A History of Greece: From the Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest - William Smith - Google Libros

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EARLY HISTORY OF PELOPONNESUS AND LEGISLATION OF LYCURGUS.

§ 1. Conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians. Division of the Peloponnesus into the

Doric States, Elis, Achaia, and Arcadia. § 2. Division of the Doric States in Pelo-

ponnesus. Argos originally the first Doric State, Sparta second, Messene third. § 8.

Pheidon of Argos. § 4. Legislation of Lycurgus. § 5. Life of Lycurgus. § 6. The

Chief Object of Lycurgus in his Legislation. § 7. Population of Laconia divided into

three Classes. Spartans. 8. Pericci. § 9. Helots. § 10. Political Government of

Sparta. The Kings. The Senate. The Popular Assembly. The Ephors. § 11.

Training and Education of the Spartan Youths and Men. § 12. Training of the Spar-

tan Women. § 13. Division of Landed Property. § 14. Other Regulations ascribed to

Lycurgus. Iron Money. § 15. Defensible Position of Sparta. § 16. Growth of the

Spartan Power, a Consequence of the Discipline of Lycurgus. Conquest of Laconia. 54

HISTORY OF SPARTA.

THE MESSENIAN, ARCADIAN, AND ARGIVE WARS.

1. Authorities for the History of the Messenian War. § 2. The First Messenian War,

B. C. 743-724. § 8. The Second Messenian War, B. C. 685-668. Aristomenes, the

Messenian Hero, and Tyrtæus, the Spartan Hero, of this War. § 4. Wars between the

Spartans and Arcadians. Conquest of the Southern Part of Arcadia by Sparta. War

between Sparta and Tegea. § 5. Wars between the Spartans and Argives. Battle

of the Three Hundred Champions to decide the Possession of Cynuria.

THE AGE OF THE DESPOTS.

§ 1. Abolition of Royalty throughout Greece, except in Sparta. § 2. Establishment of

the Oligarchical Governments. § 3. Overthrow of the Oligarchies by the Despots.

Character of the Despots, and Causes of their Fall. § 4. Contest between Oligarchy

and Democracy on the Removal of the Despots. § 5. Despots of Sicyon. History of

Cleisthenes. § 6. Despots of Corinth. History of Cypselus and Periander. § 7. Con-

flicts of the Oligarchical and Democratical Parties at Megara. Despotism of The-

agenes. The Poet Theognis.

EARLY HISTORY OF THE ATHENIANS DOWN TO THE USURPATION OF

1. Early Division of Attica into Twelve Independent States, said to have been unit-

ed by Theseus. § 2. Abolition of Royalty. Life Archons. Decennial Archons.

Annual Archons. § 3. Twofold Division of the Athenians. (1.) Eupatridæ,

Geomori, Demiurgi. (2.) Four Tribes: Geleontes, Hopletes, Ægicores, Argades. § 4.

Division of the Four Tribes into Trittyes and Naucrariæ, and into Phratriæ and

Gene or Gentes. § 5. The Government exclusively in the Hands of the Eu-

patridæ. The Nine Archons and their Functions. The Senate of Areopagus. § 6.

The Legislation of Draco. § 7. The Conspiracy of Cylon. His Failure, and Massacre

of his Partisans by Megacles, the Alcmæonid. Expulsion of the Alcmæonidæ. § 8.

Visit of Epimenides to Athens. His Purification of the City. § 9. Life of Solon.

§ 10. State of Attica at the time of Solon's Legislation. § 11. Solon elected Archon,

B. C. 594, with Legislative Powers. § 12. His Seisachtheia or Disburdening Ordi-

nance. § 13. His Constitutional Changes. Division of the People into Four Classes

according to their Property. § 14. Institution of the Senate of Four Hundred. En-

largement of the Powers of the Areopagus. The Athenian Government continues

an Oligarchy after the Time of Solon. § 15. The Special Laws of Solon. § 16. The

Travels of Solon. § 17. Usurpation of Peisistratus. Return and Death of Solon.

HISTORY OF ATHENS FROM THE USURPATION OF PEISISTRATUS TO THE

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE DEMOCRACY BY CLEISTHENES.

§ 1. Desposition of Peisistratus. His First Expulsion and Restoration. § 2. His Sec-

ond Expulsion and Restoration. § 8. Government of Peisistratus after his Final Res-

toration to his Death, B. c. 527. § 4. Government of Hippias and Hipparchus. Con-

spiracy of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, and Assassination of Hipparchus, B. C. 514.

