ty on the part of the aristocracy and the church; but how faint that hope became is apparent enough in his later correspondence, where he treats the great social problem in England as one of frightful and even desperate difficulty. One passage is so characteristic of his manner, that we quote it at length.

"When I have been travelling in your beautiful neighbourhood, Sheffield, and looking over the magnificent domain of Lord Fitzwilliam, I have often heard my companions exclaim against the steam-engine chimneys which, in various parts of the view, were sending up into the air their columns of smoke; but I have always said in answer: Those unsightly chimneys, and that disfiguring smoke, are a most wholesome balance to the palace, and the gardens, and the woods of Wentworth. Were it not for them, England would be no better than Russia or Poland, we should be the mere serfs of a territorial aristocracy.' And what if a companion of another sort were to exclaim against the aristocratical pride of Wentworth House, and against the useless costliness of keeping up the churches of Ecclesfield and Rotherham ? I should say to him as heartily and truly, 'That park and mansion, and those churches, are a most wholesome balance to the chimneys of the iron furnaces. Were it not for them, we should be without two of the greatest means of elevating and purifying mankind, nobility and religion; we should be in danger of becoming what the French sometimes falsely call us, a nation of buyers and sellers. But as it is, let all work together, and all do their duty, and we have the means of arriving at the happiest and highest state of society that the world has ever yet witnessed." pp. 432, 433.

From Dr. Arnold's edition of Thucydides, the Essay on the Social Progress of States, published originally as an appendix to the first volume, and the preface to the third volume, have been extracted for this miscellany. The first of these is distinguished by the author's peculiar tact, which we have already noticed, in analyzing social states and relations, and tracing the rise and fall, the perturbations and transpositions of public parties. One of his favorite ideas, that the separation of history into ancient and modern ought to be rather a philosophical than a chronological division, and that every state may have its ancient and modern period, he has beautifully illustrated in this essay, by supplying the gaps in the history of the progress of the states of antiquity from the modern annals of the city of Augsburg.

A

part of the volume is devoted to a sketch of the plan of

study pursued at Rugby, and a defence of classical education. We have also the noted paper in vindication of the English practice of fogging. On a previous occasion, however, we have dwelt at such length upon his character as a schoolmaster, that we can now only refer our readers to that article. Here we will but quote the following passage in illustration of his views of corporal punishment.

"Corporal punishment,' it is said, is degrading.' I well know of what feeling this is the expression; it originates in that proud notion of personal independence, which is neither reasonable nor Christian, but essentially barbarian. It visited Europe in former times with all the curses of the age of chivalry, and is threatening us now with those of Jacobinism. For so it is, that the evils of ultra-aristocracy and ultra-popular principles spring precisely from the same source namely, from selfish pridefrom an idolatry of personal honor and dignity in the aristocratical form of the disease of personal independence in its modern and popular form. It is simply impatience of inferiority and submission- a feeling which must be more frequently wrong or right, in proportion to the relative situation and worthiness of him who entertains it, but which cannot be always or generally right except in beings infinitely more perfect than man. Impatience of inferiority felt by a child towards his parents, or by a pupil towards his instructers, is merely wrong, because it is at variance with the truth: there exists a real inferiority in the relation, and it is an error, a fault, a corruption of nature, not to acknowledge it." — p. 356.

ART. VIII. 1. A Discourse on the Life and Character of the Rev. Henry Ware, D. D., A. A. S., late Hollis Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge; pronounced in the First Church in Cambridge, September 28, 1845. By JOHN G. PALFREY, D. D., LL. D., formerly Professor of Biblical Literature in the University. Cambridge: John Owen. 1845. 8vo. pp. 37. 2. The Life of Henry Ware, jr. By his Brother, JOHN WARE, M. D. Boston: James Munroe and Co. 1845.

12mo.

It is well that these two publications appear nearly at the same time. The father and the son were closely united dur

ing their lives, not only by the natural ties of mutual dependence and affection, but by the great similarity of their characters, opinions, and pursuits; and in their deaths they were not long divided. Educated alike almost from the cradle for the same profession, working at their appointed tasks with equal constancy and devotedness, enjoying the same love, confidence, and respect, not only of the religious denomination to which they both belonged, but of the whole community who were witnesses of their gentle and unassuming virtues and remarkable abilities, and laboring side by side during the whole later portions of their lives as professors in the same institution, it seemed not unmeet that the two should be called away in quick succession from their earthly toils. Yet if we regard age only, the divine summons came prematurely to the one, while it found the other in the fulness of years. The son died first, when he had hardly reached the age which is usually marked by the most vigorous expansion of the mental powers, and is with most persons no more than the middle period of their usefulness. His death, therefore, seemed a heavier privation to the multitudes who had profited by his counsels and example; but the feeling of privation was mercifully made lighter for his aged father, who had already passed the term of life assigned by the Psalmist, and whose mind was now partially obscured by the shadows of approaching dissolution. He lingered less than two years more, and then rejoined his eldest son.

