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Hill, D. H. Hill, Trimble, and J. A. Early. The on Friday, May 1, at 8 A.M., he ordered an immediate artillery comprised 170 pieces and 5000 men. The advance. On the north side of the Rappahannock, cavalry, under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, amounted to Gen. Sickles had made a parallel march, entirely con2700 men, and was actively employed on the left as far cealed from the Confederates, and arrived at Chancelas the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. The total of lorsville at 9 A.M. Hooker, after reconnoitring the Gen. Lee's forces was thus less than 60,000 men. The ground toward Fredericksburg, sent Meade at 11 A.M., impracticability of attacking him in front had been so with two divisions, along the river-road toward Banks's decisively proved that when the time for action came Ford, while Sykes and Hancock with their divisions Gen. Hooker determined to turn his left flank, while advanced along the turnpike and the corps of Slocum making also a vigorous demonstration on the right. and Howard along the plank road. Sedgwick also was As a preliminary, he ordered his entire cavalry, except ordered to threaten an attack from below, but the orPleasonton's brigade, to set out April 13, and, crossing ders arrived too late to have any effect on the movethe river west of the Orange and Alexandria Rail-ments of the day. On each of the roads the enemy road, to push down to Gordonsville and finally cut was encountered, and though Sykes's column, which Lee's communications with the Confederate capital. was the most advanced, was for a time outflanked, it A sudden rise in the river on the 16th prevented this, was speedily relieved by Hancock. Everything was so that the cavalry remained idle till the 27th, when progressing favorably for Hooker's plans, yet before 2 the movement of the infantry began. Gen. Howard P.M.-the time he had fixed for the junction of the then led the way with the Eleventh Corps to Kelley's advancing columns-he sent peremptory orders for Ford, 15 miles above this junction of the Rapidan, them to retire to Chancellorsville. This abandonment and the Twelfth and Fifth Corps followed. On the of his forward movement was depressing to the soldiers 29th these three corps, under the command of Gen. at that time, and has been condemned by all the Slocum, had crossed and were marching back on the generals engaged in it, and by all military critics since south side, while Gen. Stuart, thinking that the that time. There was every reason to push on both to movement was toward Gordonsville, took post accord-secure Banks's Ford, thus bringing the two parts of ingly, and did not try to prevent the crossing of the the Union army nearer together by six miles, and also Rapidan until it was too late. On the same day the to fight, if there must be a battle, outside of the First, Third, and Sixth Corps crossed below Freder-highly-disadvantageous ground of the Wilderness. icksburg, under the command of Gen. Sedgwick. This The day was wasted, however; and Hooker, forfeiting movement was intended only as a demonstration, but all the superiority gained by his advance and surprise Sedgwick had orders to carry the enemy's works if a of the enemy, withdrew to act on the defensive. His large force should be detached in the opposite direc- troops were massed along the roads leading from Chantion, and to pursue them if they should retreat toward cellorsville, his line somewhat resembling the letter Richmond. Gen. Slocum reached Chancellorsville on J. At the top, or extreme left, stood Meade; then April 30 at 2 P.M. with 40,000 men, and Gen. Couch, came Couch's division, reaching to Chancellorsville. who had been waiting until the United States Ford was Slocum's and Sickles's corps occupied the curve, and uncovered, crossed there with the divisions of French Howard the extremity on the right, at Dowdall's tavand Hancock, and arrived the same evening. The ern, where the roads diverged. Hancock was at some Chancellor house, where Gen. Hooker now established distance east of the Chancellor house, his line crossing his headquarters, was a large brick mansion in a clear- both the river-road and the old turnpike. ing in the eastern part of the tract known as the Gen. Lee approached this part on Friday evening, Wilderness, and with its outbuildings constituted and found the Union position too strong to be assailed Chancellorsville. Throughout this region the original in front; but Jackson suggested a thoroughly characforests had been cut down for fuel for iron-furnaces, teristic movement with his whole corps across Hooker's and a dense secondary growth of pines and scrub front and around his right flank, which was the only covered the scanty soil. From Orange Court-House to weak point of the Union line, being, in military phrase, Fredericksburg ran an old turnpike road, which had in the air"-that is, without any natural or artificial been supplemented by a plank road nearly parallel. support. Though such a separation of his forces was For a mile and a half west of Chancellorsville the condemned by the strict rules of military science, yet plank road occupied the line of the turnpike, but to Lee, seeing that Hooker had already shrunk back from the east they diverged, again reuniting about seven fighting an offensive battle, and trusting much to Jackmiles from Fredericksburg. Another road ran north-son's never-failing energy, gave him full permission to east from Chancellorsville, then turned to follow the course of the river, and touched it at Banks's Ford, four miles west of Fredericksburg.

