History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Volumen1

Archibald Alison

Blackwood, 1849

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CHAPTER	ii

FROM THE TAKING OF THE BASTILLE TO THE REVOLT AT VERSAILLES	lx

INTRODUCTION	1

Vast colonial trade of France with St Domingo	7

Causes of the early depression of the lower orders	8

Establishment of similar municipalities over all France	10

The protection of mountain retreats	14

And of Berthier	16

Neckers Provincial Assemblies	312

General coalition against Necker	313

Neckers resignation	314

General regret at his leaving the administration	315

Successor of Necker in the finance and increasing difficulties	316

Death of Maurepas and appointment of Vergennes as prime minister	318

Resignation of Joly de Fleuri	319

DOrmesson appointed finance minister	320

Separation thence induced between the classes of society in modern times	21

Great effects of hereditary succession and primogeniture in producing this	27

Causes of the decay of the feudal liberty in Spain	31

Its decline in France and Germany	32

And in England 27 28	33

It was only fitted for a barbarous age	34

Opulence undermined the power of the nobles	35

Progress of freedom in the south of Europe	36

of these states 38 Causes of their decline	38

Difference of European and Asiatic northern conquest 37 Rapid rise of the urban civilisation of Italy Great and patriotic efforts 39 General defection ...	39

Common conclusions as to the tendency to decay in all communities	41

Causes which restored liberty Influence of Christianity	42

Causes to which it is to be ascribed	44

Great influence of religious enthusiasm on human affairs	45

Art of printing Its advantages	46

And dangers	47

Ultimate benefits of knowledge	48

Discovery of gunpowder destroyed the power of the nobility	49

Increase of luxury tended to the same effect	50

Combination of these causes in inducing the French Revolution	51

Vast effect of the revolt of armies on the cause of democracy	52

Danger from popular license which now threatens society	53

Slow growth of durable freedom	54

It gave origin to the yeomanry of England	64

Vast effect of the insular situation of England on the conquering race	65

And on the early struggles for freedom	66

And on the national wars of the English	68

Total want of archery as a force in France and Scotland	69

Peculiar combination which produced these results in England ib 25 Important effect of the loss of the English possessions in France	70

Power of the crown under the Norman kings	71

Insular situation	72

AngloSaxon institutions	73

Entire want of protection to the rural labourers	74

Democratic spirit in the time of Richard II ib 31 Wars of the Roses	75

32	76

33	77

35	79

36	81

ib 37	82

And Scotland	83

ib 40	84

41	85

42	86

ib 44	87

46	89

47	90

48	91

Great feudatories	92

Misery arising from the English wars and its effects	93

Rise of the democratic spirit in France	94

Contrast of the French and English contests for freedom	95

their pernicious effect	96

Effect of the English wars	97

Effect of the standing armies of the crown on public freedom	98

Military spirit of the nation	99

Privileges of the nobility Their pernicious effect	100

Great effects of Richelieus system of government	101

His measures to carry these designs into effect	102

Prodigious effects of these changes	103

Real causes which brought it about	104

Splendour of the reign of Louis XIV	105

Despotic nature of his government	106

Failure of the Reformation in France	107

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes	108

Its extreme severity	109

Dreadful ultimate retribution to which it led	111

CHAPTER I	117

Remarkable disproportion between agriculturists and manufacturers	119

Parallel between the French and English Revolutions 2 Moderation in England and violence in France after victory 49	125

Slavery prevented this appearing in ancient times and pressure from	131

Destruction of the power of the nobles	137

Weakness it induced on the Gallican Church	145

Who did wrong at this period of the Revolution	147

35 Suppression of the Jesuits	150

Cessation of the religious contests and rise of the philosophical opinions ib 37 Life and character of Montesquieu	151

