much superior to the female. Persons who have not seen any other than Alderney cows, would be surprised to witness the size attained by some oxen of the same breed, which may be seen in the Jersey carts. The object of the dairy is butter: the cows are milked thrice a day from the middle of April to the middle of July, and twice a day during the rest of the year; the milk is kept in glazed earthen-ware dishes till it throws up the cream, which is separated, kept five or six days, and then churned by itself. The prime milkers are not generally exported. After the young cow has borne a calf or two, it is sometimes significantly remarked, "qu'elle est bonne pour l'Angleterre;" and she goes to the cow-jobber. As to the merits of the Jersey cows the reporter observes, if the palm can be contested with them by any, it will be by a breed little known in the south, the Dunlop (in Ayrshire) cattle, a cross between the short-horned and the Alderney. Sheep a bad shoulder d coarse boned breed, small horned, and between a black and brown color; largest flock in the island forty! weight of carcase fifty pounds; in the winter many perish from want, and many by dogs. Horses a hardy small breed, very ill treated. Geese are plucked alive, when the feathers drop, as an article of economy, and also to prevent the grazing-ground being injured. It is also thought a relief to the animal. Pigeons. Here, as in France, the Droit de Colombier is attached to certain residences; but not exclusively, as appeared to be the case in France, to those held by a noble tenure. Bees. The flavor of Jersey honey highly vaunted, probably from the numerous flowering plants, legumes, fruit trees, garden plants left to seed, &c. 12. Political Economy. Roads numerous, narrow winding, crowing each other, and consequently intricate; flanked by high earthen fences over-CAnopied by trees. In rainy weather they are canals of naud. Two carts meeting each other on the chemin du roi, could not pass, one or the other must back till it reached the nearest field, gateway, or some other recess, to which it might retreat, during the passage of the other. To this little circumstance in their internal economy, and the disputes which it engendered, may, perhaps, in part, be attributed the remarkable proficiency of the Jersey populace in swearing. Manufactures few: some boots, shoes, and cordage exported an oyster fishery to the east of the is' ind. English law as to poor rates exists; hut as the poor are few, it is not necessary ta act on it. Dialect of Jersey a corrupted French, and a bad English. 7042. Guernsey. A rocky hilly surface, of which 8000 acres are under cultivation; the climate rather moister than that of Jersey, and the soil generally light, on granite, gneiss, or schistus. The operative classes resemble those of England more than those of Jersey. Agriculture much the same as in Jersey; Guernsey figs much esteemed. Some land embanked and sold with permission of government, and the produce applied to improving the roads. Live Stock. Guernsey cattle are larger-boned, taller, in every respect more stout and coarsely made than those of Jersey. The front is wide, horns divergent and thick, but not long; never with the graceful short curve observed in some Jersey cattle, and in the short-horned reed. The dewlap is also coarse and pendant. They are deep-chested, and the carcase, compared with their neighbors', more bulky. Their coat is also not so fine: and the colors, though varying as in Jersey, on the whole appear more dark. Some, but not so many, are found cream-colored, and the breed may safely be pronounced more stout and hardy. In one respect, a similarity appears in the best milkers in each island: these are observed to have a yellow circle round the eye; the hide yellowish; and in particular, the skin of the tail at its extremity appears of a deep yellow, approaching an orange color. The same circumstance has been since observed to exist in good milkers of other breeds; but in Guernsey at least, on examination, this yellowness is general and striking. The butter produced by the milk of each breed is also naturally of a rich yellow color. As to the question of superiority between the cattle of either island, it is settled most decidedly by the inhabitants of each, as may be supposed, in their own favor. The people of Jersey have gone furthest in support of their opinion. By the third section of their law, of 1789, respecting cattle, they expressly apply" aux iles voisines," the same penalties and restriction es importation of cows, heifers, and bulls, as on importation from any other quarter. Into Guerns, where no sinalar refres tions exist, Jersey cows have occasionally been imported. The comparison between cows of each breed, as milkers, leads to that result which, in the place where it is made, might be anticipated. Next it may be noticed, that though the expurtation of Guernsey cows, compared