Gen. Hooker, on the evening of April 30, issued a congratulatory order to his troops on the success of the movement. In fact, Lee's army was in a serious predicament. Sedgwick and Reynolds threatened it on the right below Fredericksburg, while Hooker with four corps was on his left flank, kept back only by Anderson's force, which he outnumbered more than two to one. Gen. Stuart had sent to Lee information of the march and size of Hooker's columns, and on that night set out to report in person to his chief. Encountering part of Pleasonton's cavalry, however, he was obliged to bring up his brigade before he drove them back. Lee perceived that the main attack was to be on his left, and promptly decided to advance to meet it, leaving Gen. Early with 8500 men to defend the strong works on Fredericksburg Heights, while McLaws was sent forward to sustain Anderson. The latter had taken position on the crest of a hill, about two miles east of Chancellorsville, where Gen. Lee ordered entrenchments to be made. Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson, who had held the extreme right of the Confederate defences, was directed to march with his corps to meet Hooker's attack. Arriving at the front

carry out his scheme. On Saturday morning, then, Jackson moved westward by a wood-road, keeping his march as much concealed as possible, and using Stuart's cavalry to feel the Union lines. In passing Welford's Furnace, however, his column came in full view of Sickles's troops, which had been pushed out near the road to the Furnace. From this time on there were frequent indications of Jackson's movement, but it was generally interpreted as a retreat to Gordonsville. Sickles had soon driven the Confederates from the road, and Birney pushed on to the Furnace, where he captured an entire Georgia regiment. About noon Sickles reported that he could make a flank attack on Jackson, and later he obtained the assistance of Pleasonton's cavalry, while Williams's division from Slocum's corps, and even Barlow's reserve brigade from Howard's corps, were sent to support this movement, which, however, was greatly delayed by marching through swamps and woods. Immediately after the first attack, Jackson's trains had turned off on a sideroad, which was speedily made available for their passage, and continued on their way without further interruption.

Early in the morning Gen. Hooker had inspected all his lines and pronounced them strong, but at 9.30 A. M. he sent a circular to Slocum and Howard, stating

the probability of Jackson's intending to attack the right flank of the Union army and calling attention to the need of extra defences there. Gen. Howard, whom this warning especially concerned, certainly did not take sufficient precautions to meet the possible flank attack, and only two regiments faced in the direction by which the enemy actually came. Howard's division commanders, in the course of the afternoon, notified him that the enemy were massing in the woods beyond, but both Howard and Hooker seem to have dismissed all apprehension of an attack from this quarter. Gen. Barlow, whose brigade formed Howard's reserve, was withdrawn and sent to support Sickles, who reported that he was fighting the main body of Jackson's troops. But the actual result of Sickles's well-meant advance was to leave a gap of two miles in the Union lines, and fatally to weaken the right.

The increasing frequency of minor attacks toward the Union right had not dispelled the delusion that Jackson was retreating, and at 4 P. M. that wary general had reached the position which he selected as most favorable for his purpose. He had crossed the Orange plank road, by which he might have reached Howard's right, and had gone on to the turnpike which brought him in from the north-west. His troops were formed perpendicularly to the turnpike on each side, Rodes's and Colston's divisions leading, while A. P. Hill supported them and covered both roads. Thus, with his lines overlapping the doomed Eleventh Corps, Jackson advanced through the woods without sending out skirmishers. At 6 P. M. the Union soldiers were scattered through their camp preparing supper, when the Confederates burst from the woods and with a fierce yell dashed against the little handful that confronted them. Gen. Devens bravely exerted himself to stem the irresistible shock, and, though soon wounded, ordered up his reserves; but they also were swept away. Even three regiments which Gen. Carl Schurz had posted north of the turnpike, facing west, were also driven back in utter confusion. Buschbeck's brigade formed behind a slight entrenchment which had been thrown across the road, and with his artillery gave some check to Jackson's headlong career.

