INSECTS: Ants, bees, wasps, hornets; social insects. Head; body; legs; wings; feelers; sting; distinctive functions of queen, worker, drone; hive or colony; food; hibernation.

OTHER ANIMALS: Buffalo, comparison with cow; tiger, lion, comparison with cat. Recognition and name; striking characteristics; covering; food; uses; movements; homes; habits. Frog or toad; recognition and name; striking characteristics; development from egg.

SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS: Bean, pea, squash, corn, sunflower. Parts of seeds; little plant in the seed; storage of food for little plant; development of roots, stem, and leaves from seed; uses of cotyledons or seed leaves. Life histories of bean, pea, squash, corn, onion, parsnip, radish—as, seed, seedling, root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit; method of propagating new plants.

Need of good soil, shown by cultivation of seedlings or plants in sawdust, sand and rich loam.

EXPERIMENTS: Of what use are the cotyledons to a pea? In what region of the root does growth take place? In what direction do roots grow? Growth of root hairs.

FLOWERING PLANTS: Chicory, marsh marigold, spring beauty, waterlily, spice bush, laurel, anemone, bluets, dog-tooth violet, magnolia, lily of the valley, poppy, verbena, fuchsia. Parts of flowers with their uses; pollen and nectar; how insects are attracted and rewarded; development of fruits from flowers. Flower calendar kept as in Grades 2A and 2B. Lessons on the protection of native plants and trees; the danger of their extermination emphasized.

EARTH STUDY: Hills, isolated and in chains; plains, low and high; valleys; slopes; brooks; rivers, ponds, lakes; bays; islands; modeling of forms not accessible for personal observation.

Distinguishing characteristics and uses of rocks, stones, pebbles, gravel, sand, clay, loam; the formation and cultivation of soil; action of water and of earthworms. Distinguishing characteristics and uses of gold, silver, copper, coal, iron, zinc, and lead.

Determination of north by noon-day shadow; determination of east and west by rising and setting sun; eight points of compass; direction in classroom; direction and distance of familiar places by blocks and by miles.

NATURAL PHENOMENA: Sun; heat and light, rising and setting, observation of changes of seasons. Experimental illustration of melting, freezing,

evaporation.

GRADE 4A

SPIDERS: Web; prey; enemies; means of defense; egg-cases; hatching of eggs; comparison with insects.

SNAILS OR SLUGS: Habitat; food; manner of feeding; characteristic parts; locomotion; trail; enemies; means of defense.

OYSTER, CLAM: Habitat; food; manner of feeding; characteristic parts. Comparison of snails or slugs with clam.

EARTHWORMS: Habitat; form; color; food; segments; uses; enemies; comparison with caterpillar. Earthworms may be kept in pots of earth in classroom and observations made of their locomotion, castings, and feeding habits.

ANIMALS USEFUL TO MAN: Birds, bats, toads, frogs, fish, turtles, ladybugs, beetles, dragon-flies, bees, cochineal bugs, sheep, cow, goat, hen, goose, duck, ox, horse, donkey, mule, camel. Particular emphasis should be placed upon their value to man (1) as destroyers of injurious insects; (2) as the source of supply of useful materials, including materials for clothing, food, furniture, and ornaments; (3) as beasts of burden.

ANIMALS HARMFUL TO MAN: Cut-worm, potato beetle, cabbage worm, leaf rollers, leaf miners, plant lice, army worms, gypsy moth, codling moth, beetles, tent caterpillars, canker worms, clothes moths, cockroach, flies, bedbugs, ants, mosquito, snails, slugs, rats, mice. Particular emphasis should be placed upon their injuries to man; harmful stage; extermination; work of the Government in destroying pests.

EARTH STUDY: Collection of metals and minerals for class study; distinguishing characteristics and uses of slate, marble, granite, mica, quartz, aluminum, and sandstone; elementary classification.

GRADE 4B

FLOWERLESS PLANTS: Ferns, mosses, mushrooms. Parts; color; spores, treated in an elementary way.

CULTIVATION OF PLANTS: Review of the needs of plants. Propagating plants by seeds, slips, by runners; growth of roots of slip in water. Life histories of maple, oak, strawberry, apple, peach, plum-as, seed, seedling, root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruit; methods of propagating new plants.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS: Evergreen and deciduous trees; shade and fruit trees; trees, shrubs, and herbs; plants with one seed leaf (monocotyledons), and with two seed leaves (dicotyledons); parallel veined and netted veined (pinnate and palmate).