with that of the same an mais in Jersey, is not extensive, yet that their price in Guernes is higher. One was noticed for which a farmer had ofend a price of thirty guineas, for his own use; and the offer refused As to the quality of the butter also, in each island, it may be observed, that the preference is usually given to that of Gtim sey. In this article indeed, in some degree the difference arise from their difli rent practices in the process of churng The cream is here left unskimmed, till the milk beecres catgulated on the third day milk and cream are churned sagh ther. As little attention has yet been given to the improvement of the breed of cattle, as in Jersey. Rouds improved under the government of Sir John Dowie Bricks and tiles manufactured, and some spirits, which fr merly found its way into England, under the name of French brandy. SECT. II. Agricultural Survey of Wales. 7043. A hilly mountainous surface of 5,206,900 acres, with a climate colder than that of England, and more moist in the proportion of thirty-four, the average number of the inches of rain which falls in Wales, to twenty-two, the number for England. The sail is generally of an inferior description, and the great proportion of mountainous surface is fit only for pasturage and planting. Little exertion was made in cultivation till the middle of the eighteenth century: from that period to the present, agriculture has been gradually improving. A general view of it, as in 1809, has been published by the Rev. W. Davis, of Montgomeryshire, whose work we shall adopt as our guide. sea. 7044. NORTH WALES. 1,974,510 acres, chiefly of mountainous surface, in six counties, including the Isle of Anglesea. The climate humid and cold in elevated situations, but warmer in the vales and near the The soil moory, coarse, clayey, and otherwise unfavorable in most places, excepting in the vales on the banks of streams. Minerals chiefly copper, lead, and iron. The famous Mona and Paris Copper Mines in Anglesea, have been worked since 1768; lead is chiefly worked in Flintshire. Excellent slate is found in various parts of Caernarvonshire, and worked to a great extent, especially on Lord Penrhyns estate. Marble is worked in Anglesea, and limestone, freestone, and other stones and minerals abound in different places. 1. Property. Estates from thirty shillings to 30,000. The effect of the custom of gavelkind, whicti obtained all over Wales, was a too minute division of property. Equality and poverty went hand in hand. But when the custom was abolished, and alienation permitted, an accumulation of property was the necessary consequence, which became very prevalent in the two last centuries and having arrived at its maximum early in the eighteenth century, it has, since that period, shown some instances of retrogradation: but subdivision and accumulation of estates will naturally fluctuate. Here are no petty lairds or tacksmen, as in Scotland and Ireland. Gentlemen of moderate income, and residing in the country, transact the affairs of their own estates. Those of greater property commit the whole care of rents, repairs, and contracts of ale or purchase, to the management of agents; who, in general, are persons well qualiti d for the undertaking, brought up solely to the business, and make it a point of honor and inte grity to do justice to the landlord, and a point of conscience not to oppress the tenant. Some of the lawyer agents, having by their own indiscretion and rapacity destroyed the very 114 vite of litigation in the people, necessarily diminished the number of their successors. Only two cops hold tenements have been noticed in the whole district. All the other estates are held either mediately or im mediately in capite of the King, by a kind of mixed tenure, be. a Collagra in these and other counties are truly the ha'ista tions of wretchedness. One smoky earth, for it beuki tek ɛ styled a kitchen; and one damp litter-cell, for 1: called a bed-room, are frequently all the ace allured t laborer, his wife, and four or five children. The consex, artares are obvious; filth, disease, and, frequently, prematures th and they would be more obvious, had not these ens at 2 unsubduable vigor of constitution to Em bi fourths of the victims of the putrid fever, periab sa the m phitic air of these dwellings. However, in sore jars, epe Cially near lime works, mines, collieries, &c. the cxx jE one nea: cottager is followed by others. Here, their dwe are frequently white-washed, their children core in in collecting road manure, which is preserved, with ke loose stones, for the use of their gardens. These EADE though trifling, are worthy of record, as they are deslajša vē of their general character. Some exceptions in different places, and especially on Lant Penrhyn's estate. The reporter gives an excellent plan of a 3 Book I. cottage for a cottage farm, and also plans of farms of different