tight girthing, and allow plenty of bedding. Sprinkle the stall occasionally with hot vinegar, and remove the dung as soon as it falls. If cold fits intervene, use warmer clothing, and let friction, with a soft brush, be persisted in, until warmth is restored. Above all things keep the body open, and avoid every thing that frightens or irritates: if the horse will lay down, it will favour the

cure.

When a fever is symptomatic, the cause must first be removed; in the meanwhile soothing treatment should be resorted to, and palliatives be principally used. In this we allude to diet, &c. as detailed in the foregoing paragraph. When the fever runs very high, and that bleeding cannot be attempted (either at first, or in repetition) clysters must be frequently given, and rowels may be made in the breast and thighs.

When the fever is equivocal, or when it is decidedly of a malignant species, such as the typhus, or epidemic, which in some countries is by no means rare, though uncommon with us; if the horse be in a robust state, bleed copiously; but if emaciated, or of a weak frame, avoid that evacuation. Wash the body with warm vinegar, in which aromatic herbs have been boiled; sprinkle frequently with the same: remove the dung instantly, and change the bedding twice or thrice within the day. Burn nitre every half hour, so as to occasion a thick smoke, and let a piece of touch-paper be always smothering in a corner of the stable, which ought to be very cool. Keep the body open with antiseptic purges, and use little clothing. If a critical purging should come on, by no means check it; encourage every sore which may appear, and open rowels in various parts. This complaint being highly infectious, no other horse should be allowed to stand within the same area, in fact, horses labouring under the typhus fever, should be removed to some distance from other animals, whether horses, horned cattle, &c.; the infection being very apt to reach them.

Fistula being a complaint absolutely requiring the aid of a surgeon when in ano, perineo, &c. we refrain from stating any thing on that subject.

Fistulous withers will be found a very troublesome complaint; and under the hands of a common farrier, will seldom be cured without considerable delay, and great risk. We advise great cleanliness, and, that the part should be laid open, if the si

tuation may admit; or, at all events, that a seton should be passed through the bottom of the sore, whence the matter might be discharged. Apply light pledgets of lint, just to keep the parts open; and when about to heal, which may be known by the granulations, &c. be cautious not to allow any pressure. If any of the dorsal spinous processes be tainted, exfoliation will take place: encourage the efforts of nature in that respect. Keep the body open, and let the diet be soft and cooling; allow free ventilation, and approach the animal gently. Sudden starts, and motions arising from fear, often do incalculable mischief in this complaint; which may be speedily removed, when timorously and cautiously treated.

Founder, has usually been mistaken for a disease of the loins or of the chest; but where its seat is forward, the fore feet will be found injured; in the former case the hind feet: this may be easily ascertained by observing whether the horse seeks relier from bringing the hind legs forward (as he stands in the stable) to support the fore quarters, or keeps the fore legs inclined considerably backwards, to support the hinder quarters: thus endeavouring to take the weight off the tender parts. When all the feet are affected, the horse lies down, and is unwilling, or perhaps unable to rise. This is usually a very troublesome complaint, and requires very copious bleeding, and every attention to ease and rest. The shoes ought to be taken off, and very soft litter be allowed, and frequently tossed up with the fork, to keep it from caking. Bleeding at the toes rarely fails of giving great relief; letting the blood flow freely. Endeavour, by all means, to prevent the collection of matter, as that always injures; indeed, after once suppuration has taken place, weakness, if not rottenness, will ensue in almost every case. Purge well, and keep the feet cool by the frequent application of salt and water, or sugar of lead in water, or sal-ammoniac and vinegar. Pare away the crust, so as to liberate the foot from its usual constriction. When recovering, we would recommend to turn the animal out into a rich soft paddock, if the season permits; or into a soft straw yard: the former is best, on account of the diet. Allow no corn, unless where the horse is extremely weak; and then scalded malt, &c. will answer best. In very bad cases, some have taken up the lateral arteries; but such seems to be a desperate course, and should never be practised where any hope

remains of success from milder treatment. When reduced to that extremity, the beast can be of no value.

