professor; and as subordinate grades, may be enumerated the farrier, Ferrier, Fr. ; Ferrajo, Ital. a smith, from ferrum, L. iron.), cowleech, and castrator or guelder. 6971. The agricultural draftsman, or artist by way of eminence, is employed in de signing and painting live-stock, implements, plants, and cultivated scenery; the plans of farms are taken by the land-surveyor, designs of buildings made by the architect, and new inventions in machinery and implements are drawn by the inventors, whether millwrights or agricultural mechanists. 6972. The agricultural author may be considered as the most universal kind of agricultural counsellor, since his province includes every branch of the art, and comprehends times and practices past, present, and to come. The simplest variety of this species is the author of single papers in magazines, or the transactions of societies; the most extensive, he who embraces the whole of the subject; and the most valuable, he who communicates original information. : 6973. The professor of agricultural science (Professeur d' Agriculture ou d'Economie Rural, Fr.; Hochlehrer von Ackerbau, or H. von Land Wirtschaft, Ger.; Profesor d'Agricultura, Span.; and Professore d'Agricultura, Ital.), when appointed by a permanent or national institution, may be reckoned the highest grade of agricultural counsellor since he is not a self-constituted instructor, like the author; but constituted by competent judges as capable of instructing the public. The first public professor of agriculture appointed in Britain was Dr. Coventry of the University of Edinburgh, about 1790; and the next Sir Humphrey Davy, Lecturer on Agricultural Chemistry to the Board of Agriculture, about 1807: both highly eminent as agricultural counsellors, independently of their other merits. There are agricultural professors in Dublin and Cork. In almost every University on the continent there is an agricultural chair, and in some of the German and Russian Colleges there are chairs for gardening (Gärtnerey), forest-culture (Forstwissenschaft), and rural architecture (Land Baukunst). SECT. IV. Patrons of Agriculture. 6974. Every man being a consumer of some description of agricultural produce, may be considered a promoter of the art by causing a demand for its productions. The more valuable consumers are such as live on the best bread, butcher's meat, fowls, and dairy products; and the greatest of all patrons, both of agriculture and gardening, are such as fare sumptuously every day. 6975. Amateur agriculturists, lovers of agriculture, promote the art by the applause they bestow on its productions; of which, to a certain extent, they become purchasers, as of farming books, prints of cattle, implements, &c. 6976. Connoisseurs, critical or skilful lovers of agriculture, promote the art in the same way as the amateur, but much more powerfully, in proportion as approbation founded on knowledge is valued before that which arises chiefly from spontaneous affection. By the purchase of books, models, attendance at agricultural exhibitions, &c., connoisseurs encourage both counsellors and commercial agriculturists. Sometimes, also, by their writings, of which Sir John Sinclair is an eminent example. 6977. Employers of agriculturists, whether of the serving class, as bailiffs, stewards, &c., or of the order of professors or artists, are obvious encouragers of the art. 6978. Amateur farmers are patrons on the same principle as employers; and sometimes, also, they effect improvements, or communicate valuable information to the public. Cline, the eminent surgeon, and Dr. Parry, the physician, are eminent examples. 6979. Noblemen and proprietor farmers are conspicuous patrons. They render the art fashionable, and by the general attention so directed, and consequent occupation of many minds on the same subject, new ideas are elicited, and dormant talents called forth and employed. Russel, Coke, Curwen, and Somerville, stand preeminent among this species of patrons, and many others might be added. 6980. Noblemen and gentlemen improvers, whether by planting, building, road-making, establishing villages, canals, harbors, &c. are evidently greater patrons of agriculture than noblemen farmers, since their improvements affect society more extensively. As decidedly at the head of this species of patron may be mentioned the late Duke of Bridgewater and the present Marquess of Stafford, and to these names might be added a number of others. CHAP. II. Of the different Kinds of Farms in Britain relatively to the different Classes of Society who are the Occupiers. 6981. Cottage farms form the first link in the chain of temporary terrestrial possessions. They consist of one or more acres appended to a cottage, for the purpose of enabling the occupier to keep a cow; if any part of this farm is in aration, the labor is either hired of some jobbing agriculturist, or done by spade: or two or more cottagers join together and form a team of their cows, with which, and implements borrowed from the villagecarpenter or smith, they accomplish their labor. 