GRADE 5A

ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENT. Study of animals with special reference to their mode of life; methods of securing food; breathing; care of young; modes of locomotion; means of attack and defense; protective resemblance; warning colors; mimicry; division of labor in social or communal life; adaptation to different seasons of the year.

ELEMENTARY CLASSIFICATION: Vertebrates and invertebrates. Groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibious animals, fishes; differences in body, form, covering; use and structure of limbs,; medium in which they live. Invertebrates: sponges, corals, worms, starfish, mollusks, spiders, insects, crustacea; differences in body, form, covering; presence or absence of limbs or other appendages; medium in which they live.

Differences between worms and caterpillars; bats and birds; whales and

fishes.

GRADE 5B

TREES. Uses to tree of bark, of wood, and of pith; annual rings and medullary rays (study cross and long sections of pieces of woods); uses of heart wood and of sap wood to plants and to man; movements of sap (maple); blossoming and fruit-formation of fruit and shade trees; use of wood in building

and in furniture (make collections); use of trees in producing rainfall. Emphasis should be given to the protection of trees in city streets.

FORMS OF STEMS: Erect, prostrate, climbing by tendrils, twining by stem or petiole; why plants seek erect position; underground stems (potato) and bulbs (onion); uses of stored nourishment to plants.

PLANT PRODUCTS USEFUL TO MAN. Vegetables classified as roots, stems, leaves, bulbs, or fruits. Fruits classified as fleshy, stone, and dry. Medicines and spices: bark, leaves, sap, extracts. Clothing: cotton, linen. Woods: those used for building or furniture; characteristics which fit them for this use.

ELEMENTARY SCIENCE-SYLLABUS
GRADE 7A

MATTER: Molecule, atom, molecular forces-attractive and repellentphysical and chemical changes. PROPERTIES OF MATTER: Extension, impenetrability, porosity, compressibility, elasticity, tenacity, malleability, ductility, hardness, brittleness. FORCES: Molecular; cohesion, adhesion, capillarity. Gravity; center of mass, line of direction. Equilibrium; applications; balance, steelyard, scales, pendulum. STATES OF MATTER: Solid, liquid, gaseous. Condition of solids: amorphous and crystalline.

MECHANICAL POWERS: Levers; relation between power and weight, illustrated by lever of first kind as type; application to three classes of levers; uses. Pulleys; relation between power and weight, illustrated by single pulleys fixed and movable; application to multiple pulleys; uses. WHEEL AND AXLE: Relation between power and weight; applications. INCLINED PLANE: Wedge, screw; relation between power and weight; uses. General application to all mechanical powers of equation: power x power-distance equals weight x weightdistance.

GRADE 7B

MECHANICS OF LIQUIDS (water as type). Transmission of pressure; Pascal's Law; pressure at varying depths; hydrostatic paradox; hydraulic press; level of liquids; springs, wells, artesian wells, streams, fountains, water-supply systems, water wheels; buoyancy; laws governing equilibrium of immersed and floating bodies; specific gravity simply illustrated.

MECHANICS OF GASES (air as type). Transmission of pressure; Torricelli's experiment; barometer, uses; pumps; air and water, suction and force; siphon; balloons; compressed air in industries; atomizer; pneumatic drill, hammer, tube, tire.

HEAT. Temperature; thermometer; sensible and real heat; effects of heat on solids, liquids, gases; propagation: conduction, convection, radiation; radiators, reflectors, absorbers; applications. Changes of states of bodies by action of heat; fusion and solidification, ebullition, evaporation, vaporization and liquefaction; fogs, clouds, rain, hail, snow, dew, frost. Latent heat, artificial cold (ice machines). Steam engine (high pressure, low pressure). Gas engine.

GRADE 8A

SOUND. Production, propagation, and velocity in different media; reflection; laws of intensity and pitch; musical instruments, string and wind; musi

cal scale. Human voice and ear (simple explanation of structure and use). LIGHT. Sources, propagation; velocity; intensity; shadows: umbra, penumbra, eclipses; laws of reflection; plane mirrors, single and multiple; refraction in different media, twilight; simple lenses; prism and spectrum. The eye (simple explanation of structure and use).

GRADE 8B

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. Natural and artificial magnets; laws of attraction and repulsion. Magnetic induction (magnetization); terrestrial magnetism; lodestone, compass, dipping needle. Frictional electricity; simple illustrations of positive and negative, with electrophorus, Leyden jar, and electroscope; familiar illustrations. Voltaic electricity; simple zinc and copper cell; conductors and non-conductors; effect of current on magnetic needle; cells in series; electro magnet; applications: telegraph, electric bell.

