commercial ten-foot mills, and be erected in the same manner as if they were being put up in the ordinary course of business.

The size and kind of pump was left to the selection of the exhibitor, and it is noted that in the Hallady mill an exceedingly large, single-acting pump was used, which, when worked by a wheel four inches greater in diameter than the others, in the fresh winds experienced, gave large results. While this mill pumped a large quantity of water in the strong winds experienced during the test, had the winds been light, it is questionable as to its being able to perform the proportional large duty required of it. The remaining mills used their regular commercial wind-mill pumps, such as are commonly used in this section of the country, except, perhaps, the Kennedy mill, which had a double-acting pump of considerable size.

The following are brief descriptions of the wind engines entering into the test, setting forth their general construction and principle of operations, and said descriptions are illustrated wherever suitable engravings have been furnished.

HALLADAY WIND ENGINE.

This mill was exhibited by the United States Wind Engine and Pump Company, of Batavia, Illinois, whose agent or representative at the fair was George Canby, 201 South Thirteenth street, Philadelphia.

The diameter of the wheel is ten feet four inches, and the peculiar construction is fully referred to hereinafter. The diameter of the turn-table, upon which the wheel and vane are supported, is sixteen and one half inches. The sweep from the center of the turn-table to the end of vane is ten feet. The weight of the wheel, vane, and iron-work, exclusive of pump and pump-rod or pitman, is four hundred pounds.

The general construction of the mill may be described as follows, reference being had to the accompanying illustration marked Fig. 1, which represents a sectional elevation through the upper part of the mill or engine: A represents the bed-plate, or casting, which rests upon the top of the masts M, which masts are framed into a tower or derrick of sufficient height to give the wind-wheel a free current of air. This bed-plate has sockets projecting down, and the masts fit in these sockets and are securely bolted to the casting; it is further secured by two rod braces E, only one of these braces being shown. Upon this bed-plate revolves the turn-table B, which is so constructed as to fit entirely over the bed-plate and securely protect the track and rolls (hereafter described) from the weather. This turn-table is secured to the bed-plate by means of clamp bolts shown at K. Anti-friction rolls are used for the turn-table to turn on, constructed on the same principle as heavy bridges are turned, so as to give as little friction as possible, and allow the mill to head up to the wind in very light breezes. These anti friction rolls are very durable, and require no oiling. They run on a smooth track provided both on the bed and turn-table.

S represents the main shaft of the wind-wheel, which rotates in Babbittlined boxes, and has keyed to the outer end the spider Y, to which the main arms or spokes A of the wind-wheel are bolted. On the inner end of this shaft is keyed the crank plate N, to which is attached the pitman L. By means of the post attachments, consisting of the sleeve box S, swivel box X, sliding boss Z, connection is so made between the pitman and pump that the revolving of the turn-table upon the bed-plate will not twist or cramp the connection, or prevent the sails being furled or spread by means of the shut-off rod R. The great peculiarity and main point of success in the Halliday wind-mill is the arrangement of its regulating gear, consisting of the sliding collar D, elbow Y, front plate C, and other connections.

The inner end of each elbow is connected to the front plate C by means of links, the connections from the outer ends to the sails being made by regulating rods B. On the outer ends of the regulating rods are governing balls called "regulating weights," marked W, the action of which is the same as a governor on a steam-engine, causing the sails to present less surface to the wind as its velocity increases. The weight W on the lever P has a direct action on the lever N, which is fulcrumed at F and attaches to the sliding collar at D, thus virtually having a direct connection with each sail in the wind-wheel, F" representing an edge view of the sails. This weight Wacts in opposition to the regulating weights, causing the sails to present more surface as the power of the wind lessens, thus, as is claimed, making the mill storm-defying, and enabling it to obtain a uniform motion in all the varying velocities of the wind. The sails may be furled and the mill stopped and made to stand still by pulling down on the shut-off rod R, an ordinary hand-lever being used for this purpose. It will be seen that the regulating gear is very simple, securing a direct connection with each sail, and direct action of the regulating weights on the sliding head and its connections, thereby giving positive motion to all the parts; and as these parts are only acted upon when the wind is so strong as to have a tendency to run the mill faster than its maximum speed, the wear is very light upon them.

The pump used in the test is manufactured by the said company, and is known as the "Union Top Force Pump," and is made of brass, the barrel of which is three and three quarter inches in diameter, and the stroke six inches, the pump being a single-acting "lift and force.". The discharge or stand-pipe is provided with a large air-chamber, formed of tubing, to insure a more constant and uniform flow of water.

The derrick, which supports the engine proper and pump, is made ornamental and in a manner to give the appearance of great strength. The four vertical posts are made L-shaped by securing two boards together in the form of angle iron. These are united at the top, and support a square platform formed of slatted work, and the derrick is suitably braced by batter boards and cross ties in the usual mauner.

Price of mill, without derrick and pump, one hundred dollars.

NOTE. This mill, while commonly known and sold as a ten-foot mill, is four inches greater in diameter, and thereby gives nearly four square feet more wind surface than the other mills in the test, which are within the ten feet diameter; and in referring to the data giving the water pumped, this point is to be remembered, particularly as the additional surface is located upon the outer periphery of the wheel, and thereby obtains a greater advantage of leverage.