The stream of fugitives had already reached Chancellorsville before Hooker was roused to activity. Berry's brigade was now ordered to form across the main road and drive back the enemy. From the artillery of the Eleventh and Twelfth Corps some guns were gathered, and, being planted under Warren's direction, prevented Jackson's further advance along the road. Meantime, Sickles had been recalled, and Pleasonton, with his cavalry, on reaching Hazel Grove clearing, found it filled with a dense mass of struggling fugitives. By a cavalry charge and the effective handling of some guns, but especially owing to the loss of organization produced by their rapid advance through the woods, Jackson's men were compelled to pause, their army having been broken up by its very success. Gen. Lee, as soon as he heard Jackson's guns, made sufficient attack from the opposite side to prevent reinforcements being sent, yet Meade, on the extreme left, was undisturbed.

After night had set in, Jackson, feeling the necessity of withdrawing the troops which had made the attack, that they might reform their lines, ordered A. P. Hill to the front; then with some staff-officers he rode forward beyond his lines to reconnoitre. On his return his party, being mistaken for Federal cavalry, was fired upon by his own men, and he himself wounded. He was carried to the rear, and died a few days later of pneumonia brought on by his injury. Such was the end of one of the most remarkable characters of the war-a revival in the nineteenth century of the English Puritan soldier of the seventeenth.

Gen. Sickles during Saturday night made an attack on Jackson's troops, but finally retired to Chancellorsville. Reynolds's (First) corps came up from the north side of the Rappahannock the same night, but, though

VOL. II.-B

they were fresh and eager for fight, they were detained to guard the fords. The Eleventh Corps had been sent to the extreme left to reorganize, and Meade moved closer to Chancellorsville. These three corps were left unemployed during the battle of Sunday.

Anderson, whose division was on the left of the Confederates that remained with Lee, had steadily worked around toward Jackson, and his endeavors to effect a junction were facilitated by the withdrawal of Sickles. Gen. Stuart quickly occupied the crest near Hazel Grove with artillery, which in the battle following poured a destructive fire on the new line of the Union troops at Fairview, a crest half a mile west of Chancellorsville. Early on Sunday morning the assault was renewed in three columns, and the Union defences both north and south of the plank road, the latter being manned in part by raw troops, were quickly taken by Jackson's veterans, burning to avenge his loss. After a severe struggle the Union troops were finally compelled to fall back to a new line at Fairview Heights, half a mile west of Chancellorsville. The artillery at Hazel Grove, well served by Walker, now began to tell on the Union lines, and inflicted the severest losses of the day. In resisting Stuart's repeated assaults on the Union right centre, Williams had exhausted his ammunition, and could no longer hold his ground. Birney, of Sickles's corps, had steadily supported him, but was now reduced to the same strait. Sickles sent repeated and urgent demands for reinforcements, but about that time a chance ball struck a post against which Hooker was leaning, on the porch of the Chancellor house, and he fell stunned. Before he recovered sufficiently to give orders the Union troops were driven completely back to the Chancellor clearing, where again the veterans trained by Jackson displayed the pertinacity of their leader. Hooker on his recovery ordered the Chancellor house to be relinquished to the enemy and new lines to be formed at the White house, about half a mile north of the former.

Though the Confederates had thus at last gained the central point, so exhausted were they at the time that Gen. Sickles took, instead of losing, men and material, and in his report says that "if another corps, or even 10,000 men, had been available on that part of the field, I believe the battle would have resulted in our favor." And yet there were within easy reach three corps-Meade's, Reynolds's, and Howard's-which had scarcely a man engaged in the fight; while Meade, on behalf of himself and Reynolds, had expressly asked for leave to take part. The disaster was not owing to lack of courage on part of the soldiers, but to lack of generalship on part of the commander. On the opposite side never did troops fight better than those hardy veterans whose leader had been snatched from them by remorseless fate. Through tangled woods, against well-constructed field-works, through deathdealing artillery fire, they toiled, and when their ammunition was gone pressed on with the bayonet till they had won the desperately-contested field.

