of alkali on, 521,
523; fertilizer formula for, 486; lime for, 482; as
market-garden field crop, 199; nitrogen requirements,
485; in relation to soil disease, 451.
Beet-sugar in Colorado, 82.

Beggarweed as green-manure, 503; in soil improvement,
101.

Beggiatoa bacteria, treatment of water for, 292.

Begonia in relation to soil disease, 451.

Belgium, meteorological service, 548.
Beloochistan, irrigation in, 420.

Belted soils, 343.

Bent-grass, Rhode Island, liming notes, 482.
Berckmans, P. J., article by, 193.

Bermuda-grass, in Ga., 53; Miss., 58; Okla., 62; P. I.,
130; to reclaim alkali land, 515; in S. C.. 52; for
southern lawns, 316: southern pastures, 154; south-
ern stock-farms, 153.

Berries, fertilizer application, 484, 485; irrigation for,
438; southern, 153.

Berseem in alkali land reclamation, 524.
Beverage-yielding crops, tropical, 107.

Binder, automatic, development, 210, 211; use in rice-
growing, 212; utility, 206, 214, 215.

Birch in Alaska, 93; Newfoundland, 30.

Birkeland-Eyd process of lime-nitrate formation, 455.
Blackberries, in Del., 45; Hawaii, 119; liming notes,
483; in Md., 46.

Black earth, 336.

Black-eyed susan for farm flower-garden, 317.

Black gravel as indication of deficiency of phos-
phates, 364.

Black, W. J., article by, 75.

Bladder wracks (algæ) for iodine-making, 289.
Bleeding heart for farm flower-garden, 317.
Blizzard, 582.

Blood, dried, described, 462; efficiency, 468; for fertilizer
experiments, 472, 473; for market-garden crops, 486:
mixing, 466; nitrogen supply, 455; trade value of
organic nitrogen in, 489.

Blue-grass, granulating effect on soil, 385; for lawn-

making, 315. (See Grass, Kentucky blue-.)
Blue-grass regions, natural farm adornment in, 319.
Boardman, S. L., article by, 35.

Bog formation, 333; peat and quaking, 333.

Bog ore as indication of deficiency of phosphates, 364.
Boilers, arrangement for greenhouse, 200; for traction
engines, 221.

Bokhara clover. (See Clover, sweet.)

Bolo, for hemp stripping, 127; in Philippine farming,
124.

Bonanza farms in North Dakota, 74.

Bone, ground, efficiency as fertilizer, 468, 472, 473; for
fruits, 486; hay crop, 486; to improve acid soils, 483;
for legumes, 487; as nitrogenous fertilizer, 463; nitro-
gen supply, 455; as phosphatic fertilizer, 464.
Bone phosphate, to verify guarantee, 488; trade values,

488.

Bonsteel, J. A., articles by, 408, 526.

Boreal life zone, 24.

Boss, Andrew, article by, 72.

Botanical life-regions, 21.

Boussingault, soil nitrogen experiments, 455.

Brazil, meteorological service, 548.
Breast plows, 378, 379.

Breast water wheels, 228, 229.

Breccia (a heterogeneous mass or conglomerate in
which the individual particles are sharply angular,
rather than rounded or water-worn), 326.
Breeding, animal, in Mo., 69; need in tropics, 103.
Breeding, plant, for alkali resistance, 523; for immunity
to soil diseases, 453; need in tropics, 102, 103.
Bristles as nitrogenous fertilizer, 463.
British Columbia, agriculture in, 90, 91.
British Isles, meteorological services, 548.

Brome grass. (See Bromus inermis.)

Bromus inermis in Alaska, 96; for alkali spots, 525;
Kans., 68; resistance to alkali, 522.
Brooks, Wm. P., article by, 490.

Broom corn in Kans., 68; Tenn., 50.
Buckscraper, use in (Cal.) preparing land for irriga-
tion, 432.

Buckwheat (grain), nitrogen, phosphoric acid and pot-
ash content, 458.

Buckwheat as green-manure, 503, 504; in Kans., 68;
Md., 46; N. Y., 42; Pa., 43; production, acreage and
value in U. S., 10; W. Va., 48.

Buckwheat straw litter, composition, 495.
Buffum, B. C., article by, 80.

Buildings, farm, 231-270; arrangement, 231, 232; on
corn-belt farm, 156; for a dairy-farm, 178, 179, 181,
182; for grain-farm, 172; grouping on New England
farms, 148, 149, 236; location in reference to farm
scheme, 146, 149; nursery-farm, 194; poultry, 183,
184, 186; proportion of capital to be invested in, 163-
167; purposes, 231; reorganizing, 237; southern, 236;
stock-farm, 175; taste, 233-237; value, in Canada, 15;
Ontario, 15; U. S., 9; western, 236.
Buildings, farm cold-storage, 265–270.
Buildings used for manufacturing purposes in U. S.,
value, 9.

