CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

BOOK I.-MYTHICAL AGE.

B. C.

1184. Capture of Troy.

1124. Emigration of the Boeotians from Thessaly into Boeotia.

1104. Return of the Heraclidæ. Conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians. 1050. Cumæ founded.

850. Probable age of Homer.

BOOK II.

-

GROWTH OF THE GRECIAN STATES.

776. Commencement of the Olympiads. Age of Lycurgus.

747. Pheidon, tyrant of Argos, celebrates the 8th Olympic games.

743. Beginning of the first Messenian war.

734. Syracuse founded by Archias of Corinth.

723. End of the first Messenian war.

720. Sybaris, in Italy, founded by the Achæans.

710. Croton, in Italy, founded by the Achæans.

708. Tarentum founded by the Lacedæmonian Parthenii, under Phalanthus.

700. Archilochus of Paros, the iambic poet, flourished.

693. Simonides of Amorgos, the lyric poet, flourished. 690. Foundation of Gela in Sicily.

685. The beginning of the second Messenian war.

683. First annual Archon at Athens. Tyrtæus, the Athenian poet, came to Sparta after the first success of the Messenians, and by his martial songs roused the fainting courage of the Lacedæmonians.

670. Alcman, a native of Sardis in Lydia, and the chief lyric poet of Sparta, flourished. 668. End of the second Messenian war.

664. A sea-fight between the Corinthians and Corcyræans, the most ancient sea-fight recorded. Zaleucus, the lawgiver in Locri Epizephyrii, flourished.

657. Byzantium founded by the Megarians.

655. The Bacchiadæ expelled from Corinth. Cypselus begins to reign.

644. Pantaleon, king of Pisa, celebrates the Olympic games.

630. Cyrene in Libya founded by Battus of Thera.

625. Periander succeeds Cypselus at Corinth. Arion flourished in the reign of Periander. -624. Legislation of Dracon at Athens.

612. Attempt of Cylon to make himself master of Athens.

610. Sappho, Alcæus, and Stesichorus flourished.

600. Massilia in Gaul founded by the Phocæans.

596. Epimenides, the Cretan, came to Athens.

595. Commencement of the Cirrhæan or Sacred War, which lasted ten years.

594. Legislation of Solon, who was Athenian archon in this year.

591. Cirrha taken by the Amphictyons.

589. Commencement of the government of Pittacus at Mytilene.

586. The conquest of the Cirrhæans completed and the Pythian games celebrated. The Seven Wise Men flourished.

585. Death of Periander.

582. Agrigentum founded.

581. The dynasty of the Cypselidæ ended.

B. C.

579. Pittacus resigns the government of Mytilene.

572. The war between Pisa and Elis ended by the subjection of the Pismans.

560. Peisistratus usurps the government of Athens. Ibycus of Rhegium, the lyric poet,

flourished.

559. Cyrus begins to reign in Persia.

556. Simonides of Ceos, the lyric poet, born.

548. The temple at Delphi burnt. Anaximenes flourished.

546. Sardis taken by Cyrus, and the Lydian monarchy overthrown. Hipponax, the iambic poet, flourished.

544. Pherecydes of Syros, the philosopher, and Theognis of Megara, the poet, flourished. 539. Ibycus of Rhegium, the lyric poet, flourished.

538. Babylon taken by Cyrus. Xenophanes of Colophon, the philosopher, flourished. 535. Thespis the Athenian first exhibits tragedy.

532. Polycrates becomes tyrant of Samos.

531. The philosopher Pythagoras and the poet Anacreon flourished.

529. Death of Cyrus and accession of Cambyses as king of Persia.

527. Death of Peisistratus, thirty-three years after his first usurpation.

525. Cambyses conquers Egypt in the fifth year of his reign. Birth of Eschylus.

528. Chœrilus of Athens exhibits tragedy.

522. Polycrates of Samos put to death. Birth of Pindar. Death of Cambyses, usurpation of the Magi, and accession of Darius to the Persian throne. Hecatæus, the historian, flourished.