6982. Farms of working mechanics. These are larger than the former, and are rented by country blacksmiths, carpenters, &c. who often keep a horse or a pair of horses. Both this and the former sort are very often injurious to the occupiers, by drawing off their attention from their principal source of income; though it must be confessed at the same time, that the idea of occupying land, and raising one's own corn, clover, milk, butter, eggs, pulse, &c. is highly gratifying; gives a sort of sense of property, and has an air of independence and liberty, highly valued by men in general. 6983. Farms of village tradesmen and shopkeepers. Many of these men, such as bakers, butchers, grocers, &c. keep a horse at any rate; by renting a few acres they are able to keep another, and add a cow, and other minor species of live stock. The attention required from the master forms a healthful recreation, and agreeable variety of pursuit ; and if this recreation does not interfere with main pursuits, there is a gain of health and respectability. 6984. Farms occupied with a view to profit by town and city tradesmen. These are on a larger scale than the last, and held by stable-keepers, cow-keepers, butchers, corn-dealers, &c. They are often of considerable size, mostly under grass, and managed by bailiffs. Arable farms in such hands are rarely well managed, as every thing is made to depend on manure; but as less skill and vigilance is required in managing grass lands, hay or pasture farms of this description are generally well manured, and consequently productive. They are seldom however profitable, and it is only because the renter reaps the double profit of grower and consumer, has some enjoyment in the idea of the thing, and some increase of health from the requisite visits to it, that he finds it suitable to continue his farming operations. 6985. Farms occupied by city tradesmen for recreative enjoyment. These are of various descriptions, and generally managed by bailiffs. They may be considered as affording recompence by the amusement, exercise, and health which they afford, and the interest in country matters which they excite. Many a worthy man thus throws away, almost at random, on agriculture, what he has gained by trade with the greatest industry, and frugality, often joined to skill and ingenuity. When the farm promises well, the tradesman is sometimes tempted to sell his trade and turn farmer for good (as it is called, i. e. for a principal occupation), and often ends in impoverishing, or even ruining himself. 6986. Farms attached to the villas and country houses of wealthy citizens. On these the wealthy citizen plays at agriculture, aided by a skilful manager or bailiff. Immense sums of money are thus expended in the neighborhood of large towns; many ingenious practices are displayed; and though nothing in the way of profit is ever expected to be gained; yet on the whole an attention to agriculture is excited in the minds of wealthy commercialists, who buy books on the subject, procure bailiffs, approved implements and breeds of stock; and thus give encouragement to these and other productions connected with the subject. The history of farming for the last twenty years round Edinburgh, Liverpool, and London, affords some curious, singular, and extravagant examples of this description of farming, and some of a much more judicious description. 6987. Demesne farms, or such as are occupied by the landed proprietors of the country. These are of a great many different kinds; some regularly appended to the park; some comprising a part of the park separated by temporary fences; and others taken into occupation without regard to situation. Some proprietors take all the farms on their estate successively into their own hands, cultivate them for a few years, bring them into excellent order, and then let them to farmers. Much good is often done by proprietors occupying land themselves; new practices, and new kinds of vegetables and live stock, exhibited and disseminated; and the landlord himself being instructed by experience in the practice of farming, is better able to judge what his land should let for; and more likely to appreciate good tenants, and sympathise with the losses of his farmers in bad seasons. Add also, that a proprietor in this way procures better butcher meat of every kind than he could generally purchase in the neighboring markets; and, if he chooses, better legumes and roots, and even better cabbages and other culinary vegetables than he could grow in his kitchen garden. The bailiffs on such farms are, or ought to be, well educated men, brought up to farming in the best districts. They should be well paid, and have sub-bailiffs under them. The establishments of Bedford, Coke, Curwen, Albemarle, &c. are among the most complete in this kind of farming. 