of this section shall, for each neglect, forfeit one thousand dollars to the people of the state. Every notice of change of residence so filed shall be published by the superintendent in the state paper, and in such other newspapers and for such period of time as he may direct, not exceeding three months, and the expense of such publication shall be paid to the superintendent by the individual banker to whom the notice relates. R. S., 1523, L. 1882, ch. 409, §§ 32, 33. § 43. General powers. In addition to the powers conferred by the general and stock corporation laws every bank shall have power: 1. To exercise by its board of directors, or duly authorized officers or agents, subject to law, all such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry on the business of banking; by discounting and negotiating promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange and other evidences of debt; by receiving deposits; by buying and selling exchange, coin and bullion; by loaning money on personal security; and by obtaining, issuing and circulating notes according to the provisions of this chapter. 2. To take and become the owner of any stocks or bonds or interestbearing obligations of the United States, or of the state of New York, or of any city, county, town or village of this state, the interest ou which is not in arrears. 3. To purchase, hold and convey real property for the following purposes: a. Such as shall be necessary for its immediate accommodation in the convenient transaction of its business. b. Such as shall be mortgaged to it in good faith, by way of security for loans made by, or moneys due to, such corporation. c. Such as shall be conveyed to it in satisfaction of debts previously contracted in the course of its dealings. d. Such as it shall purchase at sales under judgments, decrees or mortgages held by it. No such corporation shall purchase, hold or convey real property in any other case or for any other purpose, and all conveyances of real property shall be made to it directly and by name. All such corporations and all individual bankers shall be banks of discount and deposit as well as of circulation, and the usual business of banking of such corporations or individual bankers shall be transacted at the place where such corporations or individual bankers shall be located, agreeably to the location specified in the certificates required by law to be made by them respectively, and filed in the office of the superintendent of banks, and not elsewhere, except as otherwise provided in this chapter in relation to the redemption of circulating notes by agents. R. S., 1523, L. 1882, ch. 409, §§ 35, 37, 38. Id., 1527, L. 1832, ch. 409, § 63. § 44. Lawful money reserve.-Every bank or individual banker shall at all times have on hand in lawful money of the United States an amouut equal to at least fifteen per cent of the aggregate amount of its deposits, if its principal place of business is located in any city of the state having a population of eight hundred thousand and over; and an amount equal to at least ten per cent of the aggregate amount of its deposits, if its principal place of business is located elsewhere in the state. The amount thus to be kept on hand shall be called its lawful money reserve. One-half of such lawful money reserve may consist of moneys on deposit, subject to call with any bank or trust company in this state having a capital of at least two hundred thousand dollars and approved by the superintendent of banks as a depository of lawful money reserve. If the lawful money reserve of any bank or individual banker shall be less than the amount required by this section, such bank or banker shall not increase its liabilities by making any new loans or discount otherwise than by discounting bills of exchange payable on sight, or making any dividends or profits until the full amount of its lawful money reserve has been restored. The superintendent of banks may notify any bank or individual banker whose lawful money reserve shall be below the amount herein required to make good such reserve; and if it shall fail for thirty days thereafter to make good such reserve, such bank or individual banker shall be deemed insolvent and may be proceeded against as an insolvent monied corporation. New. $45. Repealed by chap. 382 of 1895, which took effect April 23, 1895. $46. Repealed by chap. 382 of 1895, which took effect April 23, 1895. $47. Repealed by chap. 382 of 1895, which took effect April 23, 1895. $48. Repealed by chap. 382 of 1895, which took effect April 23, 1895. $49. Payment of capital stock. All of the capital stock of every bank shall be paid in before it shall commence business. Am'd by chap. 929 of 1895. To take effect November 1, 1895 $50. Directors. No person shall be eligible to election as director of a bank having a capital of fifty thousand dollars or over unless he is a stockholder of the corporation owning in his own right an amount equal to at least one thousand dollars in value, nor of a bank having a capital of less than fifty thousand dol lars, unless he is a stockholder in his own right to an amount equal to at least five hundred dollars; and every person elected to be a director, who after such election shall cease to be the owner in his own right of the amount of stock aforesaid, shall cease to be a director of the corporation, and his office shall be vacant. The directors shall hold office for one year and until their successors are elected and have qualified. Each director must be a citizen of the United States, and at least three-fourths of the directors must be res idents of this state at the time of their election and during their continuance in office. All vacancies in the office of directors shall be filled by election by the stockholders; but vacancies not exceeding one-third of the whole number of the board may be filled by the directors then in office, and the directors so elected may hold their offices until filled by the stockholders at a special or annual meeting. One of the directors to be chosen by the board, shall be the president of the board; and if the certificate of incorporation or the by-laws do not prescribe the number of directors necessary to constitute a quorum, and makes no provision for determining the same, the directors may fix the number necessary to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, which