Bulbs, tasteful planting, 312.

Bull, Indian, for driving in Philippine Is., 131.
Bullrush (Scirpus lacustris) in water-supplies, 289.
Bunch grass. (See Grass, bunch.)

Buran (Russia), 582.

Bur-clover. (See Clover, bur-.)

Bureau of Soils work, 527.

Buri palm, use of leaves in Philippine Is., 128.
Burnett, E., article by, 253.

Burnette, E. A., article by, 68.

Burrage, Severance, article by, 280.

Butter, in Can., 18; U. S., 12; P. E. I., 31; Que., 33;
Ont., 34; Vt., 37; Conn., 40; W. Va, 48; Ia., 67;
Neb., 67; Mich., 70; Hawaii, 121.
Butternut for American tropics, 107.

Butuhan bananas for fiber, 126.

Cabbage, in Newfoundland, 29; Ky., 49; N. C., 50; S.
C., 51, 52; Miss., 58; La., 59; Tex., 60; Alaska, 94-
96; Hawaii, 120; fertilizer formula for, 486; mar-
ket-garden field crop, 199; nitrogen requirements,
485; raising on small farm, 139; in relation to soil
disease, 451; yields on southern truck-farm, 153.
Cabezona pineapple in Porto Rico, 112.

Cacao, in Philippine Is., 124, 130; planting on contour
lines, 102; in Trinidad, Porto Rico, and Hawaii, 108,
113; tropics, 98, 99. (See also Cocoa.)
Calcareous soils, 325, 326; recognition by growth, 364.
Calcite, specific gravity, 350.

Calcium, as plant constituent, 458; availability, 460; in
earth's crust, 324; forms in soil, 360; liberated by
sodium, 472; by sodium chlorid, 472.
Calcium chlorid formation, 472.

Calcium cyanide, 455.

Calcium sulfate, 466; in acid phosphate, 472. (See also
Gypsum.)

Calf manure, rate of production, 501; value, 502.
California, agriculture in, 87, 88.

California Experiment Station, experiments on effect
of alkali on fruit, 521; on seeds. 520.
Cameron, Frank K., article by, 369.

Camotes, 130.

Canada, agriculture in, 15-20; area, 1; geological

features, 2, 5; meteorological service, 548

Canadian blue-grass in Ontario, 34,

Canadian life-zone, 25.

Canadian region, geological features, 2, 4.

Canals, irrigation, location and construction, 421.
Candytuft in Alaska, 94.

Cane. (See Sugar-cane.)
Cane-sugar. (See Sugar.)

Canneries, increase in South, 154.

Canning, in Ont., 19; N. J., 44; Del., 45; Md., 46; Va.,
47; Fla. 56; Wis., 71.

Canteloupe, in Del., 45; S. C., 52; Ga., 53; Miss., 58;
Colo., 82; lime for, 486; on southern truck-farm, 153.
Cape Colony, meteorological service, 550.
Capillary soil water, 354, 355.

Capital invested in agriculture and manufactures in
Can., 15; in U. S., 9; in real estate for manufactur-
ing purposes, in Can., 15; required for a Calif.
poultry-farm, 185-187; for cut-flower industry, 199-
202; for a dairy business, 177-182; for a dairy busi-
ness in the Middle South, 181, 182; for developing
an irrigated (Colo.) fruit-farm, 191-193; for develop-
ing an orchard in New England, 190, 191; for de-
veloping an orchard in Nova Scotia, 187-190; for
establishing a general nursery, 193-196; for farm
operations, 162-202; for grain-farming, 169-172; for
intensive market-garden, 197-199; for poultry-farm,
183-187; for stock farm, 165, 166, 169, 172-177; for
truck-farm, 196, 197.

Capital, working, in farm operations, 163, 168, 169; in
manufactures in Can., 15; in U. S., 9; for stock-
farm, 177.

Capoelasan, Javanese, for American tropics, 105.

Carabao in Philippine Is., 124, 127, 129-131; for tramp-
ling out rice, 125.

Carabao hides in commerce, 131; horns, 131,
Carbolic acid as a household disinfectant, 286.

Carbon in earth's crust, 324; as plant constituent, 458.
Carbon bisulfid for grape-sick soil, 453.

Carbon dioxid as component of atmosphere, 552; influ-
ence on soil-solution, 370.

Carbonate of lime, formation, 483.

Carbonic acid in promoting rock decay, 326.

Card, Fred W., article by, 163.

Carex (sedge) in water-supplies, 289. Cut of, 315
Carissa in Florida, 55, 56.

