ively as entirely to annul all acts of the Legislature that did not personally appeal to him as being for the best interests or even as not being put in the best way as to language.

22. Opinion of the Legislature.—The Legislature claimed that he exceeded his authority, and that the words in the organic act: "shall approve all laws passed by the legislative assembly before they take effect," should be interpreted to mean that it was the imperative duty of the Governor to approve all acts passed by the Legislature of the Territory, and therefore the mere fact of the governor vetoing them, or even withholding his approval, did not prevent the acts of the legislature becoming laws. This little history needs to be kept in mind, because since this struggle was ended, the Governor of Iowa has rarely used the veto for the purpose of checking the will of the Legislative Assembly, and asserting thereby his own judgment and will in thwarting legislation, but has usually left the responsibility of the wisdom of such laws to rest upon the Legislature who were thus accountable to the people who elected them. But the action of the members of the first legislature, their interpretations of the organic law, and their abuse of authority as represented by the governor, did not intimidate Governor Lucas or change his mind in the least in the discharge of his duties as he understood them. He was of such personal character that he proposed to do what he supposed was right, and let the future citizen and historian judge of the wisdom of his official course.

23. The Appeal to Higher Power. When the egislature found that threats, abuse, resolutions, and

arguments did not move him, the next attempt was to remove him from office, and a memorial was sent to the President of the United States declaring his unfitness and stubbornness, as well as his arbitrariness and usurpations, and praying, in the strongest terms for his immediate and unconditional removal from office. President Van Buren did not approve of the demand from the Legislature, and hence Governor Lucas remained in office until there was a change in the administration of the Federal government. The difficulties that had arisen between the Governor and the Legislature, and the very frequent use of the absolute veto power by the governor, attracted the attention of Congress, and some amendments were made to the organic law permitting the legislature to pass a measure over the governor's veto by a two-thirds vote, and also authorizing the legislature to pass laws permitting the people to elect all their local officers thus far appointed by the governor.

24. The Second Legislature.—As a consequence of the large controversy that had occurred at the session of the first legislature, the issue of the next election was the curtailing the power of the governor and the increasing the power of the people and their representatives, the members of the legislature. "Home rule" was a doctrine on these prairies, and tyranny and dictatorships were condemned as out of conformity with American institutions. Hence, with the coming together of the second legislature, there was no delay in taking advantage of the act of Congress.. The first thing done was to provide for the people electing all their officials, and since that time

the governor's appointing power has been small indeed, and the feeling then aroused was of such power that the people are still jealous of their rights as electors in choosing officers, even if such method of public election is in some cases not considered best. This is so far true, that the people are even now in favor of electing United States senators at a general election, did the United States constitution and laws permit.

The Extra Sessions of the Legislature.-Under Territorial organizations, the legislative assembly met annually in regular session to transact such business as the needs of the growing population might demand. There were two extra sessions called during Territorial times, both being provided for by acts of the assembly approved by the governor. One of these occurred in November, 1840, and the other in June, 1844. Both of these occurred for the purpose of redistrictng the Territory so as better to apportion the members of the council and the house of representatives among the several counties of the Territory, and also to take steps for a constitutional convention, as statehood was recommended by the governor. In Territorial days the census was taken quite frequently and at irregular times, and in both of these cases there seemed to be a necessity to reapportion before the next assembly was chosen. There were, therefore, eight regular sessions of the Territorial legislative assembly from 1838 to 1846.

25. The Boundary Dispute with Missouri.During this time the boundary line between Missouri and Iowa became a point of contest between the authorities of the State of Missouri and of the Territory of Iowa. On the 18th of June, 1838, Congress took steps to settle the growing controversy by passing a law to have the southern boundary of Iowa ascertained and marked. This act provided for a boundary commissioner from each commonwealth, and one from the United States. Missouri declined to be repre

sented upon this commission, and attempted to exercise jurisdiction north of the Indian Boundary Line, surveyed and marked in 1816 by John C. Sullivan, by direction of the surveyor-general of the United States, and up to this time accepted as the regularly authorized boundary line between Iowa and Missouri. The attempt to collect taxes north of this line in Van Buren county, by the sheriff of Clark county, Missouri, precipitated the conflict. Immediately the Iowa authorities proposed to leave the adjustment of the controversy to Congress, but the Missouri authorities proposed to assert the rights of the State by armed force.

26. The Position Taken by Iowa.-Governor Lucas met this proposition by a rejoinder that this was not a controversy between a State and a Territory, but between Missouri and the United States, and, as a representative of the latter, he would hold possession at all hazards of all territory north of the Sullivan boundary line, and see to it that citizens of the United States were protected in their rights, and the laws faithfully and fully executed. To this end he called out the militia of the Territory to aid the civil authorities in the enforcement of law and order. Proclamations were issued by both governors, and war seemed to be promised in case of an invasion of Iowa by the Missouri militia; and anyone acquainted with the character of Governor Lucas could understand with what kind of a person the Missouri claimants had to deal, and that he would have done his very best to carry out his proclamation. Seeing the firm stand taken by Iowa, and surprised at the position of

defense assumed, the Missouri authorities allowed the whole matter to be referred to the United States Supreme Court, by whose decision all the territory claimed by Iowa was approved December, 1848, proving the justice and the merit of the claim established and maintained by Iowa's first governor.

27. A Change in Administration.-The year 1840 was a time of great political excitement in the United States over the election of President; even the Territory of Iowa was much aroused and large interest was the consequence. The Democratic party had been in control of the general government for the past twelve years, and, by virtue of custom and the "spoils system," members of that party held all the appointive officers of the Nation. Governor Lucas and all his associates were therefore Democrats, and, with a change in the National government by the election of William Henry Harrison as President and John Tyler as Vice-president, a general change came in all the offices, from secretary of state in the President's cabinet to the smallest cross-road postmaster. Although President Harrison had determined to remove Governor Lucas and his associates, and had decided to appoint John Chambers, of Kentucky, as Governor of Iowa Territory, yet his sudden death brought John Tyler to the presidency, and he, appointed Chambers as governor, March 25, 1841. He entered upon his duties May 13, 1841.

28. The Seat of Government Moved. On the 30th day of April, 1841, Governor Lucas issued a proclamation changing the capital from Burlington to Iowa City, and convening the legislature on the first