shall not be less than five, with the same effect as if such number was prescribed in the certificate of incorporation. R. S., 1526, L. 1882, ch. 409, § 58 Mainly new. § 51. Oath of directors. Each director, when appointed or elec ted, shall take an oath that he will, so far as the duty devolves on him, diligently and honestly administer the affairs of such corporation, and will not knowingly violate, or willingly permit to be violated, any of the provisions of law applicable to such corporation, and that he is the owner in good faith and in his own right, of the number of shares of stock required by this chapter, subscribed by him or standing in his name on the books of the corporation, and that the same is not hypothecated, or in any way pledged as security for any loan or debt. Such oath shall be subscribed by the director making it, and certified by the officer before whom it is taken, and shall be immediately transmitted to the superintendent of banks, and filed and preserved in his office. New. § 52. Individual liability of stockholders.-Except as prescribed in the stock corporation law, the stockholders of every such corporation shall be individually responsible, equally and ratably, and not one for another, for all contracts, debts and engagements of such corporation, to the extent of the amount of their stock therein, at the par value thereof, in addition to the amount invested in such shares. In case any such corporation shall have been or shall be dissolved by final order or judgment of a court having jurisdiction, and a permanent receiver or receivers of the said corporation shall have been or shall be appointed, all actions or proceedings to enforce the liability of stockholders under this section shall be taken and prosecuted only in the name and in behalf of such receiver or receivers, unless such receiver or receivers shall refuse to take such action or proceeding upon prope request in that behalf made by any creditor, and in that event such action or proceeding may be taken by any creditor of the corporation. The term "stockholder," when used in this chapter, shall apply not only to such persons as appear by the books of the corporation to be stockholders, but also to every owner of stock, legal or equitable, although the same may be on such books in the name of another person, but not to a person who may hold the stock as collateral for security for the payment of a debt. Am'd by cb. 441 of 1897. R. S., 1542, L. 1882, ch. 409, § 125. § 53. Limitation of liability of stockholders.- No person who has in good faith, and without any intent to evade his liability as a stockholder, transferred his stock on the books of the corporation when solvent to any resident of this state of full age previous to any default in the payment of any debt or liability of the corporation, shall be subject to any personal liability on account of the nonpayment of such debt or liability of the corporation, but the transferee of any stock so transferred previous to such default shall be liable for any such debt or liability of the corporation to the extent of such stock in the same manner as if he had been the owner at the time the corporation contracted such debt or liability. R. S., 1543, L. 1882, ch. 409, § 127. ― $54. Powers of president and vice-president. All contracts made by any such corporation, and all notes and bills by it issued and put in circulation as money, shall be signed by the president or vice-president and cashier thereof. R. S., 1527, L. 1882, ch. 409, § 59. § 55. Rate of interest.- Every bank and individual banker doing business in this state may take, receive, reserve and charge on every loan or discount made, or upon any note, bill of exchange or other evidence of debt, interest at the rate of six per cent per annum; and such interest may be taken in advance, reckoning the days for which the note, bill or evidence of debt has to run. The knowingly taking, receiving, reserving or charging a greater rate of interest shall be held and adjudged a forfeiture of the entire interest which the note, bill or other evidence of debt carries with it, or which has been agreed to be paid thereon. If a greater rate of interest has been paid, the person paying the same or his legal representatives may recover back twice the amount of the interest thus paid from the bank or individual banker taking or receiving the same, if such action is brought within two years from the time the excess of interest is taken. The purchase, discount or sale of a bona fide bill of exchange, note or other evidence of debt payable at another place than the place of such purchase, discount or sale at not more than the current rate of exchange for sight drafts, or a reasonable charge for the collection of the same, in addition to the interest, shall not be considered as taking or receiving a greater rate of interest than six per cent per annum. The true intent and meaning of this section is to place and continue banks and individual bankers on an equality in the particulars herein referred to with the national banks organized under the act of congress entitled "An act to provide a national currency, secured by pledge of United States bonds, and to provide for the circulation and redemption thereof," approved June 3, 1864. § 56. Rate of interest on loans on warehouse receipts.Upon advances of money repayable on demand to an amount not less than five thousand dollars made upon warehouse receipts, bills of lading, certificates of stock, certificates of deposit, bills of exchange, bonds or other negotiable instruments, pledged as collateral security for such repayment, any bank or individual banker may receive or contract to receive and collect as compensation for making such advances any sum to be agreed upon in writing by the parties to such transaction. R. S., 2515, L. 1882, ch. 237. § 57. Deposit of banks and individual bankers with superintendent. Every bank and individual banker heretofore or hereafter authorized to do business, not having given notice of intention to close the business of banking, shall, before commencing or continuing such business, have and keep on deposit in the banking de partment in addition to the deposit required to secure circulating notes, stocks of this state or of the United States bearing interest, to the amount of one thousand dollars, which shall be held by the su |