cular was the cure of perfect loss of speech. If the naked metal of the wire, from a powerful battery, be applied to the skin, it becomes cauterized and blistered.

If the plate, covered with a moistened sponge, connected with one end of the battery, be applied to the back of the head, at the same time that the moistened fingers of one hand are slightly applied to the other end, a smarting sensation will be felt in the part, and a taste at the same time will be felt in the mouth, similar, but in a greater degree, to that occasioned by the piece of zinc, and the shilling when laid upon the tongue. This experiment succeeds the best with a small number of large plates, as much as ten inches square.

Decomposition of Water and other Bodies.

The most simple way of performing this experiment, is to bring the wires coming from each end of the battery into a vessel of water. A profusion of bubbles of gas will appear to be given out from each wire, as far as they are immersed in the liquid. The nearer the wires are brought together, so as not to touch, the more rapidly the decomposition goes on. The gas produced from the wire coming from the zinc end of the battery, if the wire be of gold or platina, is found to be oxygen gas; but if the wire be of any more oxydable metal, no gas will appear, but the wire becomes oxydated. The gas furnished by the wire from the copper end of the battery, of whatever kind of metal the wire may be, is pure hydrogen. If the immersed part of this, however, be previously oxydated, no gas will be observed for some time, the hydrogen being employed in reducing the oxide upon the surface.

Both the gases are furnished from the decomposition of the water.

An apparatus more convenient for this experiment, and at the same time fitted for collecting the gases, is shewn in fig. 4; cg, is a cup of glass capable of receiving the glass tube, h; Ec, and fz, are two wires of platina, fitted into two holes perforated in the bottom of the glass cup; the tube, h, which is close at the top, is first filled with the water or other liquid, and the cup inverted upon it; the whole are then suddenly returned into their erect position: this apparatus is then placed in the frame, fig. 5; ABCD are four pieces of brass, united together by the pieces of glass, F and G, and supported by four legs, through which also

the brass rods, H and K, are passed. It is plain, the two sides of this frame are insulated with respect to each other, at least as much as is necessary for any galvanic experiment. The part ƒ, in fig. 4, being introduced into any of the holes, such as n m, the opposite end, F, is made to rest on the opposite brass rod, K. If the wires from the battery be now connected with the frame at H and K, the gas will instantly begin to rise from the wires, c and z, up into the tube, while the liquid descends and occupies the cup.

A number of the apparatus, such as fig. 4, may be employed at the same time; and if the different tubes are filled with different liquids, such as the various solutions of salts, and the communication of each occasionally cut off, by placing some non-conductor at E, their relative conducting powers may be ascertained.

If two tubes of smaller size be placed, one over the wire, z, and the other over that of c, the gases may be collected separately.

If the tube contains a metallic solution, such as silver, lead, or copper, the wire from the copper end of the battery will afford no gas; but the metal of the solution will be reduced. Let the glass vessel A, fig. 6, have the two tubes, z and c, ground into its two necks. At the ends, z and c, of the tubes, are tied bits of bladder, so that any liquid in the tubes may have no tendency to enter the vessel A. The vessel being previously filled with some liquid, the tubes are so inserted that no air may exist between the ends of the tubes; the tubes are also provided with two small caps of ivory or wood, through which the platina wires, pp, are passed, reaching the bottom so near as not to pierce the bladders. The tubes being filled with water, and the wire from the zinc-end of the battery connected with the wire of tube z, while that of the copper is attached to that of tube c, the decomposition of water will speedily commence, the wire in z affording oxygen gas, while that of c affords hydrogen gas. In a very short time, the liquid of the tube, z, will be found to contain muriatic acid; or rather, the oxy-muriatic; and the tube, c, will at the same time be found to contain a fixed alkali. If the tubes be filled with infusion of cabbage, the signs of alkali and acid are very soon observed, from the liquid of z becoming red, and that of c green.

If the connection be reversed, the liquids repass to the blue colour, and if

Galvanism, as a source of light and heat.