Character of his writings	153

Influence of Montesquieu on the Revolution	154

Birth and parentage of Voltaire	156

His subsequent career	158

Rises to great literary eminence	159

Retires to Ferney on the Lake of Geneva ib 44 Last visit to Paris and death	160

Character of his philosophy	162

50	164

Rousseau His early life and habits	165

Criminal irregularities of his youth	167

His first essay in literature	168

Heartlessness towards Madame Warens	169

Moderation displayed in the English civil wars and cruelty in France ib 53	170

Foundation of his philosophical principles	171

Political weight in France since the Revolution compared with England 54	172

ib 56	173

Raynal Diderot and DAlembert	174

Pernicious doctrines of the Materialists	175

Universal infidelity which prevailed	176

Spread of these irreligious principles among the nobility	177

Great encouragement given to irreligion by Frederick and Catherine	178

Weakened state of the church at this period	180

Remarkable prophecies of the French Church on the effects of the irreligion of the age	181

Corruptions and evils of the church	182

The Economists	183

Their peculiar doctrines	184

Reflections on these doctrines	185

Privileges of the nobles	186

Rigorous distinction of noble and roturier in France	188

Composition of the privileged classes	189

Prosperous condition of the Tiers Etat	190

Vast growth of Paris and the principal towns of the kingdom	191

Superior education of the Tiers Etat	192

Taxation Its inequalities	193

Inequality in the imposition of the direct taxes in France	194

Indirect taxes	195

State of the labouring poor	196

Nonresident proprietors	197

Feudal services	198

Their variety and oppressive character	199

Exaggeration on this subject	200

Administration of justice	201

Royal prerogative	202

Extreme inconsistency with which the royal power had been exercised	204

Terrible torture which was still continued in France	205

Horrors of the old punishments	206

Corruption at court	208

Profligacy of the Regent Orleans and Louis XV	209

Madame Pompadour and Madame du Barri	211

Dissolute habits of young Egalité	212

Contrast to the manners of the middle classes at that period	214

Embarrassment of finances	215

Ineffectual efforts of preceding sovereigns to make up the deficit	216

Contempt and weakness into which the nobility had fallen	219

Inefficiency of the noblesse as a political body	220

Fatal division in France between the old families and the nouveaux anoblis	222

Distracted state of the clergy	223

Disastrous effect of the great influence of Paris	224

The element of rural loyalty was wanting or very weak in France	225

Remarkable observation of Lord Chesterfield on the state of France	226

Louis XV foresaw the dangers of the French monarchy	227

Overthrow of the parliaments resolved on by Louis XV	228

Suppression of the parliaments	229

Mr Burkes reflections on this event	231

Conquest of Corsica which made Napoleon a French citizen	232

Death of Louis XV	233

Advantages of the French system of government	234

Excellence of the parliaments as courts of law ib 109 Advantages of seats in them being acquired by purchase	236

Difference in consequence between the independence of the courts of law in the two countries prior to their Revolutions	237

Excellence of the French system of intendants of provinces ib 112 Reflections on the causes which preceded the Revolution	239

What are the real causes of revolution ib 114 It was the national vices not the national sufferings which produced the Revolution	241

It is the loss of public virtue which produces a revolution	242

CHAPTER III	243

Early characters of the Dauphins three sons	244

Early disposition of Louis XVI	245

His character	246

To what this irresolution was owing	247

Birth and early years of Marie Antoinette	248

Grief for her departure from Vienna and splendour of her reception in France	250

Magnificent fęte at Paris on the marriage	251

Dreadful accident which occurred on this occasion	252

General panic and melancholy catastrophe ib 11 Jealousies at court which make the Dauphin and Dauphiness live retired	253

Mr Burkes picture of Marie Antoinette	255

Character of the Queen	256

Her imprudences and the falsehoods to which they gave rise	257

Her heroic qualities and domestic virtues	258

Popular acts of the King and Queen on their accession	260

Character of Maurepas	262

His system of government	264

Dismissal of Abbé Terray and Maupeou and recall of the Parliaments	265

Importance of the step thus taken	267

Ingratitude of the parliament	269

Change in the system of government	270

Birth and early history of Turgot ib 24 His character as a minister	272

Fatal errors in his principles	273

Turgots finance measures	274

He establishes a free trade in grain and tumults in consequence	275

Violent disorders which ensued	276

History and character of Malesherbes	278

Malesherbes principles of government	279

Views of Turgot and his general principles	280

His ultimate designs	281

His designs for immediate change ib 34 Transports of the philosophers in Paris at his administration and ap pointment of St Germain	282