514. Hipparchus, tyrant of Athens, slain by Harmodius and Aristogeiton.

511. Phrynichus, the tragic poet, flourished.

510. Expulsion of Hippias from Athens.. The ten tribes instituted by Cleisthenes.

504. Charon of Lampsacus, the historian, flourished.

501. Naxos besieged by Aristagoras and the Persians. Aristagoras revolts from the Persians.

BOOK III.- THE PERSIAN WARS.

500-478

500. Aristagoras solicits aid from Athens and Sparta. Birth of Anaxagoras. First year of the Ionian revolt. Sardis burnt. Eschylus, aged twenty-five, first exhibits tragedy. Aristagoras slain in Thrace. Death of Pythagoras. Histiæus comes down to the coast. Birth of Hel

498. Third year of the Ionian revolt. 497. Fourth year of the Ionian revolt.

lanicus of Mytilene, the historian.

496. Fifth year of the Ionian revolt. Birth of Sophocles.

495. Sixth and last year of the Ionian revolt. The Ionians defeated in a naval battle near Miletus, and Miletus taken.

493. The Persians take the islands of Chios, Lesbos, and Tenedos. Miltiades flies from the Chersonesus to Athens.

492. Mardonius, the Persian general, invades Europe, and unites Macedonia to the Persian empire.

491. Darius sends heralds to Greece to demand earth and water. Demaratus, king of Sparta, deposed by the intrigues of his colleague Cleomenes. He flies to Darius. 490. Datis and Artaphernes, the Persian generals, invade Europe. They take Eretria in Euboea and land in Attica. They are defeated at Marathon by the Athenians under the command of Miltiades. Eschylus fought at the battle of Marathon, æt. 35. War between Athens and Ægina.

489. Miltiades attempts to conquer Paros, but is repulsed. He is accused, and, unable to pay the fine in which he was condemned, is thrown into prison, where he died. 486. Revolt of Egypt from the Persians in the fourth year after the battle of Marathon. 485. Xerxes, king of Persia, succeeds Darius. Gelon becomes master of Syracuse. 484. Egypt reconquered by the Persians. Herodotus born. Eschylus gains the prize in

tragedy.

483. Ostracism of Aristeides.

181. Themistocles the leading man at Athens.

B. C.

480. Xerxes invades Greece. He sets out from Sardis at the beginning of the spring. The battles of Thermopyla and Artemisium were fought at the time of the Olympic games. The Athenians deserted their city, which was taken by Xerxes. The battle of Salamis, in which the fleet of Xerxes was destroyed, was fought in the

autumn.

Birth of Euripides.

479. After the return of Xerxes to Asia, Mardonius, who was left in the command of the Persian army, passed the winter in Thessaly. In the spring he marches southward and occupies Athens ten months after its occupation by Xerxes. At the battle of Platea, fought in September, he is defeated by the Greeks under the command of Pausanias. On the same day the Persian fleet is defeated off Mycale by the Greek fleet. Sestos besieged by the Greeks in the autumn and surrendered in the following spring.

478. Sestos taken by the Greeks. The history of Herodotus terminates at the siege of Sestos.

BOOK IV. THE ATHENIAN SUPREMACY AND THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

478. In consequence of the haughty conduct of Pausanias, the maritime allies place them selves under the supremacy of Athens. Commencement of the Athenian ascendency or empire, which lasted about 70 years, - 65 before the ruin of the Athenian affairs in Sicily, 73 before the capture of Athens by Lysander.

476. Cimon, commanding the forces of the Athenians and of the allies, expels the Persians from Eion on the Strymon, and then takes the island of Scyros, where the bones of Theseus are discovered.

Simonides, æt. 80, gains the prize in the dithyrambic chorus.

471. Themistocles, banished by ostracism, goes to Argos. Pausanias convicted of treason and put to death. Thucydides the historian born.

469. Pericles begins to take part in public affairs, forty years before his death.

468. Mycenæ destroyed by the Argives. Death of Aristeides. Socrates born. Sophocles gained his first tragic victory.

467. Simonides, æt. 90, died.

466. Naxos revolted and subdued. Eurymedon, in Pamphylia.

Great victory of Cimon over the Persians at the river
Themistocles flies to Persia.