Batteries of great dimensions, such as contain from 5,000 to 10,000 square inches each, of zinc and copper surface, are capable of furnishing abundance of sensible heat and much light. If the connection be. tween the two ends of the battery be made by a very small wire, such as the fine watch spring wire, the wire becomes red-hot for a considerable length, and if the power of the battery be great, it becomes whitehot and ultimately fused.

Let the end of the wires of the battery be each provided with a pair of tweezers, one pair of which being insulated from the hand by covering the surface with dry cloth; place between each pair of tweezers a small bit of charcoal, made in a close vessel, from box-wood, or lignum vitæ. The moment the contact is formed between the bits of charcoal, a vivid light is produced, much more brilliant than that occasioned by burning in oxygen. If the contact be frequently severed by a sort of tremulous motion, the light may be kept up for some time.

The foils and small wires of metals are deflagrated by placing them in the current. Let one of the conducting wires be brought in contact with an iron dish, filled with mercury. Let the foil or small wires be attached to the other conducting wire, and be brought in contact with the surface of the mercury, which constantly presenting a clear surface, is very convenient in these experiments. A very brilliant effect may also be produced, by presenting the foils to the surface of a sheet of tinsel.

In inflaming oils, alcohol, &c. by galvanism, some thin metallic substance, or a small piece of charcoal, should be covered with the substance to be inflamed. The moment the contact is made, as in deflagrating the metal, the oil takes fire.

The galvanic spark, with great facility, fires a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen gases.

A very brilliant discovery has lately been made by Mr. Davy, Professor at the Royal Institution, and confirmed by others, which consists in the decomposition of the two fixed alkalies. It is performed by placing a bit of the alkali in the solid state, and a little moistened, upon a plate of platina, connected with one end of the battery, and bringing into contact with it another piece of platina, from the other end of the

formed, in which is found imbedded small metallic globules; which substance is found to be the base of the alkali, and has been deprived of its oxygen by the galvanic agency. These globules are so inflammable, as to decompose water, with a brilliant flash and slight explosion. See ALKALI.

This discovery will be of great importance to chemistry, and will probably soon make a serious change in its arrangement and nomenclature.

GAMBOGE, is a substance obtained from the stalagmites cambogioides, a tree that grows wild in the East Indies; from which it is had by wounding the shoots. It is brought here in large cakes, which are yellow, opaque and brittle. With water it forms a yellow turbid liquid used in painting. In alcohol it is completely dissolved. If taken internally it operates violently as a cathartic.

GAME. It is a maxim of the common law, that goods of which no person can claim any property belong to the King by his prerogative: hence those animals feræ naturæ, which come under the denomina. tion of game, are styled in our laws his Majesty's game; and that which he has he may grant to another; in consequence of which another may prescribe to have the same within such a precinct or lordship. And hence originated the right of lords of manors, or others, to the game within their respective liberties. For the preservation of these species of animals, for the recreation and amusement of persons of fortune, to whom the King has granted the same, and to prevent persons of inferior rank from misemploying their time, the following acts of parliament have been made. The common people are not injured by these restrictions, no right being taken from them which they ever enjoyed; but privileges are granted to those who have certain qualifications therein mentioned, which before rested solely in the King. To entitle any one to kill game, he must now take out a certificate, upon which a stamp duty is payable. These certificates are to be dated the day of the month when issued, and shall be in force till the first of July following, and no longer; and if any clerk of the peace, his deputy, or steward, clerk, &c. issue certificates otherwise than directed, to forfeit 201. 25 Geo. III. sess. 2. No person to destroy game until he has delivered an account of his name and place of abode to the clerk of the peace, or his deputy, or

or two justices may convict, or that one or two witnesses must prove the offence: and in treating of the several statutes on this head we shall consider, 1. what relates to game exclusively; 2. what relates to other quadrupeds; and, 3. other birds, which, though fere naturæ, are sometimes reclaimed, and private property.

Every higler, chapman, victualler, carrier, &c. who shall have in his possession any hare, pheasant, partridge, moor-game, &c. or offer to sell any such (except sent by a person qualified to kill game), P. 51. for each piece; R. distress, and in default commitment three months; J. 1. Stat. 5. Ann, c. 14, s. 2.