But the fighting was not all on the Union right; on its left centre, where Geary was posted facing to the south, Anderson pressed on. At 9 A. M., Geary found his position exposed to the fire of Stuart's artillery at Hazel Grove and his flank threatened by Stuart's line of battle, and after making all the resistance possible retired. Then Stuart and Anderson, having effected a junction, began to fortify their position south of the Chancellor house. Stuart's troops, having been fighting and marching continuously since Thursday morning, were exhausted, and made no attempt to molest Hancock, whose position to the east they outflanked. Hancock had steadily confronted McLaws and Anderson, and was the last of the Union commanders to retire to the new lines, which he did in safety.

One part of Gen. Hooker's plan had been that Gen. Sedgwick, after crossing the Rappahannock, should attack Gen. Lee in the rear, and, although he himself had failed to make the attack in front, he insisted the

more that Gen. Sedgwick, who had about 22,000 men, should execute this part of the plan. On Saturday evening Gen. Sedgwick started by the Bowling Green road, leading south, but was afterward ordered to march on Fredericksburg. Gen. Early, who held the Heights of Fredericksburg with 8500 Confederates, had on Saturday morning started out to join Lee, but had returned. Sedgwick's advance cautiously entered the town about daybreak on Sunday, but were assailed from behind a stone wall. The Union general Gibbon, who had so far lain at Falmouth, now crossed directly in front of Fredericksburg and joined Sedgwick's right. Warren, who had come directly from Hooker's headquarters, reconnoitred the ground toward the Heights; at every part it was found that the enemy's batteries bore on the approaches. It was decided then to make the assault on an extended line, so that the enemy's force could not be concentrated at any point. The troops were properly disposed, and moved gallantly to their work. On the left three storming-columns carried Cemetery Hill, then faced to the right and assisted the other storming-party, who had advanced directly from the city, in taking Marye's Heights. The loss of the Union troops was very heavy, but the chief object was gained. Early's force was cut in two, the main part being left below the town, where they might have been crushed had not Sedgwick's orders required him to move in the opposite direction.

Sedgwick, for insufficient reasons, delayed his march till 1 P. M. But, even had he moved with the utmost promptness, the battle of Chancellorsville had been decided while he was gaining the Heights of Fredericksburg. After some resistance to Sedgwick's march, Wilcox fell back to Salem church, about a mile south of Banks's Ford, where McLaws, sent out by Lee with four brigades, had taken a strong position. The church and schoolhouse, forming a salient on the right of the Confederate line, were sharply contested.

and the river-banks. Sedgwick went into camp on the north side, keeping a guard near the ford. The Sixth Corps had lost heavily in killed and wounded, but suffered no other detriment; it even brought off over a thousand prisoners.

The

Gen. Lee, having thus completely succeeded in his immediate object-that of driving Sedgwick over the river was able again to turn his whole attention to Hooker, who remained nerveless and listless near Chancellorsville. On that night, indeed, Hooker, who had predetermined on a retreat, called a conference of his corps commanders, who were unanimously in favor of a renewal of the attack, except Sickles, who took the ground that the state of political affairs did not then allow even the risk of another defeat. Hooker's determination was unchanged, and Gen. Warren prepared a new line for the army, protecting the United States Ford. On Tuesday evening the artillery began to cross, although a heavy rain had set in, and a few hours later a sudden rise in the river took place. crossing, however, proceeded without interruption, and was accomplished by 8 A.M., May 6. Lee had already exhausted his ammunition, and made no serious attack on the troops, which thus escaped a still more dreadful catastrophe. Hooker on returning to the position he had occupied during the winter issued a boastful order inconsistent with the plain facts, while Lee, with that true religious feeling which characterized his whole career, thanked his soldiers for their heroic conduct, but ascribed the victory to God. The losses of the campaign, according to the official reports, were, on the Union side, 17,197, of whom 4601 were from the Sixth Corps (Sedgwick's) and 4039 from the Third Corps (Sickles's); on the Confederate side, 13,019, of whom 8292 were from Jackson's corps.