Fractures and luxations, are subjects for the introduction of a surgeon: in most instances cures might be effected, provided the horse could be slung, so as to take the pressure entirely off from the limb. Iron frames, and very stiff splents, are sometimes used; but cannot always be had; neither are they applicable to every case. Nature in time will unite the bones of a simple fracture, after they have been set; but in general a callous protuberance is seen, which renders the animal less saleable; though the limb may be as serviceable as ever. We think it absurd to shoot a horse, merely because he has broke a bone which, by a little care, might be perfectly restored.

Grease is generally the effect of too rich food with little exercise; or it may be induced by bad standing, or by excess of labour; it is most frequent, and most difficult of cure, in very long limbed horses. Washing the legs without drying them is very apt to produce this disease, which is equally disposed to recur. If grease proceeds from redundancy, bleed, purge, and use gentle exercise, with moderate friction. When from weakness, or over labour, allow rest and nourishing food, giving good standing, and preserving perfect cleanliness.

Gripes have remissions of pain, which distinguish them from inflammation in the bowels, as does the disposition to roll on the back. Costiveness, bad food, drinking while warm, standing in the cold, especially after exercise, all cause this complaint. To cure it rake well, throw up clysters as warm as can be borne, and in large quantities. If the pain be very acute and obstinate, bleed copiously, and give a lump of opium, about the size of a large hazel-nut. But this must be done before any symptoms of inflammation appear. Foment the bowels with hot water, applied by means of blankets dipt therein. Give this draught as soon as possible: viz. castor-oil, one pint; oil of peppermint, one drachm; mix them with the yolks of two eggs, then add half a pint of water. If the bowels have not been well opened, let the following be given. Calomel, half an ounce; gum-gamboge, one drachm; Castile soap, half an ounce; make into a bolus with honey, and given at night; keeping on warm clothing, and cautiously avoiding a draught of wind.

Gutta serena, or glass-eyes, being absoIntely incurable in horses, we shall not treat

of it here, but refer to that head for a description of the disease as it affects the human eye.

Hepatitis, or inflammation of the liver, is usually induced by a morbid state of the parts secreting the bile, and may be known by a yellowness of the eyes and mouth, attended with considerable fever: in severe cases the horse is sometimes stiff in the off shoulder. Bleed freely, and blister the sides, applying numerous rowels underneath. Rake, and clyster; then purge well, by giving the following bolus, night and morning, till it operates freely. Calomel, half a drachm; aloes, one drachm and a half; Castile soap, two drachms; mix with honey.

Hydrophobia is incurable, however, if a large piece be taken out as soon as the horse has been bitten; or a fire-brand be quickly applied so as to burn a deep hole, or that lunar caustic be used, the animal may be saved; but such cannot be done in every part. Purge well, and administer mercurial preparations, so as to affect the system forcibly for a few days; gradually abating for a month, or more: if rapid symptoms appear, the horse should be instantly destroyed.

Jaundice may exist with or without any obvious inflammation of the liver; but should, for the sake of safety to the animal, always be considered as connected with hepatitis (which see.) If the symptoms be not urgent, the bleeding may be omitted; but purge well.

Inflammation, in whatever part, is generally the index to blood letting, either by opening a vein, by cupping, or by some other means. But local inflammations which seem to be critical, and push forward to suppuration, should rather be encouraged than resolved; unless they settle upon some part endangering the life. When the brain is inflamed, the lancet must be freely used, as must the blistering ointment and purges, together with whatever may tend to lessen the complaint in that part. The eye must, when in a state of irritation, be kept cool, and the habit lowered. Mild solutions of white vitriol, added to a few drops of extract of saturn should be applied, in the form of poultice, cold and frequently. When the stomach is inflamed, the horse should lose blood, and be clystered occasionally with soft cooling liquids. In cases of inflamed bladder, diuretics should be avoided; clysters should be occasionally administered, and mucilaginous, soothing drink be liberally given; such as decoction

of mallows, gum-arabic, linseed-tea, bar ley-water, &c. with regard to an inflammation of the liver we refer to hepatitis in this article. When the kidneys are inflamed, the treatment should be as in diseases of the bladder; observing, that the animal ought to be kept very low, after ample evacuations, both by bleeding and gentle purges; and that diuretics are highly prejudicial.