sizes, adapted to such cottages. The cottage farm house (fig. 808.) contains a kitchen (a), bed room or parlor (b), pantry (e), barn-floor (d), two bays (e and f), cowhouse (g), calving place and calf house (h), pigsty (i), and stairs (k) to garret and bedrooms. One cottage farm for the same house, and nine acres of land, contains seven small enclosures (fig. 809 a.), including the garden. One for six acres, contains six enclosures (b) including the garden. Largest farm of cultivable land about 600 acres, on the mountains 1000 acres and upwards, at one shilling, or one shilling and sixpence per acre: size on the increase, and admitted to be favorable to wealth by the reporter, who adds "yet that wealth shou'd be valued, not in proportion to its national aggregate, or quantity in the abstract, but as it is widely and generally diffused. An analogy exists between monopoly in all its forms, and a macrocephalous constitution, which never can possess the energy of a body symmetrically proportionate. Farmers, properly so called, are, as we may naturally expect them to be, rather too tenacious of old customs. It is, however, illiberal to charge them with obstinacy, in delaying the adoption of pretended improvements; for, as it is not all gold that glitters, neither is one half of the patent implements, and machines, or one-tenth of the writings of visionary theorists, better than lumber and trash; for which the farmer should not throw away his hard-earned money, before they are put to the test of experience, by those who have opulence enough to bear disappointment; and who, from the advantage of superior education, may be better qualified to form a judgment of the probable effects. Show the farmers their true interest, and, in general, their minds are as open to conviction, and as susceptible to reason, as any other class of men whatever. Leases out of repute. It cannot be denied that leases have done good in Scotland. We are, therefore, driven to the necessity of supposing, that the Scotch and Welsh tenantry are very different kinds of beings. The circumstance that renders the Welsh leases ineffectual, is the want of capital; and what enhances the evil of this want is, the ignorance of many farmers in the right application of what small capital they have. By tilling too many acres, they, as well as the public, suffer loss in every acre, Many a farmer, who has means barely sufficient to manage a farm of 501. a year, tolerably well, thinks a farm under 100l. or 1501. beneath his notice; and granting a lease to such a tenant, who has not one-fourth of the capital requisite to carry on improvements, would be preposterous. Lord Penrhyn executed draining, fences, roads, and all improvements requested by his tenants, and approved of by his agents, at five pounds per cent. on their amount added to the Land well adapted for tillage; is commonly left too long in In the eastern parts of the counties of Denbigh, Flint, and Cattle and copper the staple exports of Anglesea. When, numerous herds are bought in the island for the English markets, they are compelled to swim in droves across the strait of face; and long horns, turning upwards. Bakewell thought, that in some points they were nearer his idea of perfection in shape, than any other he ever saw; his own improved breed excepted. Some farmers aspiring at a select stock, by having their he-calves gelt under their dams, their horns become of a yellower color, longer, and finer than common; and, upon the whole, nearer the present idea of symmetry. The average weight of their quarters, when fat, at three or four years old, is from eight to eleven score pounds. The promontory of Lleyn and Evionydd, in Caernarvonshire, having the same kind of undulated surface, though not altogether so good a soil as Anglesea, has likewise a breed of cattle similar in several of their characteristics. The cattle in the remaining part of Caernarvonshire, and in the whole of the county of Meirionydd, some few select stocks excepted, seem to be diminutives of the above breeds of Anglesea, Lleyn, and Evionydd; having nothing to recommend them, save their extreme hardiness, and consequent cheapness of rearing. The highlands of the counties of Denbigh and Montgomery abound with the same puny race. In the vales, and in the county of Flint, the cattle are of a superior kind, larger, and of all varieties of colors. The natives of the seacoast from Abergelen to Holy well, and thence along the Dee towards Cheshire, are reckoned very quick feeders. Neither good butter nor cheese are made in North Wales by ordinary farmers. Sheep. The largest of the native breeds, is that of Anglesea; they have white legs and faces, and are generally without horns. The second kind of sheep in North Wales, is that peculiar to the mountains. They have generally white faces and legs; some have horns, and others none. The smaller sort of them weigh from seven to nine