§ 5. Sole Government of Hippias. His Expulsion by the Alcmeonidæ and the Lace-

dæmonians, B. C. 510. § 6. Honors paid to Harmodius and Aristogeiton. § 7. Party

Struggles at Athens between Cleisthenes and Isagoras. Establishment of the Athe-

nian Democracy. 8. Reforms of Cleisthenes. Institution of Ten new Tribes and of

the Demes. § 9. Increase of the Number of the Senate to Five Hundred. § 10. En-

largement of the Functions and Authority of the Senate and the Ecclesia. § 11. In-

troduction of the Judicial Functions of the People. Institution of the Ten Strategi or

Generals. § 12. Ostracism. § 13. First Attempt of the Lacedæmonians to overthrow

the Athenian Democracy. Invasion of Attica by Cleomenes, followed by his Expul-

sion with that of Isagoras. 14. Second Attempt of the Lacedæmonians to overthrow

the Athenian Democracy. The Lacedæmonians, Thebans, and Chalcidians attack

Attica. The Lacedæmonians deserted by their Allies, and compelled to retire. Vic-

tories of the Athenians over the Thebans and Chalcidians, followed by the Planting

of Four Thousand Athenian Colonists on the Lands of the Chalcidians. § 15. Third

Attempt of the Lacedæmonians to overthrow the Athenian Democracy, again frus-

trated by the Refusal of the Allies to take a Part in the Enterprise. § 16. Growth

of Athenian Patriotism, a Consequence of the Reforms of Cleisthenes.

HISTORY OF THE GREEK COLONIES.

§ 1. Connection of the Subject with the General History of Greece. § 2. Origin of the

Greek Colonies and their Relation to the Mother Country. § 3. Characteristics com-

mon to most of the Greek Colonies. 4. The Eolic, Ionic, and Doric Colonies in Asia.

Miletus the most important, and the Parent of numerous Colonies. Ephesus. Pho-

cæa. § 5. Colonies in the South of Italy and Sicily. History of Cumæ. § 6. Colonies

in Sicily. Syracuse and Agrigentum the most important. Phalaris, Despot of Agri-

gentum. § 7. Colonies in Magna Græcia (the South of Italy). Sybaris and Croton.

War between these Cities, and the Destruction of Sybaris. § Epizephyrian Locri:

its Lawgiver, Zaleucus. Rhegium. § 9. Tarentum. Decline of the Cities in Mag-

na Græcia. § 10. Colonies in Gaul and Spain. Massalia. 11. Colonies in Africa.

Cyrene. 12. Colonies in Epeirus, Macedonia, and Thrace. § 13. Importance of a

Knowledge of the History of the Greek Colonies.

HISTORY OF LITERATURE.

1. Perfection of the Greeks in Literature. § 2. Greek Epic Poetry divided into Two

Classes, Homeric and Hesiodic. § 3. Poems of Hesiod. § 4. Origin of Greek Lyric

Poetry. 5. Archilochus. § 6. Simonides of Amorgos. § 7. Tyrtæus and Alcman.

8. Arion and Stesichorus. § 9. Alcæus and Sappho. § 10. Anacreon. § 11. The

Seven Sages of Greece. 12. The Ionic School of Philosophy. Thales, Anaximander,

and Anaximenes. § 13. The Eleatic School of Philosophy. Xenophanes. § 14. The

*Pythagorean School of Philosophy. Life of Pythagoras. Foundation and Suppres-

sion of his Society in the Cities of Magna Græcia.

HISTORY OF ART.

1. Perfection of Grecian Art. § 2. Origin of Architecture. § 3. Cyclopean Walls.

Treasury of Atreus. § 4. Architecture of Temples. § 5. Three Orders of Architec-

ture, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. § 6. Temples of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus,

of Hera (Juno) at Samos, of Apollo at Delphi, and of Jove at Athens. Remains of

Temples at Posidonia (Pæstum), Selinus, and Ægina. § 7. Origin of Sculpture.

Wooden Images of the Gods. Sculptured Figures on Architectural Monuments.

Lions over the Gate at Mycena. § 8. Improvements in Sculpture in the Sixth and

Fifth Centuries B. C. § 9. Extant Specimens of Grecian Sculpture. The Selinuntine,

Eginetan, and Lycian Marbles. § 10. History of Painting.

THE PERSIAN WARS.