Lampes, is a swelling of the bars in the roof of the mouth, chiefly in young horses. But as, in such, the bars are always large, and appear to be swelled, be cautious in ascertaining that they really are so. When such is the case, by no means burn with a hot iron, as farriers too often do, but rub with alum and honey; if they do not subside, you may scarify the part very slightly with a sharp instrument, guarded with tow, &c. near its point, so that you cannot, in case of accident, do injury by making too deep a 'wound.

Lethargy, is often very slow in its approach, but sometimes equally rapid; in the latter instance rather tending towards epilepsy. It is occasioned in either case by too great a determination of blood towards the head. Bleed freely, unless when the debility is great; open the body by active purges, rake, and clyster, and endeavour to excite perspiration. Give the following: nitre, three drachms; resin, three drachms; cream of tartar, three drachms; all finely powdered, and mixed with honey into a bolus: repeat every morning, until the discharge of urine is abundant.

Mallenders, and sellenders, are scurfy eruptions about the knee, discharging a sharp ichor: they bear the first designation when within the front bending of the hock, the latter when they appear at the back of it. Wash with soap-suds, and apply the following: white vitriol, half a drachm; sugar of lead, half a drachm; tar, one ounce; mix, and rub in gently.

Mange, commonly arises from filth, or from poorness of condition, and is extremely infectious. Wash well with soap-suds, and apply the following: common brimstone, levigated, eight ounces; of alum and white vitriol each five drachms; horse turpentine, three ounces; lard, half a pound; mix, and rub frequently.

Pole evil, arises chiefly from friction of the collar at the back of the ears, or other such causes: it often forms a tumour, which must be brought forward, unless by blistering, &c. the fluid can be removed. Take -care to open below the abscess, else there

will be danger of sinuses. The sore is often extremely difficult to heal, and requires much patience: it will, however, generally yield to cleanliness, and due discharge downwards, by means of a seton smeared with mild blistering ointment: this ought to be kept in until the cavity is grown up, and in a manner grasps the seton.

If

Quittors, commonly are produced by the lodgment of filth about the coronet and surrounding parts: they should never be burnt, as is often practised by common farriers; but be kept very clean, and dressed twice daily with dijective ointment. carbuncles, or proud flesh, should arise, take them down by means of lunar caustic. These sores are usually very tedious; but should not be hurried, as they are apt to break out afresh, or to run among the bones of the foot, when prematurely dried. Wash frequently with soap-suds, and put pledgets of lint, steeped in spirits of turpentine, until the sores appear clean and healthy.

Ring bone, is an exostosis, which partly surrounds the coronet: this, together with splents, curbs, bone-spavins, &c. may sometimes be cured by early attention; but when suffered to stand long, cannot be removed except by absolute force, such as sawing or chisseling them off. A strong preparation of corrosive sublimate, added to Spanish flies and Venice turpentine, and mixed with hog's-lard, will often dissolve a ring-bone, &c.; but much time is generally required to complete a cure.

Stag-evil, is properly the tetarsus, or locked-jaw. This is often caused by sudden changes from heat to cold: generally speaking the cure is very uncertain; but it will chiefly depend on opium, the warm bath, and other antispasmodics. Sometimes the sudden application of cold water in great quantities has been serviceable: friction of turpentine oil or spirits generally proves useful, as does a clyster made with 2 oz. of spirit of hartshorn, 4 oz. of oil of turpentine, and the yolks of three or four eggs; mixed with a quart of strong ale and gin. It is a great object to promote urine, sweat, &c.