The

The column of cavalry which had set out under Stoneman on April 27 crossed the Rappahannock on the 29th, and then divided, Averill being directed to While Hooker had sent word to Sedgwick that he push to Culpeper Court-house, while Stoneman moved must rely on himself, Lee, divining Hooker's intention southward and crossed the Rapidan. Averill was dilato remain inactive, sent Anderson back to reinforce tory in his movements, and his command was afterward McLaws. Gen. Early, too, having been informed of given to Pleasonton. Stoneman, after reaching Louisa Sedgwick's movement, returned and took the Fred- Court-house, dispersed his forces. The smallness of ericksburg Heights, where only a handful of troops had the detachments prevented their doing much damage; been left, and then followed Sedgwick, hoping to re-minor bridges were burnt, the Virginia Central Railunite the Confederate forces. Thus Sedgwick was road was broken up for several miles, but the Fredersurrounded on three sides, while the road to Banks's icksburg and Richmond Railroad-which was the main Ford offered but a precarious line of retreat. At 9 A. M. route of Lee's communications, and the destruction of on Monday he sent a full account of his situation which was the principal object of the expedition-was to Hooker, and was directed to hold his position, or at left almost intact. When the six days' rations with least the south side of the ford, as Hooker intended to which he had started were consumed, although the renew the advance the next morning. Sedgwick still whole country in the rear of the Confederate army was urged that permission should be given to him to cross open to invasion, Gen. Stoneman began to return, and the river by night, and additional bridges for this pur- on May 6 he recrossed the Rappahannock. pose were laid. Keeping the ford at his back, he slight damage wrought by his troopers was speedily formed his troops on three sides of a square-Howe on repaired, and the raid had no practical effect. (J. P. L.) the left, Brooks on the front, and Newton on the right. CHANCERY. The functions of a court of chancery Both Early and McLaws had already, from opposite have been discharged in the United States sides, made unsuccessful attempts to capture the ford. at different times in various ways. During the afternoon Lee, again venturing to profit by Prior to the Revolution no trace of the Hooker's inertness, left Jackson's old corps of less than exercise of equitable jurisdiction_can_be 20,000 men to hold in check four times that number, found in the province of New Hampshire. In Masand moved with the rest of his troops against Sedg-sachusetts the general court seems in the earliest times wick. At 6 P. M. he had fully completed his arrange- to have acted as a court of chancery. In 1685, however, ments for attack, and especially directed that efforts be made to break the centre of Sedgwick's line and thus scatter the whole force. Darkness, however, was already coming on, and a fog from the river increased the obscurity. The movements, therefore, were made separately, the chief attack being by Early against Howe's line, which was rendered weak by its length; but the onset was bravely and skilfully repulsed. By these fierce and determined attacks, Sedgwick was confirmed in his opinion of the necessity of recrossing the river, and during the night, having sent several despatches to Hooker, at last obtained from him a reluctant consent. As soon as the enemy discovered the movement they directed their batteries toward the bridges

See Vol. V.

p. 338 Am.
ed. (p. 389
Edin. ed.).

the court freed itself from the performance of these duties, imposing them upon the magistrates in each county. In 1692 an act was passed whereby the governor and council were vested with the powers of a court of chancery. In 1694 this act was repealed, and equitable powers were vested in a new tribunal, to consist of three commissioners appointed by the governor, who were to be assisted in their labors by five masters in chancery. For some cause this act was obnoxious to the home authorities, and it was accordingly disallowed by the royal council. From this period until the Revolution no distinct court of equity was erected in Massachusetts. The common-law courts were, however, vested with equitable powers in relation to mortgages, penalties,

