The forealleged arguments

he alleged is, forasmuch as there they may have both accusers and witnesses in their cause. Sith therefore every man's cause is meetest to be handled at home by the judges of his own parish, to what purpose serveth their device, which have appointed bishops, unto whom such causes may be brought, and archbishops to whom they may be also from thence removed ?"

XIII. What things have necessary use in the church, they of all others are the most unfit to judge, who bend themanswered. selves purposely against whatsoever the church useth, except it please themselves to give it the grace and countenance of their faithful approbation; which they willingly do not yield unto any part of church polity, in the forehead whereof there is not the mark of that new-devised stamp. But howsoever men like or dislike, whether they judge things necessary or needless in the house of God, a conscience they should have, touching that which they boldly affirm or deny. 1. "In the primitive church no bishops, no pastor having power over other pastors, but all equals, every man supreme commander and ruler within the kingdom of his own congregations or parish. The bishops that are spoken of in the time of the primitive church, all such as parsons or rectors of parishes are with us?" If thus it hath been in the prime of the church, the question is, how far they will have that prime to extend ? and where the latter spring of that new-supposed disorder to begin? That primitive church wherein they hold that amongst the fathers, all which had pastoral charge were equal, they must of necessity so far enlarge as to contain some hundred of years, because for proof hereof they allege boldly and confidently St. Cyprian, who suffered martyrdom about two hundred and threescore years after our blessed Lord's incarnaA bishop, they say, such as Cyprian doth speak of, had only a church or congregation, such as the ministers and pastors with us, which are appointed unto several towns. Every bishop in Cyprian's time was pastor of one only congregation, assembled in one place to be taught of one man.* A thing impertinent, although it were true. For the question is about personal inequality amongst governors of the church. Now to shew there was no such thing in the church at such

tion.

a The bishop which Cyprian speaketh of, is nothing else but such as we call pastor, or, as the common name with us is, parson; and his church whereof he is bishop, is neither diocess nor province, but a congregation which met together in one place, and to be taught of one man. T. C. lib. i. p. 99, 100.

time as Cyprian lived, what bring they forth? Forsooth that bishops had then but a small circuit of place for the exercise of their authority. Be it supposed, that no one bishop had more than one only town to govern, one only congregation to rule; doth it by Cyprian appear, that in any such town or congregation being under the cure and charge of some one bishop, there were not, besides that one bishop, others also ministers of the word and sacraments: yet subject to the power of the same bishop? If this appear not, how can Cyprian bealleged for a witness that in those times there were no bishops which did differ from other ministers, as being above them in degree of ecclesiastical power? But a gross and a palpable untruth it is," that bishops with Cyprian were as ministers are with us in parish churches; and that each of them did guide some parish without any other pastors under him." St. Cyprian's own person may serve for a manifest disproof hereof. Pontius being deacon under Cyprian, noteth that his admirable virtues caused him to be bishop with the soonest; which advancement thereof himself endeavoured for a while to avoid. It seemed in his own eyes too soon for him to take the title of so great honour, in regard whereof a bishop is termed pontifex, sacerdos, antistes Dei." Yet such was his quality, that whereas others did hardly perform that duty, whereunto the discipline of their order, together with the religion of the oath they took at their entrance into the office, even constrained them; him the chair did not make, but receive such a one, as behoved that a bishop should be. But soon after followed that prescription, whereby, being driven into exile, and continuing in that estate for the space of some two years, he ceased not by letters to deal with his clergy, and to direct them about the public affairs of the church. They unto whom these epistles were written,a he commonly entitled the presbyters and deacons of that church. If any man doubt whether those presbyters of Carthage were ministers of the word and sacraments or no, let him consider but that one only place of Cyprian, where he giveth them this careful ad

a Etsi fratres pro dilectione sua cupidi sunt ad conveniendum et visitandum confessores bonos, quos illustravit jam gloriosis initiis divina dignatio; tamen caute hoc, et non glomeratim nec per multitudinem simul junctam, puto esse faciendum, ne ex hoc ipso invidia concitetur, et introeundi aditus denegetur, et dum insatiabiles multum volumus, totum perdamus; consulite ergo et providete ut cum temperamento hoc agi tutius possit. Ita ut presbyteri quoque, qui illic apud confessores offerunt, singuli cum singulis diaconis per vices accernent, quia et mutatio personarum, et vieissitudo convenientium minuit invidiam. Ep. 5.