THE RISE AND GROWTH OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.

1. Introduction. § 2. The Assyrian Empire. § 3. The Median Empire. 4. The

Babylonian Empire. § 5. The Lydian Monarchy, and its Influence upon the Asiatic

Greeks. 6. Conquest of the Asiatic Greeks by Croesus, King of Lydia. § 7. Foun-

dation of the Persian Empire by Cyrus, and Overthrow of the Median Empire by the

latter. 8. Conquest of the Lydian Monarchy by Cyrus. § 9. Conquest of the Asi-

atic Greeks by Harpagus, the General of Cyrus. Death of Cyrus. § 10. Reigns of

Cambyses and of the false Smerdis. § 11. History of Polycrates, Despot of Samos.

§ 12. Accession of Darius, Son of Hystaspes. His Organization of the Persian Em-

pire. 13. Invasion of Scythia by Darius. § 14. Subjection of Thrace and Mace-

donia to the Persian Empire.

THE IONIC REVOLT.

§ 1. Introduction. § 2. Naxian Exiles apply for Aid to Aristagoras. § 3. Expedition

of Aristagoras and the Persians against Naxos. Its Failure. § 4. Revolt of Miletus

and the other Greek Cities of Asia. § 5. Aristagoras solicits Assistance from Sparta

and Athens, which is granted by the latter. § 6. Burning of Sardis by the Athenians

and Ionians. § 7. Death of Aristagoras and Histiæus. 8. Defeat of the Ionian Fleet

at Ladé. § 9. Capture of Miletus and Termination of the Revolt.

THE BATTLE OF MARATHON.

1. Expedition of Mardonius into Greece. § 2. Preparations of Darius for a second

Invasion of Greece. Heralds sent to the leading Grecian States to demand Earth

and Water. § 3. Invasion of Greece by the Persians under Datis and Artaphernes.

Conquest of the Cyclades and Eretria. § 4. Preparations at Athens to resist the Per-

sians. History of Miltiades. § 5. Debate among the Ten Athenian Generals. Reso-

lution to give Battle to the Persians. § 6. Battle of Marathon. § 7. Movements of the

Persians after the Battle. 8. Effect of the Battle of Marathon upon the Athenians.

§ 9. Glory of Miltiades. § 10. His unsuccessful Expedition to Paros. 11. His Trial,

Condemnation, and Death. § 12. History of Ægina. § 18. War between Athens and

Egina. 14. Athens becomes a Maritime Power. 15. Rivalry of Themistocles and

Aristeides. Ostracism of the latter.

THE BATTLES OF THERMOPYLE AND ARTEMISIUM.

1. Death of Darius and Accession of Xerxes. § 2. Preparations for the Invasion of

Greece. 3. A Bridge thrown across the Hellespont, and a Canal cut through the

Isthmus of Mount Athos. § 4. Xerxes sets out from Sardis. Order of the March.

§ 5. Passage of the Hellespont. § 6. Numbering of the Army on the Plain of Doriscus.

7. Continuation of the March from Doriscus to Mount Olympus. § 8. Preparations

of the Greeks to resist Xerxes. Congress of the Grecian States at the Isthmus of Cor-

inth. 9. Patriotism of the Athenians. Resolution of the Greeks to defend the Pass

of Tempe, which is afterwards abandoned. § 10. Description of the Pass of Thermopy-

læ. § 11. Leonidas sent out with Three Hundred Spartans to defend the Pass of Ther-

mopylæ. 12. Attack and Repulse of the Persians at Thermopylæ. 13. A Persian

Detachment cross the Mountains by a Secret Path in order to fall upon the Greeks in

the Rear. § 14. Heroic Death of Leonidas and his Comrades. § 15. Monuments erect-

ed to their Honor. § 16. Proceedings of the Persian and Grecian Fleets. 17.

The Persian Fleet overtaken by a Terrible Storm. 18. The First Battle of Artemi-

sium. 19. Second Storm. § 20. Second Battle of Artemisium. Retreat of the Gre-

cian Fleet to Salamis.

THE BATTLE OF SALAMIS.

1. Results of the Battle of Thermopylæ. § 2. Alarm and Flight of the Athenians.

§ 3. March of the Persians and Attempt upon Delphi. § 4. Taking of Athens and

Arrival of the Persian Fleet. § 5. Dissensions and Debates of the Greeks. § 6. Strata-

gem of Themistocles. Arrival of Aristeides. § 7. Position of the Hostile Fleets. Prep-

arations for the Combat. § 8. Battle of Salamis. § 9. Defeat and Flight of Xerxes.