Carnallit, 464.

Cassaday, W. L., sulky plow, 389.

Cassava, 106; in Florida, 55; flour, 106; starch, 106.
Castilloa. (See Rubber.)

Castor beans in Kansas, 68.

Castor-oil plant in Hawaii, 120.

Castor pomace, trade value of phosphoric acid in, 489.
Casuarina in West Indies, freedom from insect enemies

because of natural barriers, 21.

Catch-crops, kinds and value, 504.

Cattle. (See Animals, Live-stock.)

Cattle, Aberdeen-Angus in Can., 17; Hawaii, 121.

Cattle, Ayrshire, in Canada, 17.

Cattle, dairy. in Alaska, 95, 96; Ky., 49; N. J., 44; P. I.,
131; Vt., 37.

Cattle, export from Porto Rico, 111; Va., 47; W. Va.,
48.

Cattle-feeding in Pennsylvania., 43.

Cattle, Galloway, in Alaska, 96; Can., 17.

Cattle, Hereford, in Can., 17; Jamaica, 101; Hawaii,
121.

Cattle, Holstein, in Can., 17; Hawaii, 121.

Cattle, Indian, in Philippine Is., 131.

Cattle. Jersey, in Canada, 17.

Cattle manure, composition, 498; quantity made on
farm. 499, 501; value, 502.

Cattle, range, 76, 86; home winter-feeding, 85; in Kans.,
69; Okla., 62; Tenn., 50; tropics, 98; Wyo., 80, 81.
Cattle, Shorthorn, in Can., 17; Hawaii, 121.

Cattle, West Highland, in Alaska, 96.

Cauliflower in Alaska, 95, 96; in relation to soil dis-
ease, 451; in Tex., 60.

Caustic lime formation, 483.

Cavour irrigation canal, extent, 422.

Cedar in Idaho, 79; Mich., 70; Porto Rico, 113; yel-
low, in Alaska, 93.

Celery, in Alaska, 94; Ind., 65; Mich.. 70; N. J., 44;
Ore., 89; effects of alkali on, 52.3; fertilizer formula
for, 486; as market-garden crop, 199; nitrogen re-
quirements, 485.

Cellars, farm dwelling, 240.

Central Plains, geological features, 2, 4.
Cereals, in N. B., 32; Que., 33; Ont.. 34; Me., 35; N.
H., 36; Vt., 38; N. Y., 42; Pa., 43; Del., 45: Md., 46;
Va., 47; W. Va., 48; Ky., 49; Tenn., 49, 50; N. C., 50,
51; S. C., 52; Ga., 53; Ala., 56; Miss., 58; Tex., 59,
60; Ark., 61; Ohio, 63; Ind., 64; Ill., 65, 66; Ia.. 66;
Neb., 67; Kans., 68, 69; Mo., 69; Wis., 72; Minn.,
72; S. D., 74; N. D., 74, 75; Man.. 75; (export) Sask.,
76; Atla., 78; Mont., 78; Idaho, 79. 80; Wyo., 80, 81;
Colo., 82; N. M., 83; Ariz., 84; Utah, 85; Nev., 86;
Cal., 87; Ore., 88; Wash., 89; B. C.. 90; Alaska, 93-
97; in tropics, 98, 99, 101, 108, 109; Hawaii, 114; in
Canadian N.-W., 140; on southern stock-farm, 152;
effect of alkali on, 521; utilization on stock-farm, 158.
Cerimon in Florida, 56.

Cesspools, farm, 283, 297.

Ceylon, irrigation reservoirs in, 425.
Ceylon peaches in Florida, 56.
Chalk as a soil amendment, 478.
Charcoal burning in Porto Rico, 113.
Chayote, 106.

Check system of irrigation, 433.

Cheese, in P. E. I., 31; in Que., 33; in Ont., 34; in Vt.
37; W. Va., 48; Mich., 70; Hawaii, 121; production
in Can., 18; in U. S., 12.

Cheese, Swiss, in Wisconsin, 71.

Chemical correction of alkali lands, 515.
Chemical elements in plants, 458.

Chemical properties of soils. (See Soil properties,
chemical.)

Chemical soil analysis. (See Soil analysis, chemical.)
Chemical terms defined, 322, 323.

Chemistry of the soil-solution. (See Soil-solution.)
Chenab irrigation canal, extent, 422.

Cherries, production in U. S., 13; in Que., 33; N. J.,

44; Md, 46; Wyo., 81; Hawaii, 119.
Cherries, surinam, in Florida, 55, 56.

Chert (a dense, hard cryptocrystalline variety of silica
occurring, as a rule, in nodular form or bands in lime-
stone), 332.