I think all of you came in this morning after I had passed out a copy of an article I read into the record earlier? This is an article by Joe Califano that the staff just brought out to my attention this morning. It is in today's New York Times. I don't know if you have had a chance to read that. I guess it wouldn't hurt to repeat this. He deals with the whole problem of addiction.

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He says, 'Addiction in America gives new meaning to the word 'awesome.' Fifty-seven million Americans are hooked on cigarettes; 18 million are addicted to alcohol or abuse it; 21 million have tried cocaine; more than one million are hooked on crack; seven million smoke marijuana at least once a week; as many as one million are hooked on heroin; 10 million abuse tranquilizers. . ." It's a pretty good article. I had some copies made so that you could read it in full. It has some new information in it. I would solicit any information you have, or ideas that will allow me to help on the Federal level both with the illegal drugs and with alcohol.

I don't think any of you were here this morning when I talked about alcohol. We have 10,800,000 alcoholics in this country and another 8 million problem drinkers. Twenty-four thousand deaths out on the highways every year are alcohol-related. Alcohol is a legal drug, but it is a drug that is the most common drug of entry for most people. Now, we just need to approach this whole problem that doesn't seem to have any solutions. I would appreciate your getting in touch with any suggestion we could be working on together.

We will recess until 1:30.

[At 12:05 p.m. a recess was taken, to reconvene at 1:30 of the same day.]

AFTERNOON SESSION

[The hearing was reconvened at 1:45 p.m.]

Chairman GLENN. The hearing will be in order.

I will not repeat my opening statement of the morning as to the purpose of these hearings except to say that it is an official hearing of the Governmental Affairs Committee that I chair in Washington. We are having one of what may be several field hearings in Ohio and in different States around the country regarding what we at the appropriating and authorizing level in Washington can best do about the drug problem. We will have experts come in and testify, but what I am most concerned about is that our programs are tailored to what the real needs are out in the field, whether at the state level or at the community level. What is working and what is not working.

We had some excellent testimony this morning, and we are glad to add to that this afternoon with the third panel of the day. Mr. Bill Picard, Coordinator For a Drug-Free Environment of Canton; the Honorable Carty Finkbeiner, Vice-Mayor of the City of Toledo, and Mr. Charles Meadows, Director of Community Affairs for the City Manager's Office out of Dayton. Later this afternoon, around 3 o'clock we will also have the Governor, the Honorable Richard F. Celeste, who is the sponsor of the Drug Summit Meeting that was held for 2 days here last week. So if those present that I read off will take their places at the witness table, we will appreciate it.

Mr. Picard, we appreciate very much your being here this afternoon and testifying. We are particularly concerned about what is working and what is not working in your communities. I am particularly concerned about the grass roots level as to, with our young people, what is really working to prevent them from getting involved with drugs to begin with.

We are all concerned about what you do when you pick up drug dealers but I am more concerned about how we prevent these events from ever occurring in the first place. We appreciate your willingness to testify today, and Mr. Picard, if you would lead off, I would appreciate your testimony.

TESTIMONY OF WILLIAM A. PICARD, COORDINATOR FOR A DRUG FREE ENVIRONMENT, CANTON, OH 1

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Mr. PICARD. All right, Senator, thank you very much. I consider this a real experience that many citizens don't have. They can almost reach out and touch the Federal Government, which is an abstraction. Whether I have an impact or not, it is all right, I'd like the experiences of at least trying. I can impact the Federal Government of the country.

What I would like to do is be rather brief. I do have heartfelt convictions here that I would like to speak. I do speak as the Coordinator for a Drug-Free Environment of the city of Canton. I speak in the name of the mayor and also in the name of a Citizens Task Force-that's what we call ourselves. We are 24 members, city leaders and social service leaders that have worked together for about nine months now very, very intensely. I won't go into that. What I would like to ask is for a turn-around in the policy at the Federal level. Now, to understand what I am talking about I would like to provide a context for my remarks for my recommendation, and I am not giving any new information to you, I am sure, but it is important as a context, a framework in which I express my recommendation. I think this might give credibility to what I am going to recommend.