pounds per quarter; and give wool from three quarter of a pound, to one pound and a haif. The third kind is peculiar to the Kerry hills in Montgomeryshire; being, perhaps, the only species in North Wales, which produce perfect wool: that of every other Welsh breed being more or less mixed with coarse long hairs, called by the manufacturers kemps, making the articles in which they appear, of much less value. The characteristics of this breed are, large woolly cheeks, white bunchy foreheads, white legs covered with wool: no horns, and a broad beaver-like tall. They are very hardy, and comparatively tame; being not so much disposed to ramble as most other wild sheep. In shape, however, they are far short of compact symmetry; and were this defect improved by the care and attention of the farmers, the breed would be worthy of being universally adopted throughout the principality, They weigh, when fat, from ten to fourteen pounds per quarter. The average of wool, including the whole flock, is ten stone, of fifteen pounds each, from every 100 sheep. The fourth kind is the black faced, and fine woolled sheep, bred on the Long Mountain, near Welsh Pool; and on other hills, on the borders of England, in a line from thence to Wrexham. The flavor of the mutton of the sheep feeding upon the Llanymyneich and Porthywaen lime rocks, is reckoned very delicious, by the nice palated pupils of the epicurean school and their wool is as fine as any in England; that of the Rye land breed, perhaps, excepted. A person in travelling through the country, may observe several other kinds of sheep: beng crosses from some or other of the above four distinct breeds but they are in general the offspring of chance and tinct without being directed by any choice or system. The Merinos with their different crosses; the Leicester, Downs, and others, bred by amateurs. Horses. In Anglesea, for want of fences, the horses, as well as the sheep, are commonly fettered. Were colts of the best shaped breed in existence, thus fettered as soon as the are weaned from their dains, and the practice used from generat to generation, their natural gait and shape must necessary be changed, at length, into awkwardness and deformity. Pew English stallions have as yet been introduced into the sand. and those that have, do not appear to have done much towar improving the native breed. In the county of Meirionydd, and the hilly parts of Mont gomeryshire, great numbers of ponies, commonly called lins, are reared. They are exceedingly hardy, having, Jurg winter as well as summer, only the range of the hills tr whence they are never brought down until they are the s old, and fit for sale. What has tended to, and will n destroy the shape and good qualities of this hardy rut, that in the propagation of their species they are if entry to chance and instinct. They are diven from the hills to fairs, like flocks of wild sheep; and the place of sale exhibits, in some degree, a phitheatre, where manhood and pony hood strive for tory. When a chapman has fixed upon his code at a datance, the wrestler, being generally the seller's servant, rubes the midst of the herd, and seizes the selected an mal, wha never before touched by human hand, stragg's with a might to extricate itself; and in some particular saat both have tumbled topsy-turvy from the summit of a stre hill down into a river beneath; the biped stal conting grasp, and the quadruped disdaining tamely to submit Another breed, somewhat larger than these, and probabl raised by a series of crossing between the English and the notives, are hardy, handsome, and exceedingly active. Some d them are too small for the team; but for the road, under n derate weight, they have no rivals. "They will ascend and d scend our mountainous staircases" with the greatest achty and without giving their riders, who have more fool-hardness than humanity, the trouble of alighting. The larger kind of them is exceedingly well adapted for the team, en small or step mountainous farms; where the great strength and sugges of the heavy kind of horses would be egregiously mad The vales of Montgomeryshire have long been noted for an excellent breed. Some attribute this superiority to a stud of horses kept by Queen Elizabeth, at Park, near Caer Sws, in the Severn vale; and to others brought into this part of the country from Spain, by Robert, Earl of Shrewsbury. Gentlemen, in most parts of the district, and farmers in the vales of the three counties bordering on England, have for some time furnished themselves with excellent draught horses, both for the coach and the waggon; which, when the markets are open, are sold in great numbers. They are generally either black or bay; strong, active, well made, and measure from fifteen to sixteen hands high. A custom very injurious to the growth, strength, and soundness of horses, prevails over the greatest part of the six counties, that is, working