465. Revolt of Thasos. Death of Xerxes, king of Persia, and accession of Artaxerxes I. 464. Earthquake at Sparta, and revolt of the Helots and Messenians. Cimon marches to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians. Zeno of Elea flourished.

463. Thasos subdued by Cimon.

461. Cimon marches a second time to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians, but his offers are declined by the latter, and the Athenian troops sent back. Ostracism of Cimon. Pericles at the head of public affairs at Athens.

460. Revolt of Inaros, and first year of the Egyptian war, which lasted six years. The Athenians sent assistance to the Egyptians.

458. The Oresteia of Eschylus performed.

457. Battles in the Megarid between the Athenians and Corinthians. The Lacedæmonians march into Doris to assist the Dorians against the Phocians. On their return they are attacked by the Athenians at Tanagra, but the latter are defeated. The Athenians commence building their long walls, which were completed in the following year.

456. The Athenians, commanded by Myronides, defeat the Thebans at Enophyta. Recall of Cimon from exile. Death of Eschylus, æt. 69.

455. The Messenians conquered by the Lacedæmonians in the tenth year of the war. Tolmides, the Athenian general, settles the expelled Messenians at Naupactus. See B. C. 464. Tolmides sails round Peloponnesus with an Athenian fleet, and does great injury to the Peloponnesians.

End of the Egyptian war in the sixth year. See B. c. 460. All Egypt conquered by the Persians, except the marshes, where Amyrtæus continued to hold out for some years. See B. C. 449.

B. C.

455. Euripides, æt. 25, first gains the prize in tragedy.

454. Campaign of Pericles at Sicyon and in Acarnania.

Cratinus, the comic writer, flourished.

452. Five years' truce between the Athenians and Peloponnesians, made through the intervention of Cimon.

Anaxagoras, æt. 50, withdraws from Athens, after residing there thirty years.

449. Renewal of the war with Persia. The Athenians send assistance to Amyrtæus. Death of Cimon and victory of the Athenians at Salamis in Cyprus.

448. Sacred War between the Delphians and Phocians for the possession of the oracle and temple. The Lacedæmonians assisted the Delphians, and the Athenians the Phocians.

447. The Athenians defeated at Charonea by the Boeotians.

445. Revolt of Euboea and Megara from Athens. The five years' truce having expired (see B. C. 450), the Lacedæmonians, led by Pleistoanax, invade Attica. After the Lacedæmonians had retired, Pericles recovers Euboea. The thirty years' truce between Athens and Sparta.

444. Pericles begins to have the sole direction of public affairs at Athens. Thucydides, the son of Milesias, the leader of the aristocratical party, ostracized.

443. The Athenians send a colony to Thurii in Italy. Herodotus, æt. 41, and Lysias, æt. 15, accompany this colony to Thurii.

441. Euripides gains the first prize in tragedy.

440. Samos revolts from Athens, but is subdued by Pericles in the ninth month. Sophocles, æt. 55, was one of the ten Athenian generals who fought against Samos.

439. Athens at the height of its glory.

437. Colony of Agnon to Amphipolis.

436. Cratinus, the comic poet, gains the prize.

435. War between the Corinthians and Corcyræans on account of Epidamnus. The Corinthians defeated by the Corcyræans in a sea-fight.

484. The Corinthians make great preparations to carry on the war with vigor.

433. The Corcyræans and Corinthians send embassies to Athens to solicit assistance. The Athenians form a defensive alliance with the Corcyræans.

432. The Corcyræans, assisted by the Athenians, defeat the Corinthians in the spring. In the same year Potidea revolts from Athens. Congress of the Peloponnesians in the autumn to decide upon war with Athens.

Anaxagoras, prosecuted for impiety at Athens, withdraws to Lampsacus, where he died about four years afterwards.

Aspasia prosecuted by the comic poet Hermippus, but acquitted through the influence of Pericles.

Prosecution and death of Pheidias.

431. First year of the Peloponnesian war. The Thebans make an attempt upon Plates two months before midsummer. Eighty days afterwards Attica is invaded by the Peloponnesians. Alliance between the Athenians and Sitalces, king of Thrace. Hellanicus, æt. 65, Herodotus, æt. 53, Thucydides, æt. 40, at the commencement of the Peloponnesian war.