The pattern of drug traffickers is not something new, but I think it is well to know it was written very dramatically in a very recent issue of Newsweek Magazine called "The Dirty 300." The M.O. seems to be this: The top tiered Colombians in our country, as I understand it, they are already over here, they are overseers of the whole operation, and they are dealing now no longer in human mules who transport drugs into the country, but they are dealing in tons and tons. It's a $4 to $5 billion business.

Four cities seem to be their distribution centers, Los Angeles, Houston, Miami, New York, and from these distribution centers arteries go out into the other cities of our country. Canton, OH, where I live, seems to be on the Los Angeles-Detroit-Toledo-Cleveland-Canton-Youngstown track, and that's why we have made the news. We are the city where a lot of murders have been committed, children have been involved in drug-buy shootings. We, 2 weeks ago, had a foster mother of some hundred kids, she was killed. Our

1 See p. 145 for Mr. Picard's prepared statement.

city councilman was fired at eight times in his home. We are on the map. We are on that track.

Now, at any rate, as this spreads, it doesn't spread just the distribution of drugs, and I think that has to be understood. What is happening in this corporation, this small-type business, is that markets are being created, we are spreading markets. This is why the co-ords, what I would call the residual neighborhoods, are vulnerable. They are a market. They are a magnet for the traffic. This is why our children are vulnerable. These are the users of tomorrow. We have to open up those markets if we are good business people. So our children are magnets. It's not just accidental that they are reached. It is a set purpose.

I think it is important to know this avenue-and really, this is a context that I wanted to present. It seems to me that this should be the given as we nationally strategize and prepare our plan. In the jargon of war, Grant had to know what Lee was up to, or in the days when I was a little boy at the movies, we used to hear, "Head them off at the pass." And so this pattern, it seems to me, is indicting our national policy.

It speaks a number of things to our strategy and plan, and I am going to mention two. Number one, it seems to be an exercise in futility to fund one city and not another. But isn't this what we are doing with our limited monies when we distribute them through competitive categorical grants? This will simply move the drug distribution track around from one city to another, and we have got a national problem.

It always bothers me when the papers come for the grant application and say, "Express your need." Well, don't you know our need? This is a national problem, it's not a Canton problem. Every city has a need. All of us are potential markets and sources of demand. Some of the markets have been opened up, some have not as yet, but they will be.

Number two, rhetorically, every politician worth his salt-and I don't mean you, Senator Glenn, it's those other guys-they say the real solution is in reducing the demand, but it seems to me this is for real. This is the strategy, priority, if we are to respond to the pattern, and so in counselling which I am-that is my background-we help people to understand the difference between reacting to crisis and responding to a situation.

Now, I am sure you and certainly I have met with frightened people of our neighborhoods and our cities, and initially the solution is voiced. It's, "Lock them up, throw away the key. Hang them. Burn them. Give us more police." And it's understandable, but these are reactions, understandable reactions. But they are not responses. We have not put the tobacco companies and their lobbies in jail, but we have reduced the demand.

At the national strategy-making level I am wondering why so much attention and why so much resources go into enforcement. You seemed to be expressing that yourself this morning. It's going into jails and an infinitesimal dribble by comparison is going into preventive education and rehabilitation which we say is more important. But it's rhetoric, because we are given the parameters, the budgetary constraints, and we have no money to implement what we say rhetorically is our priority, preventive education.

George Will, if you will pardon the expression, perhaps was right when he said of the leaders at the policy-making level-I am going to fault him-he said, "In democracies where public opinion must be palliated, there are necessary futilities." And you are smiling, I am sure you are very much aware of that. So, again, I am not talking to you, I am talking to those other guys.

And so my recommendation is this: It's two-fold. First of all, I would like, if it's at all possible in the context of politics, I would like that the priorities be rearranged, which would make monies available. It seems to me-and I can't act as such, I haven't done the research, but it seems to me that what we have been doing is taking money to cut that out of social services, and then we redistribute them under a new label we call the drug campaign. So nothing is being done. We are not getting any monies at all, because the social services that are cut are an integral part of the anti-drug campaign.