Persons not qualified to keep dogs, engines, &c. to destroy game, P. 51.; R. as above; A. half to the informer, half to the poor. Justices, lords of manors, and gamekeepers, may take away the game, dogs, guns, &c.

Gamekeeper selling, or otherwise disposing of such game, without consent of the lord of the manor, P. three months imprisonment; conviction as above. Ibid. s. 4.

Killing game in the night, i. e. between seven in the night and six in the morning, from October 12 to February 12; and between nine at night and six in the morning, from Feb. 12 to Oct. 12; or at any time on a Sunday or Christmas Day, P. from 10l. to 201. for the first offence, and from 20l. to Sol. for the second; conviction as above, to be within one month. 13 Geo. III. c. 80, s. 1, 2, 3, 9. In case of a third offence, P. commitment to the session, unless he become bound with two sureties to appear; prosecutor to be bound to prosecute (ibid. s. 1.); application of penalties, half to the informer, half to the poor; R. distress, and in default, commitment three calendar months; Ap. sessions. Ibid. s. 4.

More than two persons going out with guns, nets, &c. to destroy game between eight at night and six in the morning, from Oct. 1 to Feb. 1; or between ten at night and four in the morning, between Feb. 1 and Oct. 10; or any person found with firearms or other weapons; may be apprehended by owners, keepers, &c. who shall deliver them to a peace officer, to be taken before a justice; or if they cannot be apprehended, the justice, on information on oath, may issue his warrant; P. deemed a rogue and vagabond, and to suffer accordingly. 39, 40 Geo. III. c. 50.

Killing, or having in possession, any partridge, between Feb. 1 and Sept. 1, or any

pheasant between Feb. 1 and Oct. 1. P. 51. for each bird; R. action in the courts of Westminster. 2 Geo. III. c. 19.

Killing or having in possession any blackgame, from Dec. 10 to Aug. 20, (in New Forest, from Dec. 10 to Sept. 1, by 43 Geo. III. c. 34); or any red-game, from Dec. 10 to Aug. 12; or bustard, from March 1 to Sept. 1; P. 10l. to 201. first offence, and 201. to 301. for every subsequent of fence; R. distress and sale, if not forthwith paid, and the offender may be detained till the return of the distress, unless he gives security to appear again in five days; for want of distress, commitment from three to six calendar months, or till paid with costs; J. 1; W. 1; A. half to the informer, half to the poor; Ap. sessions, to be holden within four calendar months after the cause of complaint, giving fourteen days notice to the justice, and every other person concerned, and entering into recognizance, with one sufficient surety, to try the appeal, and abide. the order of the court. Geo. III. c. 55, s. 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10.

13

Every person using gun, dog, &c. to destroy the game, must take out a certificate from the clerk of the peace, for which he shall pay a duty of 31. 38. P. 201. R. J. 1, W. 1. distress, or în default, commitment three calendar months, or till paid. A. half to the informer, half to the King. But if not prosecuted within six calendar months the whole to the king. Ap. sessions. Justice may mitigate, not to less than half and costs. Gamekeeper to take out a certificate, for which he shall pay 1. 18.; under the same regulations and penalties. Geo. III. c. 5. 31 Geo. III, c. 21.

25

Killing, or attempting to kill, any deer, in any forest, chase, or park, without consent of the owner, P. 20l.; and for every deer killed or carried away, 301.; and if the offender be a keeper, double. R. sessions. Conviction, J. 1, who shall transmit the conviction to the sessions. 16 Geo. III. c. 30, s. 1, 3. Justice, on oath W. 1, may issue his warrant to search for any deerskin, head, &c. or any net, and cause the person on whose premises they are found to be brought before him, and if he does not give a satisfactory account how he came by them, P. from 10l. to 30l. Ibid. s. 4. Persons through whose hands the deer, &c. have passed, not giving a good account, liable to the same penalties. Ibid. s. 5. Keepers and their assistants may apprehend offenders they find in the act, and take them before a justice. Ibid. c. 15. R, distress,

sura Sortis," has computed the variety of chances in several cases that occur in gam

Burning furze, fern, &c. on any forest or chase, without consent of the owner, keeper, &c. P. 40s. to 5. R. distress, or in default, commitment from one to three months. 1. W. 1. A. half to the informer, half to the poor. 28 Geo. II. c. 19.