CHEMISTRY OF COMBUSTION. Carbon dioxid: effect on combustion, effect on lime water. Oxygen: effect on combustion; lime-water test of oxygen, and of oxygen after burning charcoal in it. Air: effect on combustion; compare with effect of oxygen and of carbon dioxid; combustion in open air, in confined air; lime-water test of pure air, and of air after combustion. Nitrogen: effect on combustion; effect in lime water. Composition of air; test exhaled breath with lime water; necessity of oxygen to sustain life; necessity for dilution of oxygen; ventilation. Ordinary combustion in air; drafts in chimneys; kindling point of various substances, (wood, sulphur, phosphorus). Manufacture of gases from wood, coal, etc.; rapid combustion, explosions; slow combustion; rust, decay, animal life. Purification of air; effects of winds, plants, rains.

DRAWING AND CONSTRUCTIVE WORK-SYLLABUS Adopted by The Board of Superintendents in June, 1903. GRADE 1A

FREEHAND REPRESENTATION. Crayon, charcoal, chalk, pencil, or brush used. Objects drawn should be from nature, such as grasses, leaves, flowers, fruits, vegetables, trees, or animals; simple familiar objects, such as flag, hoop, ball, etc. The form selected for representation should be related to the child's life and environment.

The aim should be to awaken interest and to develop habits of observation and expression. Attention should be directed to the mass, to the proportion, and to the direction of line. The drawing should be large and free. Practice should be given on paper or blackboard to secure freedom of move

ment.

ILLUSTRATIVE DRAWINGS. Crayon, charcoal, pencil, ink, water color, or scissors used. Illustration of simple incidents in connection with individual experience in child's life; occupations, games, aspects of nature, and stories showing action; also pictorial ideas developed in connection with language work, nature study, and other subjects.

The aim should be to develop habits of mental imagery and free individual expression. Ideas of action, relation, and proportion should be developed.

Where possible pupils may act ideas. The drawings should be kept simple and details suppressed.

CONSTRUCTIVE WORK AND DESIGN. Paper, sticks, tablets, or other appropriate material used; for decoration, colored crayon or brush.

Forms made should be suggested by pupil's immediate interests in school, home, seasons, and holidays. Decorations, when applied to these forms, should consist of original combinations of lines and spots, or simple units derived from natural forms.

The aim should be to cultivate the taste and to develop habits of accuracy and neatness. Forms should be made from illustration and direction; designs should show regularity in spacing, size, and arrangement.

COLOR. Prism, colored paper, chalk, water color, natural and manufactured objects used. The aim should be to foster the child's love of color and to develop recognition of the six leading colors as they appear separately and in combination. The lessons should be developed from the study of nature, language work, drawing, and design.

STUDY OF PICTURES. The aim should be to respond to the child's love for pictures by presenting to him illustrations of animals and child life. The pupils should be encouraged to study the picture and to express freely their own feelings. Colored pictures of artistic merit should be used when possible.

GRADE 1B

Syllabus, as in Grade IA.

GRADE 2A

FREEHAND REPRESENTATION. Crayon, charcoal, chalk, pencil, or brush used. Objects drawn should be from nature, such as grasses, leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits, vegetables, trees, or animals; or consist of familiar flat forms, such as kite, shield; or of circular and semi-circular forms, such as plate and fan; or of spherical and cylindrical forms, such as balloon, bowl, pail, etc. The forms selected for representation should be related to the child's life and environment. Interest should be aroused by developing this relationship.

The aim should be to develop habits of observation and expression through drawings of good size, placing and proportion. Attention should be directed to the mass, to the proportion, and to the direction of line; in the drawing of familiar objects, to the appearance of the circle seen below the eye; in plant form drawing, to the character of growth. Individual models should be used where possible. Practice should be frequently given on paper or blackboard to secure freedom of movement.

ILLUSTRATIVE DRAWING. Crayon, charcoal, pencil, ink, water color, or scissors used. The illustrations made should represent individual experiences and natural phenomena; also pictorial ideas developed in connection with language work, nature study, and other subjects.

The aim should be to cultivate the habit of mental imagery and the free expression of such images in simple drawings, each pupil being permitted to tell the story in his own way. Comprehension of relations and proportions should be developed, as well as the ability to express action.