Rule 10 Use commas to set off a clause within a clause. 73.) (Exercise Example: One day, as he was walking along the beach, he saw a human footprint in the sand. Note. Disregard rule 10 if rule 4 applies. Rule 11 Use commas between the items of a series if the items number three or more. (Exercise 74.) Example: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are the rights of all men. Rule 12 Use a colon to denote expectation, unless there is no pause. (Exercise 75.) Examples: The five vowels are as follows: a, e, i, o, and u. The five vowels are a, e, i, o, and u. Rule 13 Capitalize the first word in a title and every other word except articles, prepositions and conjunctions. (Exercise 76.) Example: All's Well That Ends Well, Romeo and Juliet, and The Taming of the Shrew are plays by Shakespeare. Rule 14 Capitalize proper nouns and proper adjectives. (Exercise 77.) Examples: England, English, France, French, Jew, Jewess, Jewish, Latin, Indian, Bible, Biblical. Rule 15 Capitalize a common noun like river, street, hotel, when it forms part of a proper name. (Exercise 78.) Examples: The new clubhouse of the Westville Business Men's Club is on Fifteenth Street. Everybody knows that the Mississippi River is the longest river in the United States. Rule 16 Italicize (in handwriting, underscore) words under discussion, and the names of newspapers, magazines, literary compositions, musical compositions, pictures, and ships. (Exercise 79.) Examples: The frequent repetition of and is a fault common among untrained writers. The band played The Star Spangled Banner as the Mayflower approached the dock. Rule 17 Use a question-mark after a question, and an exclamation mark after an exclamation. Examples: What trouble are you in now? Rule 18 A comma, a semicolon, a colon, a period, a question-mark, an exclamation-mark, or a hyphen should never be put at the beginning of a line; the quotation-marks at the beginning of a quotation should never be put at the end of a line, and the quotation-marks at the end of a quotation should never be put at the beginning of a line. Exercise 80, in Appendix 12, is a general review of punctuation. APPENDIX 11 SPELLING PART I: FIFTY APPEALS TO REASON LESSON 1 Change the y to i and add -es: modify, modifies; history, histories. Exceptions: (1) When the y is part of a diphthong: day, days; valley, valleys; toy, toys; buy, buys. (2) In proper names: There have been eight Henrys on the English throne. Exercise Spell the third singular of the verbs, and the plural of the nouns (examples: try, tries; lily, lilies): Final y changes to i except before i: history, histories; try, tries, tried, trying, trial; busy, business, busily; fury, furious. Exceptions: (1) When y is part of a diphthong: pray, prays, prayed, praying, prayer. (2) In proper names: Henry, Henrys. Only three verbs spell their past forms in -aid: laid, paid, said. lay, lays, laid, laying, laid pay, pays, paid, paying, paid say, says, said, saying, said B So also their derivatives: unlaid, waylaid; unpaid, repaid, prepaid; unsaid, gainsaid. C All other verbs in -ay leave the y unchanged: prayed, played, strayed, relayed, delayed, portrayed. Spell the third singular present, the past tense, the present participle, and the past participle, of the verbs in the exercise in lesson 1. (Examples: try, tries, tried, trying, tried; buy, buys, bought, buying, bought.) Also of the following: destroy, prepay, toy, dismay, say, deploy, lay, bray, sway, allay, alloy, waylay, gainsay, pay, repay, die, lie (tell an untruth), lie (recline). LESSON 4 To form the possessive singular, add apostrophes to the nominative singular. A boy's cap; a man's job; Burns's poems. (Burns' is also correct. Burns' is pronounced burns; Burns's is pronounced burnses.) To form the possessive plural, add an apostrophe to the |