10. Pursuit of the Greeks. § 11. Homeward March of Xerxes. 12. The Greeks

celebrate their Victory. § 18. Carthaginian Expedition to Sicily. Defeat and Death

BATTLES OF PLATEA AND MYCALE.

1. Position of the Persian and Greek Fleets. § 2. Preparations of Mardonius for the

Campaign. § § 3. He solicits the Athenians to join him. Faithlessness of the Spartans.

§ 4. Mardonius occupies Athens. Athenian Embassy to Sparta. March of the Spartan

Army. 5. Mardonius retires into Boeotia: followed by the Grecian Army. Skir-

mishes. 6. The Greeks descend into the Plain. Manoeuvres of the two Armies.

§ 7. Alexander, King of Macedon, visits the Grecian Camp. The Greeks resolve to

change their Ground: their disorderly Retreat. § 8. Battle of Platea. Defeat of the

Persians. 9. Division of the Spoil. § 10. Reduction of Thebes, and Execution of

the Theban Leaders. § 11. Death of Aristodemus. § 12. League of Platea. Relig-

ious Ceremonies. § 13. Battle of Mycalé. Defeat of the Persians. §14. Liberation

of the Greek Islands. § 15. Siege and Capture of Sestos.

HISTORY OF LITERATURE.

1. General Characteristics. § 2. Simonides. § 3. Pindar. § 4. Ibycus and Bacchyli-

des. 5. Rise of History and of Composition in Prose. § 6. Hecatæus, Charon of

Lampsacus, Hellanicus. § 7. Herodotus. § 8. Character of his Work. Analysis.

§ 9. Predilection of Herodotus for Athens. § 10. Style of his Work.

THE ATHENIAN SUPREMACY AND THE PELOPON-

B. C. 477–404.

FROM THE EXPULSION OF THE PERSIANS TO THE DEATH OF

1. Further Proceedings against the Persians. §2. Misconduct and Treason of Pau-

sanias. 3. The Maritime Supremacy transferred to the Athenians. § 4. Confed-

eracy of Delos. § 5. The Combined Fleet under Cimon. § 6. Growth of the Athenian

Power. Plans of Themistocles. § 7. Rebuilding of Athens. The Lacedæmonians

attempt to prevent its being fortified. § 8. Fortification of Peiræus. § 9. Strife of

Parties at Athens. Misconduct of Themistocles. § 10. He is ostracized. § 11. Pau-

sanias convicted of Medism. § 12. Themistocles implicated in his Guilt. He escapes

into Asia. 13. He is magnificently received by Artaxerxes. His Death and Char-

acter. 14. Death of Aristeides.

RISE AND GROWTH OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE. FROM THE BATTLE

OF EURYMEDON TO THE THIRTY YEARS' TRUCE WITH SPARTA.

§ 1. Cimon Leader of the Aristocratical Party at Athens. § 2. Revolt of Naxos. § 3.

Battle of Eurymedon. § 4. The Athenians blockade Thasos, and attempt to found

Colonies in Thrace. § 5. Earthquake at Sparta and Revolt of the Helots. § 6. De-

cline of Spartan Power. § 7. Cimon assists the Spartans to suppress the Revolt, but

without Success. The Spartans offend the Athenians by dismissing their Troops.

8. Parties at Athens. Character of Pericles. § 9. Attack upon the Areopagus.

§ 10. Ostracism of Cimon. § 11. Administration and Foreign Policy of Pericles.

§ 12. Expedition of the Athenians into Egypt against the Persians. 13. Hostilities

with Corinth and Egina. Defeat of the Corinthians at Megara. § 14. The Long

Walls of Athens commenced. § 15. The Lacedæmonians march into Boeotia. Battle

of Tanagra. § 16. Recall of Cimon. § 17. Battle of Enophyta, and Conquest of

Boeotia. Conquest of Egina. § 18. The Five Years' Truce. Expedition of Cimon

to Cyprus. His Death. § 19. Conclusion of the War with Persia. 20. The Athe-

nian Power at its Height. § 21. Decline of the Athenian Power. Revolution in

Boeotia. Other Athenian Reverses. Invasion of Attica by the Lacedæmonians

under Pleistoanax. § 22. Pericles recovers Euboea. Thirty Years' Truce with

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