and some other distinctive features of equitable juris-ministering equity now in force in Maine, New Hampdiction. In Rhode Island and Connecticut the powers shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecof the common-law courts with regard to matters of ticut, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, North equitable cognizance were in provincial times substan- Carolina, Georgia, Texas, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, tially similar to those exercised by the courts of Massa- Iowa, Arkansas, and Oregon. In all these States the chusetts. In Connecticut the powers with relation to common-law courts are vested either by the constitution penalties and forfeitures were conferred as early as or by statute with specific equity powers, and the method 1672. In New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Vir- adopted for administering equitable relief is more or less ginia, both the Carolinas, and Georgia the colonial closely modelled upon that obtaining in the former High governor seems to have exercised the functions of a Court of Chancery in England. In the remaining States chancellor from very early times until the breaking of the Union no distinction now exists between actions out of the Revolution. In New York the power to at law and suits in equity. Courts are erected which hold a court of chancery was especially conferred upon have jurisdiction over all civil causes, and codes have the governor by an ordinance of the Lords of Planta- been passed providing for the redress of all civil intions and Trade passed in 1701. Little business, how- juries by one form of action. The following are the ever, was done in this court, owing to a general dislike States which have adopted this course of procedure: on the part of the public of its constitution and meth- New York, Ohio, Missouri, California, Indiana, Kansas. od of procedure. In New Jersey the governor's court Nebraska, Utah, South Carolina, Louisiana, Wisconsin, of chancery was first established in 1705. In Pennsyl- Minnesota, Colorado, and Nevada. vania the county courts had in the early days of the province a distinct equitable side in which justice was administered purely according to the principles of chancery. So distinct was this branch of their jurisdiction from their ordinary common-law powers that in several instances a county court sitting in equity reversed its own judgment previously entered while sitting as a court of law. A violent opposition to the exercise of these powers was, however, speedily developed among the colonists, and before the year 1700 the equitable functions of the court seem largely to have ceased. In 1720, Gov. Keith erected a court of chancery in the province, in which he himself, assisted by his council, presided. This tribunal did little business, but maintained a precarious existence for sixteen years, when it was finally abolished at the urgent request of the assembly. Since 1736 no separate court of equity has existed in Pennsylvania, nor until nearly the close of the eighteenth century were any equitable powers vest-of ed in the courts of common law. Several of the best recognized principles of equity were, however, regarded as imbedded in the law of the State, and justice was accordingly administered to suitors in accordance with those principles through the medium of the forms of the common law. In Delaware the early system of common-law courts with a distinct equity side, which it shared at first with Pennsylvania, was continued until the Revolution.

After the Declaration of Independence the various States in framing their constitutions differed broadly as to the wisest method of providing for the administration of equity. In New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and South Carolina distinct courts of chancery were erected, to be presided over by a chancellor. In Virginia separate circuit courts of chancery were erected, the decisions of which were subject, however, to review by an appellate court of law and equity. A like course was subsequently pursued by the State of Michigan in framing its judicial system. In Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama distinct courts of equity have always existed. Experience has, however, shown that such tribunals are not well suited to the genius of the American people. Accordingly, in several of the States where separate courts of chancery were originally adopted they have since been abolished. Virginia discarded them in 1830, New York in 1840, Michigan in 1872, and South Carolina in 1873. The remaining States in which separate equity tribunals still exist are New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama.

By the terms of the Constitution of the United States, and of the Judiciary Act of 1789, passed in pursuance thereof, the courts of the United States are vested with jurisdiction in equity as well as at law. In administering equitable relief these courts proceed according to the course and practice of chancery, and will never interfere where there is a plain, adequate, and complete remedy at law. Somewhat similar is the method of ad

But notwithstanding the sweeping change effected in these States, it has nevertheless been found necessary to make provision for the administration of certain equitable remedies, the absence of which would inevitably result in a failure of justice in many cases. Accordingly, injunctions and writs of ne exeat are issued, specific performance granted, and receivers appointed according to the practice and course of chancery, but under common-law or special statutory forms. (L. L.,

JR.)

CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH (1813-1879), an American Senator, was born at Bristol, N. H., Dec. 10, 1813. After receiving a common-school education he engaged in trade, and in 1833 removed to Detroit, where he was very successful as a dry-goods merchant. In 1851 he was elected mayor of Detroit, and his energy and success in the canvass for that office caused him to be selected by the Whigs as their candidate for governor the State in the next year, but he was defeated. He afterwards joined in the formation of the Republican party, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1856 to succeed Gen. Lewis Cass. He served on the committee on commerce, and in his two subsequent terms was chairman of that committee. He was actively concerned in all the legislation connected with the Civil War and the reconstruction of the Southern States. When his third term expired the legislature of Michigan elected a Senator less pronounced in opposition to the South, but Pres. Grant appointed Chandler Secretary of the Interior. He discharged the duties of this office with vigor and integrity. In 1876 he was president of the Republican national committee, and not only performed most arduous labor during the campaign, but when the result of the election was in dispute succeeded in having the election of Mr. R. B. Hayes recognized and proved. In 1879 he returned to his former place in the Senate, and during the autumn took part in an exciting political campaign. After making an effective speech in Chicago, Nov. 1, 1879, he was found dead in his bed.