them too young; when their bones have not attained firmness from their cartilaginous state, nor their power of elasticity, contraction, and extension, which is necessary to endure exertion and labor. Instances have, however, occurred, of horses being worked from two to twenty years old, without any apparent detriment, saving a diminution of their natural size. "The predilection which farmers manifest in favor of horse teams, may, in time, reduce the nation to the dilemma of enacting a law to repeal the Mosaic, and enjoin the flesh eatable." Tender furze, bruised with mallets, or ground in mills erected for the purpose, was formerly a great article of fodder in the Counties of Anglesea and Caernarvon. Farmers were then accustomed to sow furze for their horses; and sometimes to let the crop at a certain price per acre, which was frequently found to pay better than a crop of wheat; but Ceres at length seems to have grown ashamed of such husbandry; and the lands are in general converted to bear more useful crops. Hogs. The original Welsh breed had small ears, which, probably, by a cross with the Berkshires, produced the slouched-eared hogs, which were lately general through the country. They are slow feeders, and the rearing of them is now upon the decline, and giving place to that of more improved breeds, especially Berkshire. Bees. "The ancient Welsh held these industrious insects in great veneration, and believed them to be of Paradisaical origin." (Wotton's Leges Wallice, p. 254). For this reason their priests taught that the chanting of mass was not acceptable to the Deity, unless the lighted tapers were made of their wax. Out of their dulcid stores they brewed their national liquor, metheglin, or the medicinal beverage. When the country was almost one continual wilderness, almost every hollow oak was an apiary. Their nests on the wastes were the property of the lords of the soil, and rented by some of their vassals. On freehold lands they were claimed by the respective proprietors. The discoverer of a swarm was entitled by law to a reward of one penny, if they were domesticated bees; and one penny and a dinner, or in lieu of these the whole of the wax, if they were of the wild race. Whoever cut a tree upon another person's property, 'in order to get at the nest of bees, was to be amerced the full value of both tree and bees. The respective prices of different swarms were ascertained by law. Early swarms were reckoned of full value by the first of August; such as swarmed after that day were not valued above four pence until the following May. In comparison with the prices of other articles, at the time the Welsh laws were framed, bees seem to have been very dear, and consequently scarce: but the price set upon them by law was much above the real price in commerce, between buyer and seller. This was owing to the veneration they were held Farms of all sizes; two mountain farms of 1400 acres each; general run from 30 to 100 acres, average of the district between fifty and sixty acres. In the uplands, rearing of stock is the main object, without neglecting the produce of the dairy; whilst they find convenience, though without profit, in a scanty and precarious tillage. In the lowlands, or moist loams, especially in the more humid climature of the western counties, grazing is considered, and generally recommended, asymmost profitable. Upon an average of the whole, the district may be said to be occupied in that kind of system called mixed husbandry; breeding, dairying, and tillage; varying in the proportion of each, in different places according to the imperiousness of existing circumstances, which will be hereafter more fully explained. Farmers may be classed, as proprietors farming a part of their own estates, small proprietors or yeomen, farmers of the old school, and book farmers. Book farmers, the aerialists of Marshal, are those who know agriculture only by reading about it. Theory is their ne plus altra; as they generally grow tired before they are much acquainted with practice. The practice of the country they come to reside in is all wrong, and the inhabitants all savages. They bring ploughs and ploughmen generally from a distance; and when the masters retire, the ploughmen return, and the ploughs are laid aside. They hold the farmers of the old ploughs in the ditch, and old ploughs borrowed from the neighbors at work: the master then thinking it useless to persevere, gave up the contest. "I have," said he, "seen various kinds of human beings, in different parts of the globe, from latitude ten to latitude fifty-four, but none so obstinately bent on old practices as the Welsh." H. Lewis, Esq. of Gallt y Gog near Caermarthen, being equally unsuccessful in effecting a revolution at once, tried the plan of altering the old ploughs in a slight degree, and hopes, by one alteration after another, at length to transform them into Rotheram ploughs" unawares to his sturdy ploughmen." Waggons and clumsy two and three horse carts are in general use; almost every farmer of forty pounds a year rent has a waggon. Single horse carts gain ground but slowly. They were introduced into the vale of Tows, several years ago, by Lord Robert Seymour; into Cardiganshire, by Thomas Johnes, Esq.; and into Brecknockshire, by Sir Edward Hamilton. A hay rake, with the head forming unequal angles with the handles, is in use in Glamorganshire, the only advantage of which is said to be that of not obliging the raker to step his foot backward at every reach. 