Dr. Palfrey, for many years the colleague of the two in the management and instruction of the Divinity School in Harvard University, has paid a just and appropriate tribute to the character and services of the elder Dr. Ware. The story of his life, a life not of many incidents or vicissitudes, but of unremitting study and patient devotion to onerous and important duties, is very plainly and briefly told, and the chief traits of his character are developed with great simplicity and fidelity. The portrait is a pleasing one and a striking likeness, not overcharged with eulogy, nor burdened with minute details or any excessive display of analytical skill. Those who were well acquainted with the subject of the discourse will be grateful to the writer for the increased distinctness which he has given to their recollections of him, and for the graceful and feeling language in which he has embodied their sentiments of respect and affection for his memo

ry. We have room here only for a meagre outline of the facts and reflections contained in the discourse.

Henry Ware was born in Sherburne, in this State, on the 1st of April, 1764. His father was a farmer, whose moderate means did not enable him to do much for the education of a large family; and the boys could only attend a common school for a few weeks during the winter, while they were engaged for the rest of the year at work upon the farm. The gentle and rather timid manner of Henry Ware, united with his quickness of apprehension and love of books, made him a favorite with his teachers; and his elder brothers, "with a generosity so nobly common, then and now, in our New England farm-houses," resolved to unite their efforts to obtain for him a liberal education. The minister of the parish assisted him in his preparatory studies, and he was admitted to the Freshman class at Cambridge, in 1781. Faithful in the performance of all his duties, and invariably correct in his deportment, he became distinguished as a scholar, and graduated with the highest honors of his class. But with the humility which was a striking trait in his character, he avowed that he had little pleasure in the retrospect of his undergraduate course, as he thought he had made but imperfect use even of the small advantages which the College, in those troubled days, was able to afford. Few will think, however, that much of his time was misemployed during those years in which he held the first rank among his classmates, and formed the mental habits which were the foundation of his success in after life. Dr. Ware was always equal to his work; he had no strong passions to contend with, nor any fruits of early carelessness or indolence to eradicate.

On leaving college, he took charge of the town school in Cambridge, in order to support himself while he was pursuing his studies for the Christian ministry under the direction of one of the clergymen of the place. His time of preparation was short, amounting only to a year and a half; during which period, moreover, seven hours a day were occupied in his school. But the native vigor of his mind, his strict application and orderly habits, even with such imperfect opportunities of regular culture, were enough to insure success in his profession, and his preaching from the first proved highly acceptable to his audiences. Dr. Palfrey sums up very briefly, but with nice discrimination, the qualities on which his popularity as a preacher depended.

"He had the great Christian preparation for his studies, which is assured in the promise, 'If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine.' The clearness, Scriptural simplicity, and practical character of his expositions of truth; the rich personal experience disclosed in his discourses; their modest, and at the same time winning and fervent, tone; the gentle and sincere solemnity, which impressed and subdued all the more for assuming nothing, and inspired confidence in the same degree as it tacitly disclaimed authority; the native and cultivated refinement of mind, which not only made any offence against good taste, any coarseness of address, impossible, but which knew how to find for gospel truth the kindest access to the waiting spirit; the ruling good sense, which conceived no extravagances; the contemplative and. tender feeling, which had fathomed the depths of every remonstrance and rebuke that was uttered; these qualities in the young preacher, set off with the advantages of an engaging presence, a musical voice, and a natural action, fixed attention and won golden opinions in the congregations to which he ministered, and were a rich earnest of the excellent usefulness of his years of riper service." pp. 12, 13.

He soon received an invitation to take charge of the First Church in Hingham, and was ordained there on the 24th of October, 1787. Two years afterwards, he married Mary, daughter of the Rev. Jonas Clarke, of Lexington. Ten children were born of this marriage, of whom four died in infancy, and three sons and three daughters arrived at years of maturity. Mr. Ware continued to be the minister of Hingham for eighteen years, his labors being cheered by the respect and confidence of a numerous and intelligent congregation, and darkened only by the anxieties which arise from a narrow income and a large family. He was settled upon a salary of four hundred and fifty dollars a year, which was afterwards increased to seven hundred. This sum being quite insufficient for the wants of his household, he was obliged to eke out its deficiencies by keeping boarders, and taking boys under his charge to fit for college. The duties thus entailed upon him were laborious and irksome, and they interfered seriously with the progress of his studies and the growth of his professional reputation. But in these respects, most other clergymen had to contend with difficulties equally great, and his relative standing therefore was high in proportion to his fine abilities, the extent of his attainments, and the strength of his character.