vice, how to deal with circumspection in the perilous times of the church, that neither they which were for the truth's sake imprisoned might want those ghostly comforts which they ought to have, nor the church by ministering the same unto them incur unnecessary danger and peril. In which epistle it doth expressly appear, that the presbyters of whom he speaketh did offer, that is to say, administer the eucharist; and that many there were of them in the church of Carthage, so as they might have every day change for performance of that duty. Nor will any man of sound judgment I think, deny, that Cyprian was in authority and power above the clergy of that church, above those presbyters unto whom he gave direction. It is apparently therefore untrue, that in Cyprian's time ministers of the word and sacraments were all equal, and that no one of them had either title more excellent than the rest, or authority and government over the rest. Cyprian being bishop of Carthage, was clearly superior unto all other ministers there: yea, Cyprian was, by reason of the dignity of his see, an archbishop, and so consequently superior unto bishops. Bishops, we say, there have been always, even as long as the church of Christ itself hath been. The apostles who planted it, did themselves rule as bishops over it; neither could they so well have kept things in order during their own times, but that episcopal authority was given them from above, to exercise far and wide over all other guides and pastors of God's church. The church indeed for a time continued without bishops by restraint, every where established in Christian cities. But shall we thereby conclude that the church hath no use of them, that without them it may stand and flourish? No; the cause wherefore they were so soon universally appointed was, for that it plainly appeared, that without them the church could not have continued long. It was by the special providence of God, no doubt, so disposed, that the evil whereof this did serve for remedy, might first be felt, and so the reverend authority of bishops be made by so much the more effectual, when our general experience had taught men what it was for churches to want them. Good laws are never esteemed so good, nor acknowledged so necessary, as when precedent crimes are as seeds out of which they grow. Episcopal authority was even in a manner sanctified unto the church of Christ by that little bitter experience which it first had of

the pestilent evil of schisms. Again, when this very thing was proposed as a remedy, yet a more suspicious and fearful acceptance it must needs have found, if the selfsame provident wisdom of Almighty God had not also given beforehand sufficient trial thereof in the regiment of Jerusalem, a mother-church, which having received the same order even at the first, was by it most peaceably governed, when other churches without it had trouble. So that by all means, the necessary use of episcopal government is confirmed, yea, strengthened it is and ratified, even by the not establishment thereof in all churches every where at the first. 2. When they farther dispute, "that if any such thing were needful, Christ would in Scripture have set down particular statutes and laws, appointing that bishops should be made, and prescribing in what order, even as the law doth for all kind of officers which were needful in the Jewish regiment;" might not a man that would bend his wit to maintain the fury of the Petrobrusian heretics, in pulling down oratories, use the selfsame argument with as much countenance of reason? If it were needful that we should assemble ourselves in churches, would that God which taught the Jews so exactly the frame of their sumptuous temple, leave us no particular instructions in writing, no, not so much as which way to lay any one stone? Surely such kind of argumentation doth not so strengthen the sinews of their cause, as weaken the credit of their judgment which are led therewith. 3. And whereas, thirdly, in disproof of that use which episcopal authority hath in judgment of spiritual causes, they bring forth the verdict of Cy- Cypr. prian, who saith, "that equity requireth every man's cause to be heard, where the fault he was charged with was committed, forasmuch there they may have both accusers and witnesses in the cause." This argument grounding itself on principles no less true in civil than in ecclesiastical causes, unless it be qualified with some exceptions or limitations, overturneth the highest tribunal seats both in church and commonwealth; it taketh utterly away all appeals; it secretly condemneth even the blessed apostle himself, as having transgress- Acts ed the law of equity by his appeal from the court of Judea unto xxv. those higher which were in Rome. The generality of such kind of axioms deceiveth, unless it be construed with such cautions as the matter whereunto they are appliable doth require. A usual and ordinary transportation of causes out of Africa into

lib. i.

Ep. 3.

XXV.

An answer

euce be

tween that

have, and

that which

ancient

bishops had, more than

byters.

Italy, out of one kingdom into another, as discontented persons list, which was the thing which Cyprian disalloweth, may be unequal and unmeet; and yet not therefore a thing unnecessary to have the courts erected in higher places, and judgment committed unto greater persons, to whom the meaner may bring their causes, either by way of appeal or otherwise, to be determined according to the order of justice; which hath been always observed every where in civil states: and is no less requisite also for the state of the church of God. The reasons which teach it to be expedient for the one, will shew it to be for the other, at leastwise not unnecessary. Inequality of pastors is an ordinance both Divine and profitable. Their exceptions against it, in these two reasons, we have shewed to be altogether causeless, unreasonable, and unjust.

XIV. The next thing which they upbraided us with, is unto those the difference between that inequality of pastors which hath things which are been of old, and which now is. For at length they grant, objected, "that the superiority of bishops and of archbishops is someconcerning the differ what ancient, but no such kind of superiority as ours have." By the laws of our discipline a bishop may ordain without powerwhich asking the people's consent, a bishop may excommunicate bishops now and release alone, a bishop may imprison, a bishop may bear civil office in the realm, a bishop may be a counsellor of state; those things ancient bishops neither did nor might do. Be it granted, that ordinarily neither in elections nor other pres- deprivations, neither in excommunicating nor in releasing the excommunicate; in none of the weighty affairs of government, bishops of old were wont to do any thing without consultation with their clergy, and consent of the people under them; be it granted, that the same bishops did neither touch any man with corporal punishment, nor meddle with secular affairs and offices, the whole clergy of God being then tied, by the strict and severe canons of the church, to use no other than ghostly power, to attend no other business than heavenly. Tarquinius was in the Roman commonwealth deservedly hated, of whose unorderly proceedings the history Liv.lib.i. speaketh thus. "Hic regum primus traditum a prioribus morem de omnibus senatum consulendi solvit; domesticis consiliis rempub. administravit; bellum, pacem, fœdera, societates, per seipsum, cum quibus voluit injussu populi ac senatûs, fecit diremitque." Against bishops the like is objected, "that they are invaders of other men's rights, and by intolera