Staggers, or phrenzy, is supposed to be a variety of the sleepy staggers, vertigo, or lethargy; only that in this instance the pressure on the brain is extreme, and the animal rendered outrageous. The causes are various; but for the most part this distemper arises from the critical termination of some other inflammatory disease. Sometimes it proceeds from a sun-stroke, and has been known to arise from the vicinity

of putrid matter: being suddenly changed from poor food to rich nourishing diet is a very frequent cause. To effect a cure, the horse should be bled copiously, from three to four quarts every eight hours, until the symptoms abate. Blister the head and neck with Spanish flies mixed in spirits of turpentine: rake well, and administer a strong clyster, so as to excite considerable discharge of excrement. Let the stables be very cool, and be sprinkled with hot vine gar. If possible to get a bolus down, let the following be given: calomel two drachms, aloes six drachms, Castile soap two drachms, mixed with honey. Allow very little drink. In desperate cases sling the horse, and throw cold water over his head and neck.

Stones in the bladder have been removed by cutting, the same as is practised when they form in the human bladder; but this is a very uncertain operation with cattle. When in the kidnies, stones may sometimes be brought down by strong diuretics; but, when so situated, the animal generally lingers a long time, and dies in great agony, perfectly emaciated. Horses also have stones occasionally in the intestines, generally in the cœcum, or blind gut. These induce frequent colics, and as they grow occasion much pain: unfortunately we know not of any means for their expulsion, or for their dissolution. Mares have been known to void great quanties of small stones, like pebbles.

Strangles rarely attack horses after completing their sixth year. This curious complaint has been compared to various diseases incident to the human frame, however, not with perfect propriety. It usually begins with a fever, a cough, a running at the nose, and a swelling of the sub-maxillary glands. If unheeded those glands will suppurate, rendering the cure very tedious, and in some degree dangerous. Repel, if possible, by copious bleedings, opening the body, exciting perspiration, and by gentle diuretics. Give the following, night and morning: nitre six drachms, cream of tartar six drachms, emetic tartar a drachm and a half, warm gruel one quart. Often great advantage is derived from blistering the throat, and from rowels in the chest. Strangles are supposed to be infectious; but we believe that point has never been fully ascertained. It may, however, be prudent to obviate any hazard of contagion.

Swelled legs usually proceed from weak ness, and are very frequent after long indis

positions, during which horses could not be duly exercised. Bleed freely, if the horse be in good condition, and lower his diet; use gentle exercise, and rub the part with flannel, or a soft brush: put on a stocking at night dipt in spirits of turpentine, with a little Goulard mixed. As the parts diminish gradually apply elastic rollers ; but take care not to impede the circulation. Give very mild purges and diuretics, observing to keep the body gently open. If the complaint proceeds from debility, feed well, and proportion the exercise to the animal's powers: never fatigue him. But friction will on all occasions be found the safest, and the most effectual remedy. The stable should be kept cool, and sweating should be particularly avoided, since it would increase the complaint. In some strong habits rowels in the thighs may be advantageously made.

Thrush, or running-thrush, is a discharge from the sensible frog, which soon becomes deeply diseased, if the pressure, &c. which occasioned the complaint be not removed. It chiefly takes place in narrow heels, especially where the frog has been cut away, and the heels left high. The running ought to be dried, taking care to bring the frog into action by lowering the heels gradually, and bearing upon it by means of a bunch of tow. Use this wash frequently, as warm as it can be borne: tar two ounces, oil of vitriol six drachms. Gentle purges and mild diuretics will greatly aid towards a cure, if the habit be full, and the discharge considerable. Horses that have bad standing are very subject to this complaint; in fact, dirty, damp stables give birth to an infinity of diseases.

Ulcers invariably require soft dressings, and that their edges should be kept low, and free from callous or horny matter. Dress often, and in case of a sinus be careful to have the vent downwards, so that the discharge may be free. We have not any complaint more various than this, nor one more difficult to heal. Indeed, in some instances that should not be attempted. Cleanliness and mild treatment are indispensable. If fungus flesh should arise, or the edges become hard, touch with blue vitriol, or with lunar caustic, and make way for the flesh to granulate, and for the skin to collapse. When the habit is foul, topical applications alone will not answer; alteratives must be given, and the diet be such as may check the acrimony. When the wound cicatrizes, apply a little lard very gently to

soften the skin; and if the flies are troublesome, mix a very small quantity of tobacco in the lard.

