* Vocal consonants are those uttered with a slight degree of vocality, but less than that of a vowel. They are formed with a vibration of the vocal chords.

† Aspirate consonants are those in which the pure breath alone is heard. They are formed without any vibration of the vocal chords.

EXERCISES ON THE VOWELS AND CONSO

NANTS.

a (long).

age, ate, ape, babe, pale, face, lake, lane, made, rate, page, wade, shame, skate, spade, snake, blade, blame, plate, slate, brave, trade, whale.

a (short).

an, am, at, bad, bat, pat, fat, fan, vat, lap, lad, map, mat, ran, rat, hat, wax, that, than, chat, span, plan, flag, flax, glad, brag, back, black, damp, lamp, tramp, and, band, hand, land.

a (Italian).

far, mar, jar, tar, are, bark, park, dark, arm, farm, charm, harm, hard, hark, harsh, march, sharp.

a (broad).

all, fall, gall, ball, tall, small, bald, halt, salt, warm, warn, swarm, want, warp, wart.

e (long).

be, he, me, we, she, here, mere, mete, these.

e (short).

bed, pet, fed, vex, beg, ten, hen, led, leg, let, met, get, jet, yet, wet, step, neck, deck, belt, bench,

flesh, fresh, slept, swept, them, then, vest, west, when, thresh, trench, send, lend.

i (long).

die, pie, lie, ice, bite, pipe, five, fine, vine, wine, dive, dine, time, fire, hide, hive, life, line, glide, gripe, shine, shrine, slide, smile, strife, strive, swine, thine, thrive, white, while, mind, kind.

i (short).

in, if, it, is, bid, bit, dip, fit, hid, hit, his, kid, lip, lit, pig, pit, sip, sit, tip, wit, this, shin, ship, chin, chip, fish, dish, sing, wing, skim, swim, smith, spring, trip, twist, whip, ink, drink.

o (long).

go, lo, so, no, foe, hoe, toe, bone, home, joke, hope, note, nose, rope, drone, drove, globe, grove, shore, stroke, strove, swore, throne, both, fold, forth, gold, sport, torn, worn.

o (short).

on, ox, bog, top, dog, fog, job, jog, log, lot, mop, not, rob, rod, sob, sod, blet, chop, drop, flog rock, flock, fond, grot, long, strong, shop, shot.

O (long and close).

do, to, lose, prove, move, shoe, who, whose.

u (long).

due, hue, use, dupe, fume, flume, flute, mule, mute, plume, pure, tube, tune.

u (short).

up, us, bud, bug, but, dug, fun, gun, hub, hut, nut, pug, sum, sun, sup, tub, lung, sung, must, trust, thrust, much, such, plum, plump, pulp, shrub, shun, snug, spun, stump.

u (middle).

put, pull, bull, full, push, bush, ambush, bushel u (short and obtuse).

bur, cur, fur, blur, slur, spur, spurn, turn, surf.

oi and oy.

oil, boil, soil, toil, spoil, join, joint, point, noise, choice, boy, coy, cloy, joy, toy.

ou and ow.

foul, gout, loud, noun, out, our, pout, rout, trout, spout, stout, shout, found, ground, brow, brown, cow, how, now, crowd, crown, drown, fowl, gown, growl, frown, town.