the House of Medici; Florentine Architecture; Public Walks; Character of the Tuscans; Their Habits and Manners; Grand Duke Leopold; His Successor Ferdi- nand; Princess Elisa ; Austrians; Present Adminis- tration; Old Tuscan Republics; Two Houses of Me- dici; State of Society; Literature; Tuscan Language; Works of Art; Italian Women; Their Appearance ; Character of Italian Women; Their Habits; Religious Feelings; Nunneries; Italian Women; Their Amiable Qualities; State of Morals CHAP. IX.-LOMBARDY.-Vetturini; Apennines; Bo- logna; Buildings; University; Political Changes ; Murat's Campaign in 1814; Papal Government Re- stored; Modena and Parma; Piacenza; Milan; Ap- pearance of Milan; Theatre of La Scala; Duomo of Milan; View from the Spire; Fertility of Lombardy ; Literature; Circo; Public Walks; Hospital; La Zecca; Disposition of the Milanese ;. Murder of Count Prina; Murat's Second Campaign in 1815; Environs of Milan; Strada Sempione ; Valli Di Novara; Lago Maggiore; Isole Borromee; Frontiers of Italy 203—238 CHAP. X.-HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE NORTH OF ITALY UNDER THE FRENCH.-Old Italian Govern- ments; Austrian Goverment in Lombardy; 1792-Be- ginning of the War; 1796—Bonaparte invades Italy ; The French enter Milan; Political Opinions of the Italians; Partisans of the Revolution; Republica Cis- padana; Campaign of 1797; War with Venice; Fall of Venice; Anarchy in Italy; Republica Cisalpina ; Peace of Campo Forinio; Campaign of 1799; Suwar- row's Victories; Fall of the New Republics; Battle of Marengo; Commission of Government; Consulta of Lyons; Report of the Committee; Bonaparte's Ad- dress; Republica Italiana; New Constitution; Repose Italy; Deliberations of the Consulta; Napoleon, King 239-308. ITALY, &c. CHAPTER I. ARRIVAL IN ITALY. THE generality of travellers, who proceed to Italy, enter that country from the North, by the great roads which cross the Alps. They visit North Italy first, and then proceed to the Southern States. On my return to Italy, after an absence of many years, I happened to enter it from the South, being landed at Naples, which is the most considerable, and in many respects the most remarkable, city of the Italian Peninsula; while it is, at the same time, the most remote as well as the most dissimilar from the other European capitals. A very essential distinction exists between the North and the South of Italy; and the impressions produced on the mind of the traveller, who arrives at once at Naples by sea, are totally different from VOL. I. B 2 DIVISION OF ITALY. those experienced by the tourist, who, travelling first from France or Germany to the half ultramontane states of Piedmont and Lombardy, becomes by degrees, as it were, Italianised, before he reaches Rome and Naples, which two countries comprise the true classical ground of Italy. Considered in a material, as well as in a moral, point of view, Italy presents two great divisions, between which the chain of the Apennines forms the natural boundary. The main ridge of these mountains traces an irregular line from west to east, beginning at Cuneo and Tende, where it joins the chain of the maritime Alps, it runs along the Genoese coast, continues through the dutchies of Parma and Modena, which it separates from Tuscany, and then proceeds in a south-eastern direction through the Roman states, until it reaches the shores of the Adriatic, in the province of Ancona, on the frontiers of Abruzzi. There, a continuation of the same chain branches off to the South, through the whole length of the Neapolitan states. Under the denomination of North Italians must be classed all those who inhabit the whole of the fine regions which lie to the north of the Apennines, and between them, the Alps and the Adriatic sea; including, therefore, the states of Piedmont, Lombardy, Venice, Parma, Piacenza, and Modena, and the papal provinces of Ferrara, Bologna, and NORTH AND SOUTH. Romagna. The greater part of these states forms, as it were, one immense plain, through which the river Po flows from west to east. That river, as well as the Adige, which is next to it in magnitude, and all the other streams of North Italy, empty themselves into the Adriatic. South Italy begins on the opposite side of the Apennines, and is enclosed between them and the Mediterranean, the Ionian, and part of the Adriatic seas. It includes, therefore, Tuscany, the greater part of the Papal states, and the whole kingdom of Naples. The difference is great between the appearance of the country, the nature of the soil, the climate, and the inhabitants of these two divisions. The beau tiful, though mostly unhealthy, shores of the Mediterranean, from La Spezia to the extremity of Calabria, belong evidently to one region, the features of which are totally distinct from those of the magnificent plateau, which extends from the source of the Po to the mountains of Friuli, and from the Swiss Alps to the Apennines of Tuscany and Ancona. In all this extent there is no elevation which deserves the name of a mountain. It is in the Southern division that we find the true classical ground of Italy,-the land of antiquities, and of mighty recollections,-the land of the fine arts. It is chiefly to the South that belong the |