J.

Unlawfully entering into any ground (enclosed or not), and hunting or killing rabbits, P. treble damages to the party aggrieved and costs, or commitment for three months, and till he find sureties for his good behaviour. J. 1. W. 1. 22, 23 Charles II. c. 25, s. 4.

Killing or taking house-dove or pigeon, P. 20s. or commitment from one to three calendar months, or till paid. R. J. 1. W. 1. A. to the prosecutor, 2 Geo. III. c. 29.

Driving, or taking by nets, tunnels, &c. any water-fowl in the moulting season, P. 5s. for each fowl, and nets to be seized and destroyed. R. distress, and in default commitment from fourteen days to one month. J. 1. W. 1. A. half to the informer, half to the poor. 9 Ann, c. 25, s. 4.

Game, are deer, hares, pheasants, partridges, moor-game, and, by the act now passing, snipes and woodcocks are made

game.

It is not to be inferred that these statutes actually impower qualified persons to hunt or shoot anywhere. They cannot enter another man's land in pursuit of game without las leave; but at the same time, if he has not warned the sportsman against coming upon his land, he will not recover more than 40s. costs in an action of trespass. Sporting seasons. The time for sporting, in the day, is from one hour before sun rising, until one hour after sun setting. 10 Geo. III. c. 19. For bustards, the sporting is from Dec. 1 to March 1. For grouse, or red grouse, from Aug. 11 to Dec. 10. Hares may be killed all the year, under the restrictions in 10 Geo. III. c. 19. Heath-fowl, or black-game, from Aug. 20 to Dec. 20. Partridges, from Sept. 1 to Feb. 12. Pheasants, from Oct. 1 to Feb. 1. Widgeons, wild ducks, wild geese, wild fowls, at any time but in June, July, August, and September.

GAMING, laws of. These are founded on the doctrine of chances. See CHANCE. M. de Moivre, in a treatise "De Men

by what follows:

Suppose p the number of cases in which an event may happen, and q the number of cases wherein it may not happen, both sides have the degree of probability, which is to each other as p to q.

If two gamesters, A and B, engage on this footing, that, if the cases p happen, A shall win; but, if q happen, B shall win, and the stake be a; the chance of A will be ρα да and that of B ; consequently, p+q' P+q if they sell the expectancies, they should have that for them respectively.

If A and B play with a single die, on this condition, that, if A throw two or more aces at eight throws, he shall win; otherwise B shall win; what is the ratio of their chances? Since there is but one case where. in an ace may turn up, and five wherein it may not, let a = 1, and b = 5. And again, since there are eight throws of the die, let n = 8; and you will have a+ — br —— nab -1, to bna b"-1: that is, the chance of A will be to that of B, as 665,991 to 10,156,525, or nearly as 2 to 3.

n

A and B are engaged at single quoits, and, after playing some time, A wants 4 of being up, and B 6; but B is so much the better gamester, that his chance against A upon a single throw would be as 3 to 2; what is the ratio of their chances? Since A wants 4, and B 6, the game will be ended at nine throws; therefore raise a + b to the ninth power, and it will be a' + 9 a3 b + 36 a' b b+84 a b3 +126 a3 b1 + 126 a*b3, to 84 a3b636 a a b2 + 6 a b3+b': call a 3, and b 2, and you will have the ratio of chances in numbers, viz. 1,759,077 to 194,048.

Now since A

A and B play at single quoits, and A is the best gamester, so that he can give B 2 in 3, what is the ratio of their chances at a single throw? Suppose the chances as z to 1, and raise z+1 to its cube, which will be z3+3x2+Sz+1. could give B 2 out of 3, A might undertake to win three rows running; and, consequently, the chances in this case will be 22+3x+1; or, 223=2)+322+3z as 23 to 3 z2+3 z+1. Hence z3 = 3 +1. And, therefore, z√2=z+1; and, consequently, z=

1

The

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