History of Count St Germain	283

Nature of the reforms in the army which were called for	285

Changes which he introduced	287

Breaks up the Hôtel des Invalides Great discontents this excited in the army	288

Turgots Six Edicts	289

Universal combination against Turgot to resist the Six Edicts	290

Continuance of the contest with the Parliament which occasions his fall	291

Reflections on the fall of Turgot	293

Causes of these disastrous results	294

The system of the old régime is restored by Clugny who succeeded Turgot	295

Early history of M Necker	297

Madame Necker and the society with which she was surrounded	298

Causes which led to Neckers appointment to the ministry	300

His appointment as finance minister ib 49 Neckers first finance measures and opposition against them	301

Character of Necker and his plans of finance	302

Views of Turgot and Necker on the American war	303

Growing interest of the French in favour of the insurgents	304

France joins America and the war with England	305

Universal enthusiasm which the success of the American war excited	307

Financial embarrassments to which the American war gave rise	308

Great embarrassment which the loans contracted occasioned to the finances	309

Existing Statesgeneral in some of the provinces	311

Character of Calonne ib 68 His system of finance	322

His exposition to the King of the real state of the finances	323

Increasing loans of Calonne who is at last driven to extremities	325

Calonnes plan for the convocation of the Notables	326

Convocation of the Notables is agreed to by the King	327

His candid exposition of the state of the finances	329

Noble speech of Calonne to the Notables	330

Universal storm against Calonne on these proposals	332

Causes of this general combination	333

Pretences of the Notables to elude the plan and finance contests	334

Death of Vergennes and continued resistance of the Notables	336

Character of the Archbishop of Toulouse	338

Briennes dangerous speech on dismissing the Notables	340

Birth of the Princess Royal and the Dauphin	341

The Queen becomes the object of persecution to the Orleans party	343

Character of the Duke of Orleans and his party	344

Incessant efforts of the Orleans party to defame the Queen	346

Queens increasing influence at court inflames the hostility against her	347

Increased rigour in favour of the aristocracy in regard to commissions in the army	348

Aid which these calumnies received from the Queens imprudent conduct	349

Nocturnal parties on the terraces at Versailles	350

Total change of ladies dress is introduced by the Queen	351

Affair of the diamond necklace	352

Trial of Cardinal Rohan and Mad de la Mothe	354

General spirit of innovation	356

Great extent of the Anglomania ib 95 General tendency to delusion in the public mind	358

First measures of Brienne which are successful	360

Progress of the dispute with the Parliament	361

Who continue to refuse to register the Edicts	362

Banishment of the Parliament to Troyes	363

A compromise between the Crown and the Parliament	364

Brienne proposes large new loans	365

The loan is rejected and the Duke of Orleans exiled exiled	366

Further measures on both sides	368

Briennes plan of a Cour Pleničre	369

Protest of the Parliament of Paris	370

Arrest of dEspréménil and Montsabert	372

Dramatic scene in the hall of Parliament	373

Universal enthusiasm excited in France by these events	374

LitdeJustice held at Versailles ib 110 Edicts there proposed which are rejected	376

Convocation of an Assembly of the clergy which also demands the Statesgeneral	377

Troubles in Bearn and Dauphiné	379

Serious troubles in Brittany	381

The Statesgeneral are at length announced for May 1 1789	383

Vehement excitement of the public mind	384

Divisions already appear in the country on the subject	385

Great influence of the Abbé Sičyes pamphlet	386

Edicts amounting to national bankruptcy	387

Which lead to the fall of Brienne and Lamoignon	388

Riots in Paris on the 25th August	390

Riot at Briennes hotel	391

Want of vigour in the government in prosecuting the offenders ib 123 Universal joy on Neckers restoration to office	392

Royal edict for summoning the Statesgeneral	393

Its extreme dangers	395

A second convocation of the Notables to determine the form of con voking the Statesgeneral	396

