og é-vé gitmek to go home (motion). ÿbg|sg| évdé otourmaq to sit in the house (rest). Hij yazmagha bashlamaq to begin to write (motion). § 253. III. Causal or Causative verbs. This form of the verb is not much used in English, but it is very common in Turkish. It implies an order or command from the speaker to a second or third person. The action is performed not by the agent or speaker but by the person to whom the order is given. These verbs are translated into English by adding to cause, to make, to have, to get, to allow and to let, to the simple verb according to the sense1; as: cause the architect to build a house. Qalfaya bir en yapdarajaghim. I shall قالفه یه بر او یا پدیره جغم .Meltoubou Ohan' nésé yazdirajagham مکتوبی اوحانسه بازدیره جنم .Artine bir chift qoundoura yapdirdi آرتینه بر چیفت قوندوره یا پدیردی I shall get John to write the letter. He got Pascal to make a pair of shoes. Ol tasvirli kitabî chojouqlara bou' gûn oqoudajaghîm. I shall allow the boys to read that book full of pictures to day. Bénim ichin bir sétri yapdirabilir misin? Yarin bir danésini gétirdé bilirim. Can you get (or have) a coat made for me? I shall have one brought to-morrow. § 254. IV. Passive verbs. The English and Turkish languages have this peculiarity, that they can form passive verbs from Intransitive, as well as from Transitive verbs; as: bagmaq to look at (intrans.): Talmaq to take (trans.): bagîlmaq to be looked at. .alinmag to be taken آلينمق § 255. V. Reciprocal verbs express an action performed together with or against each other. They are translated by adding to the infinitive the words one another, each other, together; as: 1 The meaning and use of the Causal verb are seen by comparing the verb raise with the verb rise, of which the former is the Causal, in English. So also we may call to set the causal of to sit, the former meaning to cause to sit. Similarly to lay is the causal of to lie, the former (to lay) meaning to cause to lie. .qoshoushsounlar let them run together قوشوشسونلر .vourousha jaglar they will beat each other ووروشه جقلر § 256. VI. Reflexive verbs. When the action of a verb returns to the subject from which it proceedes, the verb is called Reflexive. These verbs are translated into English by the reflexive pronouns (§ 145); as: .ortanméh to cover himself اورتونمك .soyoundoular they undressed themselves صو يونديلر .yiyganaja'ghim I shall wash myself بیقانه جغم .Reading Exercise تعليم قرائت کدی ایله دوه حکایه سی The Story of the Cat and the Camel. بركون دوه صير تنده آغير بر يوك ايله کيدركن ، کدی یه راست كلدى كدى صيرتنى قانبور لاده رق دوه یه دیدی : كدى - او غورلر اولسون ؛ دوه قارداشلق ! نره یه بویله ? دوه - اللهه امانت اول ! اما بن ناصل سنك قارداشك ايمشيم ! سن نزه ده ؟ بن نزه ده ! کدی ــ اوكا شبهه يوقدر ! البته بن سنك قارداشكيم . باق هله ! سنگکی قدر ایری و بويوك قا نبودم يوقميدر ! دوه – بلكه ! لكن عجبا بنمکی قدر ده قوتلی می ! کدی وای ! نه بوش سوز ! شو حيرتكده يومروق قدر كوچوك برشی وار ایسه ، عجبا سوزك اونك ايچون ميدر ! دوه - اما ايو باق ! بو يوك سنك ايچون يك بويوك دكلمى ؟ کدی بوش سوزلر سویله مه ! شونی بكا وير، تنبل هريف ! دوه ! ! يك اعلا برآز بری کل هوپ بالا ! ديمش و يوكنى كدينك صيرتينه يوكلتمش ! کدی - آمان ! آمان ! آمان ! نه آغیر ایمش ! ايشيم بيتدى ! وای ! دوه وای ! وای ! ایشته بلاكى بولدك ! كيت بويوك سوز سويله مكى اوكرن ! بويوك لقمه يه ، بويوك سوز سويله مه ! قصه دن حصه Talimi Qira ́at. Kédi ilé dévé Hikîayési. Bir gün Dévé sirtinda1 aghir bir yúk ilé gédérkén2, Kédiyé rast geldi3. Kédi sîrtînî qambourladaraq1 dévéyé dédi 5: Kédi Dévé Kédi Dévé Kédi Dévé Kédi Dévé Kédi Oughourlar olsoun, dévé qardashliq1! néréyé béoylé? 