6988. The farms of professional farmers. It must be obvious, that this class includes more than nine-tenths of all the farms in the country. They are of every description of soil, climate, situation, &c. which the country affords; of all manner of sizes, according to the demand created by such as follow farming as a business, and either devoted to the general purposes of corn and cattle, or more particularly for poultry, milking, dairying, garden crops, hops, orchard crops, grazing, breeding, hay, corn, wood, minerals, as stone quarries, &c., or fishes. At the origin of what we now call farming, or when the hiring of land by cultivators succeeded to cultivating them for the landlords, or in partnership with the landlords, as is still the case in Italy and most other countries, farms would of course be small, and farmers men of scarcely any capital or consideration in society. Just emancipated from a state of bondage and villanage, the new created independent tenant could not easily throw off the chains which formerly shackled his mind and prevented his energies from being brought into action, and he could have little or no property when he had no means of acquiring it but by plunder, or preserving it but by concealment. Hence the first tenants were assisted by their landlords, and one remnant of this practice, that of allowing farmers to have a year's rent always in hand; or, in other words, not to demand the rent till half or a whole year after it is due, still exists in some parts of Scotland and Ireland. In process of time, however, and from various direct and indirect causes, farmers at length acquired some de gree of capital and respectability; and as they naturally thought of employing the former, of course farms began to be enlarged to afford scope, and leases granted to afford security. This practice has been going on in Britain for more than two centuries past, and receives a fresh impulse whenever the prices of grain rise high, and continue so for some time. At no period have they been so high as about the commencement of the present century, and during no period have the riches and respectability of farmers so much encreased. More recent political changes, however, have proved singularly disastrous to farmers; and till the corn laws are either obliterated, or regulated on some permanent and more moderate principle, agriculture and its practisers of every description will remain liable to the extremes of profitable occupation and ruin. CHAP. III. Topographical Survey of the British Isles in respect to Agriculture. 6989. The British isles, as we have already observed (1254.), are in their present state, naturally and politically more favorable to the practice of the agriculture of ale, butcher meat, and wheat, than any other country in the world. They have their disadvantages both in climate and in civil and political matters; but, notwithstanding, there is no country in the world where farmers or proprietors are so respectable a class of men, and where such excellent corn, herbage, roots, and hay, either raw, or in their manufactured state of bread, ale, and butcher meat, is brought to market. 6990. The following outline of the state of agriculture in each of the different counties of the united kingdom is taken from the Surveys published under the authority of the Board of Agriculture, or the Dublin Society; from Marshal's remarks on these surveys, and his other writings; and in some cases, from our own observation; having at various periods, since the year 1805, been in almost every county in Britain, and in most of those in Ireland. Agricultural improvement is often of so variable and fleeting a nature, that notwithstanding our utmost care, some things may be found here inserted as such, that no longer exist; and from the period, varying from 12 to 20 years, which has elapsed since the surveys were published, many improvements may have been made deserving of insertion which are omitted. These are unavoidable defects attendant on this part of our work; but though we cannot render it perfect, yet we are of opinion we can bring together a sufficient number of facts as to the natural and agricultural circumstances of each county, as to render it both interesting and useful to the reader. east. SECT. I. Agricultural Survey of England. 6991. The surface of England is estimated at 32,150,000 acres, almost every where cultivated, and no where incapable of cultivation; in most places varied, gently and beautifully in some districts, and abruptly and on a grander scale in others. The most highly and mountainous districts are those of the north, and the most level those of the The most humid climates are those of the north-western counties; as Cheshire, Lancashire; and the most dry those of the south-east, as Norfolk and Suffolk. The richest grass lands are in the vales of the great rivers, as the Severn, Trent, and Thames. The richest arable lands, in Worcestershire, Warwickshire, and in part of various other counties; and the best farming, in Northumberland, Durham, and Cumberland. The greatest variety of farming may be seen in the counties round London; and the greatest Book I. AGRICULTURE OF SURREY. sameness, regularity, order, science, success, and the wealthiest farmers in Northumber- 6992, MIDDLESEX is part of the north side of a vale watered by the Thames, and contains 179,200 1. Geographical State and Circumstances. Climate." Healthy; warmer near London, from the fires kept there, which consume 800,000 chaldrons of coals annually; stationary winds from the S. W. and N.E. those from the S. W. blow 6-12ths of the year, N. E. 8-12ths. Greatest falls of rain from a few points W. of S. and are of the longer continuance when the wind has passed through the east to the south. In spring, frost in the hollows, when none on the hills, thermometer has been as high as 83, and as low as 6° below zero. Soil. By long continued manuring, the surface soil almost every where looks like loam. Sand and gravel on Hampstead Hill. Loamy sand from