The Medea of Euripides exhibited.

430. Second year of the Peloponnesian war. Second invasion of Attica.

rages at Athens.

The plague

429. Third year of the Peloponnesian war. Potidæa surrenders to the Athenians after a siege of more than two years. Naval actions of Phormio in the Corinthian Gulf. Commencement of the siege of Platea.

Death of Pericles in the autumn.

Birth of Plato the philosopher.

Eupolis and Phrynichus, the comic poets, exhibit.

428. Fourth year of the Peloponnesian war. Third invasion of Attica. Revolt of all Lesbos, except Methymna. Mytilene besieged towards the autumn.

Death of Anaxagoras, æt. 72.

127. Fifth year of the Peloponnesian war. Fourth invasion of Attica. Mytilene taken by

B. C

the Athenians, and Lesbos recovered. The demagogue Cleon begins to have great influence in public affairs. Platæa surrendered to the Peloponnesians. Sedition at Corcyra. The Athenians send assistance to the Leontines in Sicily.

Aristophanes, the comic poet, first exhibits.

Gorgias ambassador from Leontini to Athens.

426. Sixth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Peloponnesians do not invade Attica, in consequence of an earthquake.

Lustration of Delos.

125. Seventh year of the Peloponnesian war. Fifth invasion of Attica. Demosthenes takes possession of Pylos. The Spartans in the island of Sphacteria surrendered to Cleon seventy-two days afterwards.

Accession of Darius Nothus.

The Acharnians of Aristophanes.

424. Eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. Nicias ravages the coast of Laconia and captures the island of Cythera. March of Brasidas into Thrace, who obtains possession of Acanthus and Amphipolis. The Athenians defeated by the Thebans at Delium. Socrates and Xenophon fought at the battle of Delium.

Thucydides, the historian, commanded at Amphipolis.
The Knights of Aristophanes.

423. Ninth year of the Peloponnesian war. Truce for a year.

Thucydides banished in consequence of the loss of Amphipolis. He was twenty years in exile.

The Clouds of Aristophanes first exhibited.

422. Tenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Hostilities in Thrace between the Lacedæmonians and Athenians. Both Brasidas and Cleon fall in battle.

The Wasps of Aristophanes and second exhibition of the Clouds.
Death of Cratinus.

Protagoras, the sophist, comes to Athens.

421. Eleventh year of the Peloponnesian war. Truce for fifty years between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians. Though this truce was not formally declared to be at an end till B. c. 414, there were notwithstanding frequent hostilities meantime. Treaty between the Athenians and Argives

420. Twelfth year of the Peloponnesian war.

effected by means of Alcibiades.

419. Thirteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Peace of Aristophanes.

418. Fourteenth year of the Peloponnesian war.

Alcibiades marches into Peloponnesus.

The Athenians send a force into Pelo

ponnesus to assist the Argives against the Lacedæmonians, but are defeated at the battle of Mantinea. Alliance between Sparta and Argos.

417. Fifteenth year of the Peloponnesian war.

416. Sixteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Athenians conquer Melos. 415. Seventeenth year of the Peloponnesian war. The Athenian expedition against Sicily. It sailed after midsummer, commanded by Nicias, Alcibiades, and Lamachus. Mu tilation of the Hermæ at Athens before the fleet sailed. The Athenians take Catana. Alcibiades is recalled home: he makes his escape, and takes refuge with the Lacedæmonians.

Andocides, the orator, imprisoned on the mutilation of the Hermæ. He escapes by turning informer.

414. Eighteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Second campaign in Sicily. The Athenians invest Syracuse. Gylippus, the Lacedæmonian, comes to the assistance of

the Syracusans.

The Birds of Aristophanes.

Invasion of Attica and fortification of

13. Nineteenth year of the Peloponnesian war. Decelea, on the advice of Alcibiades. Third campaign in Sicily. Demosthenes sent with a large force to the assistance of the Athenians. Total destruction of the Athenian army and fleet. Nicias and Demosthenes surrender and are put to death on the 12th or 13th of September, sixteen or seventeen days after the eclipse of the moon, which took place on the 27th of August.