4. Arable Land. In general wretchedly managed, especially the fallows. The reporter proposes to send farmers' sons to improved districts to serve apprenticeships, as better than examples set by strangers, which have been tried without success. A patriotic land proprietor brought what were considered as enlightened farmers from Scotland into South Wales; but as Hassal very judici. ously observes, "New practices in husbandry will be most likely to succeed through the medium of the natives of the country. They have an unconquerable dislike to every thing introduced by strangers; and not without some reason, as most of the people who have come into this country from the English counties, and commenced farmers, were in bad circumstances at the outset, and therefore have not succeeded in their undertakings; and the natives, eager to reprobate any thing new, readily attributed their failure to defective practice, rather than to the real cause, want of capital. This observation will be found to be generally true in every country. Few persons in good circumstances can be tempted to migrate; whilst others of a different description are frequently under the necessity of doing it; and, generally, it can only tend to hasten their total failure. Then the teaching of the natives, as recommended above, would have a much superior effect in establishing the doctrines of the new schools, than the introduction of any stran gers into the country. The sand banks checking the progress of the tides into a flat tract in Glamorganshire, in order to render them more firm, they are matted with the roots of the sea mat-weed (Arundo arenaria.) The hon. T. Mansell Talbot, binds each of his tenants, who rents land in the adjoining marshes, to give yearly the labor of a day or more, in proportion to his holding, as a kind of statute duty, for the planting of this reed; and experience has proved its good effects. 5. Grass. By a correct map of the rivers of a district, with a scale of their fall in a given number of furlongs or miles, and of the mountains from which they flow, and those distinguished by kinds of" quality colors," a geologist might give a fair estimate of the quality of the soils and grasses of the respective valleys intersecting that district, though anomalies frequently form exceptions in vallies as well as on sideland places. The practice of fogging pastures, almost peculiar to Cardiganshire, has been already described (5255). The reporter saw a piece that had been fogged successively for sixteen years; and according to the tenant's information, was improving annually. When land has been mowed too long, one year's fogging is supposed to recover it. Mossy pastures are benefitted by it. It replenishes the soil with seeds, that by this means are suffered to ripen and shed on the ground; and it is said that two years fogging will recover lands, let them be ever so run out by tillage or mowing. Cattle used to fog, will quit hay that may be given them, and clear away the snow with their feet to get at the fog. The fields proper to be kept in fog, must be of a dry, sound, and close soil; the argillaceous rather than the siliceous earths should prevail in it; but not so much as to be over retentive of water. The late Thomas Johnes, Esq., of Havod, observes, "Fog. ging is getting out of repute: it must have originated in chance, and want of a summer stock of cattle." Clover is grown in some few places for seed, which is separa. ted from the heads in a common corn mill, the upper mill. stone being replaced for a time with a square piece of oak furnished with eight wings studded with nails on their upper surfaces. These spokes, by their rapid motion, soon beat out the seed. 6. Gardens. On the maritime coast of South Wales generally very productive; those of the cottagers better attended to than in other parts of the district; a pleasing mixture of flowers, small fruits, and vegetables. Orchards in Radnorshire and Brecknockshire thrive well in the vallies, but more especially in the vales of Wye and Usk. Not much cider made, excepting on the Wye. 7. Woods and Plantations. "It appears from old deeds, that estates were formerly sold at an inferior price, in consequence of their being crowded with timber. Times are now changed." There are a great many oak woods and coppices in hilly From