Hounslow to Colnbrook. Sandy loam on west side of Hanwell and Hounslow. Strong loam about Ryslip, Pinner, Harrow, and South Mimms; loamy clay between Uxbridge Common and Harefield. Clay of the most adhesive and ungrateful kind about Hendon and Highwood Hill; peat from Rickmansworth to Staines, on a substratum of the gravel of flints. Marsh land or rich loam deposited from still water in the Isle of Dogs and on the Lea and Coln. One mile from Surface. Gently waving; highest towards the north. Hampstead 400 feet above the level of the sea. London on the Kingsland Road, the surface of upwards of 1000 acres is lowered at an average five feet from the brick earth dug out, which of ordinary quality has produced 40001. per acre; and when marly, for malms or white bricks, 20,000l. per acre. Brick earth formerly 1004. per acre, now 500l. per acre. An acre at four feet deep, yields four millions of bricks. Mineral strata. 1. Cultivated surface. 2. Gravel of flints, 5 or 10 feet in thickness. 3. Lead or blue clay, 200 or 300 feet in depth. 4. Marine sediment, 3 or 4 feet in depth. 5. Loose sand, gravel, and water, the latter arising in such quantities as to prevent digging deeper. Water. Abundant and excellent. The Thames, from Oxford to Maidenhead, falls about 24 feet in ten miles; from Maidenhead to Chertsey Bridge, 19 feet in ten miles; thence to Mortlake, 13 feet per ten miles; and to London, one foot per mile; from Spring water London the fall diminishes till it is lost in the sea. Tide flows twenty-three miles up the Thames. found at various depths, from 5 to 300 feet; the latter, the depth of Paddington. Mineral waters at East Acton, Hampstead, and Bagniggewells: chalybeates little used. Fish caught in the Thames. Sturgeon, salmon, tench, barbel, roach, dace, chub, bream, gudgeon, ruffe, bleak, eels, smelts, and flounders. and bank; gates mostly five-barred, and of oak; enclosures too Highways of the parishes good, turnpike roads bad, beginning now (1825) to be improved; several canals terminate in or near London; and New River for supplying water; fairs on the decline. Uxbridge the greatest corn market next to Mark Lane. Great cattle markets, Hounslow and Smithfield. Commerce great. Manufactures not many; considering agriculture as a manufacture, and the soil as the raw material, and worth 168. per acre, at an average of England; it is increased in value to 51. or 5251. per cent. Distilleries and breweries numerous. 15. Obstacles to Improvement. Tithes, land-agents being attornies, bad leases, bad rural ar tificers, bad and thieving servants. 16. Miscellaneous Observations. Society of Arts, Veterinary College, excellent institutions. Fines called heriots should be removed; weights and measures regulated; much damage is done by game. 17. Means of Improvement. Ample in the metropolis; want of intelligence, the grand drawback. 6693, SURREY. A surface of 519,040 acres beautifully varied: poor and heathy in the west, chalky The field cultivation of clover and turnips appears to have first taken Marshal's Review, 1818. in the east, and clayey in the south. (Stevenson's Survey, 1813. Malcolm's Survey, 1809. place in this county. Smith's Geological Map, 1821.) 1. Geographical State and Circumstances. in spring, and then weather cold, raw, and drizzling. Most rain falls when the wind is S. S. W. or S. Soils. Various and most irregularly distributed; a broad zone of tenacious clay bordering Sussex: patches of brick earth at Walworth, Sutton, and Stoke. Considerable extent of chalk hills from Croydon to Nuttfield, and thence narrowing to the western extremity of the county. A good deal of black rich land interspersed among all the soils. Surface. St. Anne's Hill, Cooper's Hill, and Richmond Hill celebrated; Leith Hill the highest, commands a prospect of from thirty to forty miles on every side. Minerals. Iron ore, fuller's earth, firestone, limestone and chalk. Iron-works on the decline, on account of the dearness of fuel. Abundance of fuller's earth in the southern part of the county, which has been dug since the beginning of the eigh teenth century. Excellent firestone: when first quarried soft; kept under cover a few months becomes compact, and able to endure the action of a common fire. Owing to this stone, Dawson, proprietor of the Vauxhall plate glass works, can make plates of such a size as to surprise the French, from whom he discovered the art of plate glass making in the disguise of a common laborer. Excellent limestone at Dorking, which hardens under water; contains a little flint. Chalk used chiefly as a manure. The sand about Ryegate, the finest in the kingdom; and, in considerable demand for egg and hour glasses, writing-sand boxes, &c. At No such, there is a bed of brick earth, from which fire bricks and crucibles are made. Water. Scarce in many places, particularly on the chalk. Several supplies procured round London, by boring down from one hundred to three hundred feet to the chalk stratum, where the water is excellent, soft, and abundant. Fish ponds common on the heaths, at the western side of the county; have been used for upwards of two centuries, for breeding and rearing carp and other fish. One of the largest, containing one hundred and fifty acres, is near Hersham. Mineral waters numerous. Epsom water is impregnated with