LEFFEL WIND ENGINE.

This mill was exhibited by the Springfield Machine Company, of Springfield, Ohio.

The wheel is ten feet in diameter, and is formed entirely of wrought-iron, as hereinafter more fully specified. The diameter of turn-table for wheel and vane is six inches; the sweep from the center of turn-table to end of vane is nine feet; the weight of wheel, vane, and iron-work, exclusive of pump and pump rod, is five hundred pounds. The general construction of this mill is fairly shown in the accompanying illustration, which is a side elevation.

The buckets of this mill are designed with an object to get the full power of the wind without clogging or breaking its force on the inside edge of the bucket, as it travels at nearly the same rate of speed as the outer edge.

The buckets are about three feet long by two feet wide, and made of No. 24 sheet-iron, fastened securely to curved iron ribs, and bolted firmly to a set of one and one eighth by five sixteenths iron arms. The arms are bolted to a malleable cone and spider hub; the cone hub comes back over a sixteen-inch Babbitt box, and is balanced to run perfectly free and easy, and without unnecessary friction. It is simply but durably braced, and, as the wheel has a double set of arms, connected at the ends, it forms a double brace of itself.

This wheel is mounted on a malleable iron turn-table, which is perfectly balanced by means of anti-friction wheels, and supported upon washers, and is thus enabled to govern itself at all times and with great ease. This turn-table fits accurately into the bed plate, which is also made of malleable iron. The crank is made from patent cold-rolled shafting, one inch and one quarter in diameter, and the cone, spider, and crank are attached to it by means of hardened steel set screws, which are held fast by case-hardened lock nuts, and the whole is provided with a sixteen-inch bearing, which is Babbitted from one end to the other. The governor arm is made of heavy wrought-iron, rlveted to a malleable iron hinge, and is provided with an adjustable balance weight, which can be raised or lowered according to the amount of work required of the engine. The vane hinge is also made of heavy malleable iron, and is provided with large rubber cushions, which

prevent sudden jars in heavy gales. The wheel being made entirely of metal, it is adapted for use in any climate, as it is not affected by either dry or moist changes. The crank operates a vertically reciprocating hollow section, which actuates the pump rod, and extends through the vertical pivot bearing of the turn-table, by which it is guided. The pump rod is connected with this section by a swivel joint, to allow the turn-table, etc., to turn without turning the pump rod. A chain connects with the gov ernor arm, and passes over a pulley at the top, and extends down through the hollow section of the pump rod, and is coupled with a lever at the bottom, by which the mill may be thrown into or out of the wind, as desired, and yet it in nowise interferes with the normal automatic working and governing of the mill under the varying velocity and direction of the wind. The wheel-shaft bearing is provided with a self-oiling cup.

The pump used on this mill is what is known as the Leffel Anti-Freezing Wind-mill Force Pump, and consists of a brass cylinder three inches in diameter, with a stroke of four inches, (though the pump is capable of sixinch stroke.)

The cylinder is provided with an air-chamber formed of a pipe, upon which a standard is secured, to which a handle or lever is pivoted, and by which the pump may be worked by hand in case there is not sufficient wind to drive the mill. The pump is provided with a waste aperture, to allow the discharge pipe to empty itself when the mill is out of action.

The derrick upon which the engine proper and pump are supported, consists of four posts four by six inches in section, arranged to meet at top, extending six feet above a square platform six feet square, being slightly curved, and securely braced by the batter-boards and cross braces. The tops of these posts inclose the turn-table base plate vertical bearing, and receive the turn-table plate upon their ends.

Price of this mill, exclusive of derrick and pump, eighty-five dollars.

PERKINS WIND ENGINE.

This mill is manufactured by the Perkins Wind-mill and Ax Company, of Mishawaka, Ind., and was exhibited by A. L. Jones, No. 114 North Sixth street, Philadelphia.

The diameter of the wheel is ten feet, and it is known as a rosette or solid wheel, being formed of wood throughout, with the exception of the tie rods used to prevent injury to the wheel proper by the force of the wind, and which tie rods are common to most wooden wheels of this character. The diameter of turn-table is four inches. The sweep from the center of turn-table to end of vane is ten feet. The weight of wheel, vane, and ironwork, exclusive of pump and pump rod, is four hundred and fifteen pounds. This accompanying illustration will give an idea of the general construction, though on too small a scale to give a satisfactory illustrative view of the working parts of the mill.

The mill has but two main points of friction; one is the main shaft on which the wheel is fastened to operate the machinery, and the other is the crank which moves the pitman up and down to accomplish the pumping. The vane is hung by hinges on one side of the turn-table, and the wheel upon the other side, they being arranged out of line.

When the wind blows stronger than the wheel is intended to normally bear, the tendency is to fold the vane and wheel toward each other, making them tend to lie parallel, and this action causes the vane to be slightly raised, owing to the bearings of the hinge being set obliquely to a vertical line, and the weight of the vane itself acts as the governor to automatically