Warbles, form under the saddle, in consequence of unequal pressure. Perfect rest is the best remedy; but a solution of sugar of lead in vinegar will greatly promote dispersion. If the warbles become firm, (i. e. sit-fasts) blister them, or, if necessary, let them be carefully extirpated by the knife.

Wind-galls must be removed by firm pressure on a bolster that immediately sets upon the swelling: when subdued the part should be fired, to prevent recurrence of the complaint. The sweating blister, made by steeping Spanish flies in vinegar, often has a fine effect, as will any preparation that 'causes speedy evaporation; but the compress is what we chiefly advise for unless the parts be brought together by pressure, the object will rarely be attained.

Worms frequently cause extreme indisposition before their existence is even suspected: many horses have, indeed, died in consequence. It is proper therefore to state, that when a horse rubs his tail, and that a yellow matter appears at times about the anns, worms may be suspected; especially if he eats heartily, yet has a staring coat, and does not thrive; or that he stands with his hind legs straddling, has slight attacks of gripes, and frequently turns his head towards his belly, which commonly appears large and low. Bots may often be found among the dung; these are very tenacious of life, and resist most of our strong vermifuges. Common salt is one of the most powerful remedies; but subjects the horse to considerable inquietude. The root of the male fern, levigated, and given fresh, is highly extolled, as is soot also. But we believe that strong doses of calomel and gamboge will be found the most efficient, provided they be persevered in, so as to scour for a number of days, or even perhaps a fortnight, in succession; but this must greatly depend on the condition and constitution of the horse. The teretes, or long round worms, are commonly white, about ten inches in length, and require very strong purges to dislodge them. The ascarides, which are very small worms, scarcely longer than a common needle, are not so bad as the preceding in their effect on the intestines, but give considerable uneasiness. We recommend the continued purge, as affording the best prospect of expulsion.

Under the article Equus the reader will find what appertains more particularly to the

nature of that useful animal: we shall conclude this with strongly inculcating the expediency of avoiding communication with farriers, and in advising the introduction of regular medical or surgical aid, whenever horses suffer under such indisposition as cannot be removed by the cheap and simple recourse to good bedding, ease, moderate warmth, generous diet suited to the case; and where there appear inflammatory symptoms, to bleed to the amount of two, three, or even four quarts, substituting diluent beverage, such as warm hay or linseed-tea, or scalded bran or malt, in lieu of more substantial food. By such attention, and by forbearance from violent or harsh measures, we have seen horses speedily recover from complaints that, under the farrier's auspices, would have induced long disease, and a long bill. There will be found in every town some person capable of giving advice at least; and in most places some oue of the profession will be found willing to take charge of a sick horse. Formerly, indeed, such a request would have appeared an affront; but in these more enlightened times that apprehension need not be entertained: indeed many eminent surgeons pride themselves on a familiar acquaintance with veterinary subjects. Perhaps we may be right in observing, that the designation of horse-doctor being banished from our country establishments, to make way for the more respectable title of doctor of horse, has not a lit tle contributed towards the present liberality of sentiment to this useful profession.

To such readers as may be desirous of obtaining a full acquaintance with the subject, we recommend person application to Mr. Coleman, and that they subscribe to the college fund. By such means they will derive the utmost advantage from the liberality and abilities of that gentleman, and gradually become competent to the treatment of the most ordinary class of accidents and distempers. Mr. Coleman's work will also be found a cheap and highly useful member of the library.

FASCIÆ, in astronomy, certain parts on Jupiter's body resembling belts or swathes. They are more lucid than the rest of that planet, and are terminated by parallel lines, sometimes broader and sometimes narrower. M. Huygens observed a fascia in Mars much broader than those of Jupiter, and possessing the middle part of his disk, but very obscure.

FASCINES, in fortification, faggots of