sulphate of magnesia, and is purgative. Epsom salts originally made there, now chiefly from common salt water at Lymington in Warwickshire. The other springs are more or less impregnated with sulphate of magnesia, carbonate of lime, and iron. 2. Staic of Property. No large estates: largest 10,000l. a year. Yeomanry but some gentlemen round Guildford, not numerous; farm their own estates of from 200l. to 400l. per annum. Estates mostly managed by attornies; so far proper as to law terms, but as absurd as to agricultural restrictions, as it would be to employ a farmer to draw up the covenants in technical language. Till the farmer becomes active, inquisitive, free from prejudice, and intelligent, no covenants, or care of attornies and stewards, will prevent him from injuring himself and his landlord by bad husbandry. When he becomes active, &c. he will take care of the landlords interest for the sake of his own, and the first step to forcing the farmer to become active and intelligent is to leave him to the exertions of his own mind. Tenures chiefly freehold. 3. Buildings. Few counties that can vie with Surrey in the number and elegance of its country seats. (Encyc. of Garden, Surrey.) Pos. sesses a great advantage over the north and east of Middlesex and Essex, in this respect, as the prevalence of the S.W. winds drives away the smoke of London." Proprietors generally reside on their estates, and eagerly introduce im. provements. Farm-houses and offices. Ruinous and mean in the weald, or clayey district bordering on Sussex; better in other places. Oldest of brick covered with slate, stone, or brick nogging and tiles; situations seldom central or convenient to the farm, in villages. Stables not divided into stalls. Cow. houses near London, good. Cottages often large, convenient, and picturesque; with a porch, a flower platt and vine in front. Drinking ponds. Great attention paid to these on the Sur. rey hills; generally a first pond, where the water deposits its grossest dirt and mud before it enters the second. 4. Occupation. Average Farms of all sizes, but mostly small, forty and fifty acres to three hundred. Largest farm between Guildford and Farnham is Wanborough; it contains 1,600 acres ; formerly occu pied by Morris Birkbeck, and now by his son. size one hundred and seventy acres. Tendency to large farms, by which the public is unquestionably benefited, certainly by the saving of labor, and, in all probability, by the superior cultivation and increased produce. The driven out farmer may generally support or enrich himself equally well though in a different line of life. "But in every country, in all situations and circumstances, and in our own country, particularly in the situation in which it is now placed, it is of the highest importance to consider, whether a mere increase of wealth may not be purchased too dearly; whether it is prudent or wise to diminish the number of those whose souls are knit to their native land, by stronger ties than are known to the mere manufacturer. To the patriot, it can be little satisfaction to see his country the richest in the world, if the measures and causes which make it rich, diminish, in the most trifling degree, its independence; either by raising any passion above the love of our country, or by diminishing the number of those who must be its most natural and powerful defenders. To the moralist it can afford little pleasure to be told, that by the saving of agricultural labor, the manufactures of his country will be extended or increased, if he perceive that by the change of employment the health and virtue of part of the community are sacrificed." (Stevenson.) Farmers. Old class about the clayey wealds, equal enemies to improvements in agriculture, and relaxations in morals: have no idea of educating their sons, and so little of the spirit of commerce, that they prefer selling their grain to an old customer at a lower price than taking a higher from a new one. Go to market in round frocks, the dress of their forefathers, and shy and jealous to strangers. Nearer town the farmers are more on a level with the age; but, either unable or unwilling to communicate information; some exceptions of liberal, enlightened, and communicative men. Many tradesmen have turned farmers, and occupy lands near town. Rent low. Tithe rigidly exacted, poor's rates, and other outgoings high. Leases general, for fourteen or twenty-one years, or on three lives. plough used only in two places; bad effect of so many dif ferent sorts of ploughs on the servants. The cultivator used by Birkbeck, and highly approved ofwith six hores, goes over eight acres in a day. Lester's friction threshing is chine introduced in a few places, and found to succeed: but it threshes very slowly, and has no advantages over Moke's but that of not breaking the straw of wheat. This adrastage is too trifling ever to render it general. Very few w nowing machines. Sowing troughs in use, the advantage of which, is, that the sower hills it himself instead of having a woman, toiling through rough ground. Smut machines also in use, in one or two instances. (2618.) 