CHANGARNIER, NICOLAS ANNE THÉODULE, a French general, born at Autun, April 26, 1793. After studying at St. Cyr, he was appointed a sub-lieutenant in 1815, and entered one of the privileged companies of the body-guard of Louis XVIII. He took part in the brief campaign of the French army in Spain in 1823, and was promoted to a captaincy in 1825. He was sent to Algeria in 1830, and distinguished himself greatly on every occasion-in the expedition to Mascara and in Gen. Clausel's campaign against Achmet Bey, and especially in his skilful fighting in the retreat from Constantina to Bona. Lieutenant-colonel in 1837 and maréchal-de-camp in 1840, he was made a general by the duc d'Aumale, then governor, and was vigorous in the defeat of Abd el-Kader. Upon the overthrow of Louis Philippe in 1848 he returned to France, and offered his services to the provisional government. He was appointed minister to Berlin, but preferred to remain among the stirring and more important scenes of

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In 1836

Paris. He gave vigorous support to the provisional | was not to his taste, and he never graduated. government. putting down insurrections that would he began to write verses for the Boston Journal, and have overthrown it. At this time Cavaignac, then printed some youthful essays on Shakespeare, displayin command in Algeria, was elected to the legislature, ing some power as a critic. In 1839 he removed to and Changarnier was ordered thither to take his place; Illinois, and lived for a year in a log cabin which he but, having been also elected to a seat, he remained in built with his own hands. In 1840 he went to CincinParis; and when soon after the supreme power was in nati, where he lived a studious life, and became conthe hands of Cavaignac, he was placed in command of nected for a time with the Gazette. In 1841 he the National Guard. When Louis Napoleon was elect- returned to New England, married Miss Ellen Fuller, ed president he retained this command, which, with the a sister of Margaret Fuller, whom he had met in troops in the capital, numbered 100,000 men. He was Cincinnati, and fixed his residence in Concord. Mr. successful in keeping order during this stormy period; Emerson had printed in the Dial for October, 1840, but as he was openly opposed to the Republic, he was an essay entitled "New Poetry," and in it said of watched lest he should play the part of Gen. Monk in Channing's songs: 'Here is poetry more purely intelrestoring the monarchy. Although he had many friends lectual than any American verses we have yet seen, and supporters, he was deprived of his command, and distinguished from all competition by two merits-the when the coup d'état came on the 2d of December, he fineness of perception and the poet's trust in his own was arrested in his bed in the morning, and taken to genius. The writer was not afraid to write ill; he had Mazas, where he was detained for several days. By a great meaning too much at heart to stand for trifles, a decree of the new Government, on Jan. 9, 1852, he and wrote lordly for his peers alone." This praise was banished from France. He took up his residence did not seem quite justified by the extracts given, and at Malines in Belgium, refusing to return when special when Mr. Channing published his first volume of permission was granted. In March, 1855, he published Poems in 1843 it met with no success. Many of these a violent denial of the charge made by M. Véron (in poems had appeared in the Dial (1840-44), and he his Mémoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris) that in 1849 also wrote prose for that magazine. In 1844-45 he he had joined in the proposal to arrest his colleagues was on the editorial staff of the New York Tribune. Cavaignac, Lamoricière, and others. On the declara- In 1846 he made a brief visit to Europe, sailing up the tion of a general amnesty he returned to France, and Mediterranean, and spending most of his time in Italy. resided on his estates. When, at the beginning of the Of this journey some record occurs in his Conversations Franco-Prussian war in 1870, he offered his services for in Rome, published in Boston in 1847-the same year a command in chief, they were courteously declined, that his second volume of Poems appeared. This was but he was called by the emperor to Metz on the unfavorably received, while his third volume of verse, 8th of August. On the withdrawal of Napoleon from The Woodman (1849), was scarcely noticed at all. He Metz, Changarnier remained with Bazaine, and par- published nothing