Ancient form of voting in the Statesgeneral	397

The popular party contend for one chamber and a double number of deputies from the Tiers Etat	398

The parliament of Paris resist these changes	399

And immediately lose their popularity	400

Meeting of the Notables who confirm the decision of the parliament of Paris	401

Necker induces the King to double the Tiers Etat and leave the mode of voting unsettled	402

Neckers reasons for this step	404

Elections and extraordinary negligence with which they were conducted ib 135 Dreadful distress in Paris in the winter of 17889	405

Disturbances in Brittany and Provence	406

Tumults in Rennes and in Dauphiné	407

Elections at Paris	408

Cahiers or instructions to the deputies	410

Vehement excitement which prevailed in Paris	411

Riot at Réveillons	413

Destruction of Réveillons manufactory and violent tumult to which it gave rise	414

Who was the author of this tumult	415

Neckers views on the union of the orders	416

Reasons which led Louis XVI to adopt these views of Necker	417

Their pernicious results	418

CHAPTER IV	429

Incipient division on the King sitting down	436

Views and instructions of the clergy	444

Birth and early life of Mirabeau	450

Total prostration of the Britons and Gauls after the fall of Rome 13 Effects of AngloSaxon conquests 14 Effect of the insular situation of Britain 15 A...	458

His invincible moral courage	459

Character of M Cazalčs	460

Of M Bailly	461

Character and biography of M Lafayette	464

Character of ClermontTonnerre	467

Of LallyTollendal and the two Lameths	468

Character of Barnave	470

Biography of Talleyrand	472

The Club Montrougethe centre of the Orleans conspiracy	473

The Club Bretonthe cradle of the Jacobins	474

Prodigious excitement in Paris during the contest of the orders	475

Vacillation and terror of the ministry	476

Remarkable prophecy of Father BeauRegard	477

Views of the conspirators on the popular side ib 43 First appearance of Robespierre in the Assembly	479

Proposals of the Tiers Etat	480

Rejection of the arbitration of the King by the Orders	481

The Tiers Etat resolve to constitute the Statesgeneral alone	482

Answer of the noblesse and the clergy	483

Serious disturbances and alarm over all France	484

Tumults in the provinces	485

Three Curés join the Tiers Etat	486

Debates on the title the Tiers Etat were to assume	487

Speech in opposition by Mirabeau	488

The Tiers Etat assume the title of National Assembly	490

57	491

Resolutions of the National Assembly declaring all taxes illegal if they were dissolved	492

Immense enthusiasm over France on these events ib 56 Commencement of the persecution of the unpopular deputies	493

Measures of the noblesse	494

58	495

ib 59	496

60	498

61	499

62	500

Reflections on this step of the Commons ib 64 Repulse by Necker of Mirabeaus advances	501

Grand council at Marly where the declaration of 23d June is resolved on	502

Royal sitting of the 23d June Great concessions of the King	503

Which give no satisfaction	504

The Commons refuse to leave the hall	505

Vast amount of these concessions of the King	506

Royal authority overthrown	507

Duke of Orleans and fortysix of the nobility join the Commons	508

Great difficulties of the Kings situation	509

Immense effervescence in Paris ib 74 Interview of the King with M de Luxembourg	510

The Kings answer to the representations of the Duke	512

the Tiers Etat	513

Junction of the orders	514

Revolt and treason of the French guards	515

Vigorous measures are resolved on by the court	516

Great agitation in the capital	517

Power daily passing from the government to the multitude	518

Indecision of Necker and the ministers	519

More violent views of the war party in the council	520

Speech of Mirabeau in the Assembly against the troops	521

Address of the Assembly to the King	522

Answer of the King	525

Commencement of the insurrection and dismissal of M Necker	526

Progress of the revolt in Paris and first appearance of Camille Desmoulins	528

Combat in front of the barracks and treachery of the troops	529

Efforts of the Orleans party to increase the excitement	530

Continuance of the riots on the 13th and want of preparation on the part of the court	531

Vigorous preparations of the Revolutionists	532

First organisation of the National Guard Municipality of Paris and Tricolor Flag	533