6. Arable Land. Proportion considerable, tillage bed. Drilling, though introduced by Duket, of Esher, and strongly mended, is confined to a few adjoining parishes, where the soil is light. Fallowing on clays general, but most imperfectly executed. Rotations generally good. Turnips, supposed to have been grown in Surrey as or longer than in any county in England. Sir R Weston, of Sutton, having described the Flanders culture in 1645, and as he addressed his book to his sons, it is thought they would attempt culture. Very badly cultivated at present, and seidon in raised drills. The Siberian turnip has been tried; it is a variety between the cabbage and turnip, but with a rest inferior in point of size and flavor to the latter, and a branchy loose top: it does not seem adapted for tied cl ture, though as a novelty it deserves trial and attention. Carrots answer well on the sandy soils. Potatoe toa sorte times given to cows, cut when in flower; a bad plan with a view to the tubers. Clover introduced by Sir R. Wen at the same time as turnips. Samtfoin succeds well en calc reous soils, producing good crops for eight years. In forming a new road through a field of sainttoin, between Cro don and Godstone, the roots were found to have pretrated several yards below the surface. The culture of h brought from Suffolk to Farnham about A.D. 1600; prefer & calcareous sub-soil: occupy 800.900 acres. Farnham bo teemed more than others, because picked earlier, and bene more delicate, and better sorted. Peppermint, lavender, wormwood, camomile, liquorice, and poppy, grown mear Mitcham; and more extensively than in any other county. One hundred acres of peppermint. Elecampane, riistarh, soapwort, coltsfoot, vervain, angelica, rosemary, the and red roses, hyssop, horehound, marsh mallow, pennyroyal. and several acres of daisies, wall-flowers, sweet-w primroses, violets, pinks, bachelors-buttons, and the Site, are also grown for Covent Garden market, where they are ried, either as entire plants in flower with balls for acting in town, flower-pots or in pots, or the flowers are gathered and sold for nosegays. Weld is grown in a few places 7. Grass Land. But in small proportion to the rest; most pasture in ther wolds. Paring and burning considered by Birkbeck as the best first step of breaking up old grass lands. 8. Gardens and Orchards. Asparagus grown in great quantities at Mortlake, East Sheen, and Battersea. Radish and other seeds also grown extensively at Battersea. Onions for seed at Mortlake and Barnes though chiefly at Deptford. Three thousand are hundred acres of Surrey employed in raising vegetables fur the London market. Orchards attached to many of the farms, suflicient to supply from four to twelve bog heads of cut. Generally in a very bad state of cultivation; trees ecvered with moss; many walnuts grown at Norbury, and at some other places; produce 20 to 30 bushels per tree. 9. Woods and Plantations. The wold formerly a wood: some copse there stil tops grown; charcoal for gunpowder made from harrl, dogxi, &c. common charcoal, hop-poles and faggots, Bas Hill merly called Whitehill, by tradition originally cultivated, al the Earl of Arundel, in the reign of Charles 1. brought her tras from Kent, and planted there. Many with good reason think it not planted, but aboriginal. Soil of the hill pale bar o chalk'; timber now all cut; brought only five pounds per the Many fir trees on chalk hill at Crowhurst, one fifty feet high and thirty-six in circumference. Brooms made from the ware or spray of birch to a great extent, Fine Ero & Beckworth. Osier holts or grounds about Cherty and B fleet, brought the same rent one hundred and hity wan ago which they do now. Furze grown for the burning of bricks; sown both broadcast, and in drills; cut every three years, and bound like corn, then stacked. 10. Heaths, Commons, and Common Fields. Extensive heaths on south-west; surface flat, sal black mod, and gravel. A number of commons, and great extent of cummon field lands. 11. Improvements. Draining, paring, and burning. manure of a great variety of kinds. 12. Live Stock. Manuring with Landen Very inconsiderable; only six hundred and nineteen corr kept for supplying London with milk. Duket of Esher used to rear calves to a great extent many cattle fed by the distillers and starch macafictEPUTI Adam of Mount Nod, one of the architects of that name, has constructed extensive buildings for cattle, and stand six hundred at a time. Sheep kept in considerable sur bers on the chalk hills and wealds. Birkbeck has been w successful in cross-breeding with merinos, that is, with the Ryeland merino of Dr. Parry, and the South Down mense number of pigs fed at the distilleries, and of gene kept on the wealds." Dorking hens are well known, frak A hare warren near Banstead Downs, already described 6613.3 13. Rural Economy. Hands scarce; servants unsettled; prejudiced, like mag of their masters, against all new practices. 14. Political Economy. Bad roads, though flints and other good materials ahead in many places. An iron railway between Wandsworth and Westham for general use; the first in the kingdorn of that kind, the rest being confined to the carriage of goods being ing to individuals; this open to all who choose to expire the waggons; as a canal is open to all who choose to empire the boats. Though on a level, and admitting of carriage bolh yet not found to pay. The first canal racks in England wer erected on the Wey. Sir R. Weston, of Sutton, brought the |