If we don't have title 20, if we don't have affordable housing, if we don't have WIC, we are not really fighting the drug problem. We need these things, and part of our anti-drug campaign is to fund these things even more, not to cut them. So as I see it, it's not an either/or, but it's a both-hands in providing funding for social services and also the drug problem.

Secondly, it seems to me these monies should be distributed through some type of block grant. Let's use, as we do with block grants, some formula of prioritized need or crisis. Let's build into the formula accountability. I think that is important, but let us no longer resort to distributing monies to competitive categorical grants. That is not understanding the pattern of our problem.

Categorical grants target focused relatively small, popular, newsworthy, clever pieces in the inter-related complexity of drug using and drug selling and in the end it means that some communities are funded and some are not. We have got to stop this. Block grants provide the flexibility for an integrated community-wide task force to implement its community-wide, integrated programs. I think we are the ones at the local level. We are told that at the Federal level, "You at the local level, neighborhood by neighborhood, must fight this problem." Then give us this ability. Organized communities know where they need monies to go. That's why we get together, that is why we plan. We know where we want to spend our monies. Don't make us focus on some target that separates it all out of context. Just give us the monies and make us accountable, but give us the monies and not to the State, directly to us through a block grant.

For instance, right now our task force needs resources for an intervention program for expelled and suspended and chronically truant kids. These are the potential dropouts. Fifty percent in Cleveland, somewhat less than that in Canton. It's nationwide. These are the drug users of tomorrow. We know this. We are limited, though. We don't have the money to set up a plan. We are trying to, in a very limited way, implement it.

Another example right now, we need resources for an alternative rehabilitation program which is tailored to cultural specifics of our minority population, and we are moving on that, too. Again, in a limping way, because we don't have the resources, but we know

through our planning together, what we want to do, to provide what is not being provided in our treatment centers for culturally specific people, but you know we are tentative in identifying these people, because when we do we have nothing to offer them. And so it really cramps our style. We don't go after, we don't identify addicts, because when we do, what do we do?

Finally, we need resources to address the preventive needs or our kids. The DARE Program has been mentioned. We are doing DARE in every school in our city. Eighteen elementary schools at Canton, OH, have a DARE police officer. They have done a marvelous job. I can't say enough for the DARE Program, but our county schools, no. They don't have the money. They don't have the police available to spare them for such things.

Another thing, we need a counsellor advocate in each one of our schools, certainly in the middle schools and high schools. We can't put a full-time counsellor advocate in our schools, we don't have the resources, but we need them. That's where we are going to fight the drug problem, right there with these kids that are being surfaced and identified. These are the kids that are going to use. We have got to spend a lot of time with them. We need role models. A counsellor for five or six schools is not going to do the job.

The point I am making, Senator, is that we know how to spend the monies and we know where we need it, as we plan, as we move as an integrated citizens' task force. We will be accountable. Simply give us the money.

So that kind of sums up what I have to say in the context of that pattern.

Chairman GLENN. Thank you very much. We will save our questions until everyone has had a chance to speak.

Mr. Charles Meadows, Director of Community Affairs, City Manager's Office, city of Dayton.

TESTIMONY OF CHARLES R. MEADOWS, DIRECTOR OF COMMUNITY AFFAIRS, CITY MANAGER'S OFFICE, DAYTON, OH Mr. MEADOWs. Good afternoon. On behalf of the mayor, who is Clay Dixon, and the city of Dayton Administration, I will briefly discuss our local efforts to combat the sale and use of illegal drugs and the tragic effects of these activities on our community and society. Dayton, OH, like most urban centers, has experienced a rapid increase in substance abuse, especially crack cocaine. This increasing societal problem is having far-reaching, widespread consequences that transcend generations. Findings indicate that:

The children of substance-abusing parents are four times more likely to become abusers than children of nonabusing parents. The felony drug cases for Montgomery County keep rising. There were 331 cases in all of 1987 compared to 499 for the first three months of 1989. The annual estimate for 1989 will exceed 1,500. The demand for treatment exceeds the availability by approximately 60 percent, the individuals waiting to go into treatment. The consequences of substance abuse are thrust upon a community both directly and indirectly via increases in drug-related crimes, deteriorated neighborhoods and family structures, higher