10 Allaha émanet ols! am'ma bén na'sîl séniñ qardashin imishim? sén' nérédé? bén' nérédé? Oña shub'hé yoqdour?! Elbét té 1o bén séniñ qardashin im. Baq hélé11! séninki qadar iri vé béoyúk qambouroum 12 yog'mou dour? Belki 13! lakin ajéba 14 bénimki qadar' da qouv'vetli mi? Vay! ne bosh seoz 15! shou sirtiñda youmrouq 16 qadar kúchúk bir shey var îsa, ajaba sedzúñ onoun' ichoun mou dour? Am'ma éyi bag! bou yúk séniñ ichin pék béoyúk deyilmi? Bosh seozler seoylémé! Shounou baña vér! témbél hérif! Pék ala! bir az béri18 gél! hop'bala 19! démish 2o, vé yûkúnú kédiniñ sîrtîna yúklétmish21. Aman! aman! aman22! ne aghir imish! ishim bitdi! vay! vay! vay 24! Words. 1. on his back. 2. while going. 3. he met. 4. arching (making hunch-back). 5. said. 6. good speed! 7. half brother, good brother. 8. thank you! (I commit you to the charge of God). 9. there is no doubt about it. 10. of course. 11 look here! 12. hunch. 13. perhaps. 14. I wonder. 15. what a useless word. 16. as large as a fist. 17. villager, rude man (lazy fellow!). 18. nearer. 19. Heyday! (hoop po loo!) 20. he said. 21. he burdened, he placed (leaded). 22. O dear! O dear! 23. my work is finished, i. e. I am lost, it is all up with me. 24. Oh! Alas! 25. you have got (found) your punishment. 26. go and learn the [calamity of] speaking conceited (haughty) words. 27. moral from the story. 28. morsel (of food). دوه کیدر کن کیمه راست کلدی ؟ کدی یه راست کلدی . دوه نك صير تينده نه وار ایمش ؟ غایت آغير بر يوك وار ايمش. دوه نه در؟ ? کدی می بويوك ؟ دوه مى بويوك کدی دوه یه نه دیدی ؟ دوه ایری بر يوك حيوانى در. کدی دوه يه باقه رق يك كوچوكدر. اوغورلر اولسون كيملره دیرلر ؟ يولجيلره دیرلر افندم ! دوه نره يه يولجي ايمش عجبا ؟ اوغورلر اولسون قارداشلق» ديدى . بلکه بغداده طوغرى يولجي ايدى. كدى دوه نك قارداشی می ایدی ؟ خير افندم ! بويك بوش بر سوز ايدى . كدى صوکره دوه یه نه دیدی ! شو كوچوچك يوككى بكا وبر ديدى . بورا بو حکایه یی صوكنه قدر سویله ! يك اعلا افنديجكزم ! .17 Lesson درس ۱۷ Primitive and Derivative Verbs. مجرد و مزيد فيه مصدرلر § 257. Simple or Primitive Verbs are those which have no letters or syllables inserted after the root: for instance yazmaq to write, El~ sévmék to love, ogoumaq to read, are simple verbs, because there اوقومت √sɩ yaz, Vym sév, يازV are no letters added to the roots oqou. yaz او قونق سويشمك ، يازدير مق But if I say .258 اوقو V dirmaq, sévishmék, oqounmaq: these are derivative verbs, yazdar اوقون ، سویش، یاز دیر the new or secondary roots are sévish, oqoun. These are formed by inserting certain letters between the simple roots and the infinitive termination, and thus changing the meaning of the verb, more or less. az to write از yazmag : V يازمق .yazdir to cause to write يا دير ;yazdirmaa يازديرمق ogou to read اوقوogoumag; V اوقومق .ogoun to be read اوقون ;ogoummag اوقومق § 259. The so-called servile letters are those letters, which, when added to the roots, change, more or less, the meaning of the verb. They are:t, ɔɔ dir, › r, in, Jl, ♬ sh. § 260. These letters or syllables have each their own special signification when inserted to form a new root. Each alters the meaning of the verb in a regular manner. 1, 2, 3. t, dir,> r have the power of making verbs Transitive, if the original root is Intransitive; and Causal, if the original verb is Transitive. 4, 5. A verb is made either Reflexive or Passive by adding Jor دیر n to the root of a primitive verb. 6. Reciprocal verbs are formed by adding sh to the root of primitive verbs. § 261. There are six measures [j,‘\ bab, vézn], as they are called in Turkish, which serve as formulas |