ancient records it appears that the colors of Welsh cattle were white, with red ears, like the wild breed at Ch. Ungham (6130.); they appear to have been in a wild state solare a the time of king John. The present stock are of four unds the coal-blacks of Pembrokeshire; the brownish blacks, đ dark browns, of Glamorgan; the black runts of Cardigansh m, Caermarthenshire, and the western parts of the counties of Precon and Radnor; introduced breeds, from Herdordshire and Shropshire, into the eastern and more fertile parts of Brucan and Radnor. Cows are kept for breeding, and making butter and skin-mik cheese. Johnes has proved, that at Havod, chere may be made at will, so nearly resembling Parmesan, Stilton, Glauchter, or Cheshire, that the difference cannot be perceived by good judges; and that the whole mystery consists in variD modes of producing it from the milk. The sheep of South Wales are of four kinds: mountainsen, Glamorgan vale sheep, Glamorgan Down sheep, and crossed and intermixed breeds. Mountaineers occupy the hills in the several counties of the district. The Glamorgan vale sheep, is the only breed in Wales, not introduced within memory of man, that produces canabing wool. The Glamorgan Down sheep is a beautiful and excellent small breed. Feeding upon the oldest and sweetest part of the limestone tract, their mutton is superior in guilty to most, and inferior to none; their wool is of the short clothing kind, and fine. They are generally polled. With crossed and intermired breeds many experiments have been tried within the district, and most of the confesselt without the expected success. Particular breeds of sheep hare their peculiar diseases, which continue in their constrEDAR, wherever they are removed. The limestone tract may be onsidered as the healthiest for sheep within the district, but esen there the imported modern breeds have brought with them the scab, the foot-root, the goggles, maggots, and a long t of diseases never heard of before in Wales: these are to le ranked among the profits of commerce. Horses. The small Welsh merlins or paifreys are now in many parts nearly extinct: they are a pigmy race, and may now mu then be found in the hilly walks of the interior of the 1strict There were formerly a very good breed of hardy strong piches, fit for riding and walking upon the farm, being a cross berr a good-sized horse and the small merlins; and very useful the were; but the breed has almost been totally neglected mu lost for they cross now too much with the large and siggish cart horses. 10. Political Economy. Roads as in North Wales, or worse. Road ploughs in me. a characteristic both of their state and of the nature of the materials. Good limestone however in the coal districts, and especially in Glamorganshire. Manufactures of wx many places; and, owing to the abundance of nak many hides tanned. Potteries on a large scale at Systet, Cardiff, and other places. Extensive iron and cowa lime works, and a slate quarry in Cardiganshire, &c. The Lias limestone, (lime and iron contined, the stune of 1. blueish or greyish color,) though found in many parts of England, is no where so valuable as that at Aberthaw. When burnt into lire, it is of a buff color, the charactersti, a mes ing to the engineer, Smeaton, of all lines setting in willen. Lias limestone in all parts has a peculiarity of strat ficatS and exterior character, so that a rock of it may be known at a distance. The strata are of various thickness, from a fev inches to a few feet; and those commonly separated ba inches thickness of marley clay. The ferruginams new seems to be concentrated in the interior part of cach straumthe outer sides thereof being more porcus, and of color. In inland places the strata are burnt altogether the argillaceous as well as the ferruginous calcite. Here, thethaw, or other maritime coasts, the strata funded W within reach of the tides, are broken and reled short, CTİ they are reduced to rounded pebbles or nodules, from a ferm ounces to many pounds weight; and these consistens of de nucleus or kernel part, the more useless shall being wơn để by the abration of the furious tides. These rocaded Las pedbles are driven on shore in inexhaustible quantities. Of agricultural societies there are several that of Freest, instituted in 1755, the earliest in Britain after that of SáÐburgh. SECT. III. Agricultural Survey of Scotland. 7046. The surface of this country is estimated at 18,944,000 acres, in three natural divisions. The first lies north of the chain of Highland lakes, which stretches from Murray to Mull, and consists of little else than dreary mountains and some moors; the second, or middle division, extends from this chain of lakes to the rivers Forth and Clyde; it is mountainous, but cultivated in the vallies, and on the eastern shore to a considerable etent; the remaining division is covered by hills with some mountains, but every where |