Rapid formation of the Revolutionary force	534

Capture of the Hôtel des Invalides ib 98 It is determined to attack the Bastille	536

Preparations for storming the Bastille	537

Description of the Bastille	538

The insurgents break into the fortress	539

Arrival of the Gardes Françaises	540

Proposals made by the civic authorities	541

Delaunay is forced to capitulate	542

Violation of the capitulation and massacre of some prisoners	543

Massacre of Delaunay and Delosme and the Provost Flesselles	544

The rest of the Invalids and Swiss are saved by the French Guards	545

Interior of the Bastille	546

Great agitation in Paris during the night	547

State of Versailles and change of measures by the court	548

The King resolves on concession	549

Violent agitation in the Assembly	550

State of the court on the night of the 14th	551

The King goes to the Assembly and declares he will dismiss the troops	552

The King visits Paris	553

Share of the Orleans faction in the insurrection	554

Who did wrong in this stage of the Revolution?	556

Usurpation and treason of the Tiers Etat ib 119 The military did wrong in revolting against the throne	557

Error of the King in the period chosen for making a stand	558

Fatal results of this treason and treachery to the cause of freedom in France	559

Bailly and Lafayette wish to resign but are not allowed	580

Disgraceful supineness of the Assembly amidst these excesses	586

Prodigious effects of those changes	592

Secret causes of this spoliation of the church at which all classes con	598

Dreadful distress at Paris	600

Anarchy in Paris	601

State of the finances	602

Declaration of the Rights of Man	603

Opinion entertained of it by its authors ib 45 Formation of a constitution	604

First appearance of entire laxity on the subject of religion	605

Division of the Assembly into the Côté Droit and Côté Gauche	606

Extraordinary haste in the formation of the constitution	607

Question of the absolute veto which is denied to the King ib 50 Mirabeau supports the crown in the debate	609

This was contrary to the general directions of the Cahiers	610

Increased misery and agitation in Paris	611

Neckers picture of the public distress	612

Mirabeau supports the proposal for a propertytax	613

Famine in Paris	614

Designs of the Orleanist conspirators	615

Views of the King at this period	616

Banquet at Versailles ib 59 Agitation in Paris at the news of it	617

State of the Assembly and the court and arrival of the mob at Ver sailles	619

The insurgents surround the Assembly	620

And soon after break into the palace	621

Irresolution of the King and heroism of the Queen ib 64 Lafayette retires to sleep	622

The mob again break into the palace and heroic defence of the body guard	623

Tardy arrival of General Lafayette	625

Heroic conduct of the Queen ib 68 The mob insist on the royal family going to Paris	626

The royal family come to Paris	627

Vast changes introduced by the Assembly	628

Their excessive rashness	629

Danger of sudden innovation ib 73 The victory of the 6th October was really over the Assembly	630

The period had arrived when resistance was necessary	631

Great fault of the nobility at this period ib 76 Sins of the peasantry and people	632

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Términos y frases comunes

Abbé amidst ancient appeared aristocracy army Assembly authority barons body Calonne cause century CHAP character church civilisation classes clergy conquest consequence constitution contest convulsion corruption corvées court crown despotism Droz Duc de Choiseul Duke of Orleans edict effects empire England English estates Europe evils excited fatal fervour feudal finances France freedom French Revolution genius Guerre Hist Histoire human Hume influence interest Jansenists King kingdom labour land liberty London Louis XVI Madame Madame du Barri manners Marie Antoinette Mémoires ment military minister monarchy Monthion Napoleon Necker nobility nobles noblesse Norman oppression orders Paris parliament parliament of Paris passion peasantry period philosophers political popular possessed principles privileges proprietors provinces ranks Rčgne de Louis reign religion rendered Rév Roman royal Sism society soon Soulavie sovereign spirit Stael States-general talent taxes throne Tiers Etat tion Turgot vols Voltaire wealth whole

Información bibliográfica

Título	History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Volumen1 History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Archibald Alison
Autor	Archibald Alison
Editor	Blackwood, 1849
Procedencia del original	Universidad de California
Digitalizado	22 Jun. 2010

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