more until 1858, when Near Home ticipated in the fierce battles around that city. Upon appeared, with a dedication to Henry Thoreau. In the truce which preceded the capitulation he was sent 1855-56 he was sub-editor of the New Bedford Merto Prince Frederick Charles to negotiate terms. The cury, and lived in that city for a year or two. His propositions with which he was charged were-1, to be wife died in 1856, and in 1857 he returned to Concord, permitted to take the army to Algeria; or 2, to have where he has ever since resided. He was the most an armistice, during which Metz and its forces should intimate friend of Hawthorne while that author lived be revictualled, while the old imperial legislature of in the "Old Manse," from 1842 to 1846, and he was France should be called together and requested to form also the daily companion of Thoreau in his walks and a new government to be supported by Bazaine's army. distant journeyings. In 1863-64 he began a "Life of These propositions being declined and a surrender de Thoreau" in the Boston Commonwealth, which in 1873 manded, he shared the fate of the army, and was for he expanded into a volume and published under the a short time a prisoner in Germany. When peace was title of Thoreau the Poet-Naturalist. This is a most concluded he returned to France, and his popularity was suggestive biography of his friend, though lacking in manifested by his election to the House by four differ- method. Thoreau is also partly the subject of his poem, ent constituencies. While in his seat he presented a The Wanderer, published in 1871, since which time no summary of the events at Metz, in which he blamed volume of his verses has come out, but single poems Bazaine for want of method. His course as a legislator have been printed in Emerson's Parnassus and elseis marked by a polemic and haughty spirit, but also by where. Mr. Channing is a writer of vast and irregular candor and fearlessness. He took part in that violent learning, an acute critic, an odd humorist, and a poet opposition which resulted in the overthrow of Thiers, of profound insight and delicate beauty of verse in his and was in favor of the succession of Marshal Mac- best passages. In other poems he is harsh, rough, Mahon. He was a member of the committee of nine careless, and even grotesque, so that he has not made appointed to form, if practicable, a monarchical consti- that impression on the public that his rare merits detution, and to find out the attitude and views of the serve. (F. B. S.) comte de Chambord, the representative of the Bourbon line, who, it was thought, would accept a constitutional compromise if permitted to ascend the throne. When the prince refused any compromise, Changarnier moved to place the executive power in the hands of MacMahon for ten years from 1873. He was elected a senator for life by the joint vote of the two houses in 1875 he died of serous apoplexy on Feb. 14, 1877.

(H. C.)

CHANNING, WILLIAM ELLERY, an American poet, son of Dr. Walter Channing and nephew of Dr. William Ellery Channing, was born in Boston, June 10, 1818. His mother (of the Perkins family in Boston) dying early, he was sent in his eighth year to the Round Hill School at Northampton, Mass., where Motley the historian was one of his schoolfellows and George Bancroft one of his teachers. After further study in the Boston Latin School he entered Harvard College, where his uncle, Edward T. Channing, was professor of rhetoric; but the regularity of college-life

CHANNING, WILLIAM HENRY, an American clergyman, cousin of the poet W. E. Channing, was born in Boston, May 25, 1810, the son of Francis Dana Channing. He was educated in Lancaster, Mass., at the Boston Latin School, and Harvard College, graduating at the last in 1829. He studied divinity at the Cambridge Divinity School, and was ordained as a Unitarian minister at Cincinnati in 1835. During the "Transcendental" period (1838-48) he returned to New England, and preached in Boston, New York, and elsewhere; edited The Present and The Harbinger, and was connected with several experiments in Christian socialism along with Horace Greeley, George Ripley, Charles A. Dana, and Alfred Brisbane. In 1848 he was president of the Boston Union of Associationists, and in the same year published his most important work, the Memoir of William Ellery Channing, his uncle. He had previously written much for the North American Review, Christian Examiner, and Dial, and in 1840 had published a translation of Jeoffroy's Ethics.

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