TABLE IX.-Analyses of Pennsylvania Bituminous Coals (from Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania). Fixed Carbon. Sulphur. Ash. 1.14 35.736 51-755 The lower seams are 4 feet 6 inches, 3 feet 6 inches, 6 feet, and 2 feet, in a thickness of 250 feet. The lowest seam is the Bluebough coal, which is in two branches, respectively 32 inches and 8 inches thick, 1.795 9-105 separated by 12 to 16 inches of shale. The next seam 8-719 is the Parker coal, 2 to 24 feet thick and 36 feet higher. 4637 The Powell seam is 30 feet higher, and said to be 34 3-255 feet thick. The Percy seam, 20 feet higher, contains 7222 30 inches of coal. The fifth bed, the Hall, is 30 feet 5.971 higher and 4 feet thick. A sixth bed, the Rush Run 7040 coal, 2 feet thick, is still higher. Cross-sections show 1.15 19.774 67.780 1.615 9-669 that the whole system of coal-measures is represented, 8662 up to the highest valuable coal-seam, but without the 8-160 overlying second series of Barren measures found near 9675 the Ohio. The coal-beds of the Upper coal-measures 8-852 are here in their greatest magnitude; the seams found in the Barren measures are also enlarged; and those 10-380 of the Lower coal-measures are small, being split up into a large number of thin seams. Counties. Samples. Water. Volatile 1.19 1.96 2.11 0.82 0.95 21.599 67.325 1.625 8.176 14.024 8.155 Cumberland coal is a true semi-bituminous. The coal is all taken from the mine, fine and coarse, and is not separated. It is jet black and has a glossy appearance; it is friable, and becomes pulverized in course of transportation and handling. The distance from tide-water to Cumberland is 178 miles, and to Piedmont 206 miles. By the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal the distance is 191 miles. TABLE XI.-Analyses by Prof. W. B. Rogers. FIG. 13.-Map of Maryland Coal-fields. BITUMINOUS COALS IN MARYLAND.-The Cumberland coal-field in Allegheny county, Md., is 30 miles long, and has an average breadth of 4 miles. Its northern end reaches into Pennsylvania, and its southern extremity into West Virginia. The main bed of coal, called the "Big seam," is 12 feet thick in the centre of the field, 14 feet in many places, and quite regular. It produces from 5000 to 6000 tons of coal per acre. The maximum thickness of Carboniferous strata is about 1200 feet, and there are thirty beds of coal, aggregating 70 feet in thickness, but most of them are too thin to mine. The product of this region is well known in the market, as it has been mined since 1842. In 1880 there were twenty mining companies operating here, and their aggregate output was 2,136, 160 tons. Besides the Big seam, there are other beds of coal, as shown in the accompanying cross-section, by Philip T. Tyson: TABLE X.-Cross-section by Prof. Philip T. Tyson. Olive (12-foot seam). 1-6 27 Coal L........... 2.0 26 Shaly sandstone..... ....... 19-0 25 Shale 23.6 24 Coal K, Waynesburg.. 6:0 23 Limestone and shale. 12.0 22 Fire-clay... 13.9 21 Unknown... 3.9 27.3 3.6 2.6 4.3 1,244,155 603,125 213,400 75,420 2,136,160 COALS OF VIRGINIA.-There are several detached coal-fields in the Mesozoic rocks of Virginia east of The latest and best acthe Alleghany Mountains. count of them is contained in a paper published in 1878 by Oswald J. Heinrich, E. M., from which the following abstract is made: The Richmond deposit, or Richmond coal-basin, generally known as the Richmond coal-field, is by far the most important of these 27-9 deposits. It extends from the northern county-lines of Goochland and Henrico counties, across the James River to the Appomattox River, lying in Powhatan, 10.0 but mainly in Chesterfield county. About 11 miles west of Richmond it extends upon both sides of the James, but mainly upon the south. Its shape somewhat resembles the contour of a plum, with its peduncle pointing north, formed by a narrow branch extending northward from Tuckahoe Creek for about 6 miles, averaging about 1 mile in width. Including the northern spur, the length of this basin is about 31 miles, over 24 miles of it in the main body. The width varies from 7 to 10 miles, comprising in all an area of about 189 square miles. At least two workable beds of coal are known to exist in this basin. The lower is 566 feet 3.6 3.0 51.0 4.6 2-0 1900 14 Fire-clay... 12 Micaceous 11 Coarse 9 Coal J, redstone... 1.0 2 Shale, ferruginous..... 4.8 1 Main coal H, Pittsburg.. 14.0 1.0 4.9 •10 1.3 TABLE XIII.-Annual Production and Shipments of Coal from the granite floor, and is from 3 to 5 feet thick, and the upper, or Big bed, is from 20 to 40 feet thick. The distance between the two beds is about 50 feet. A third bed, 1 foot thick, lies about midway between them. The Big bed is frequently split into two divisions, with from 5 to 10 feet of slate and sandstone between. The beds pitch at angles varying from 20° to 60° or 70°, but the average pitch may be assumed to be 25° to 35°. The "strike" or course of the measures is about N. 12° to 15° E. Although this coal has been known and used since 1700, it is still almost untouched, only about 500 acres of the 120,960 in the field having been exhausted. "These 500 acres are principally divided into about six localities-namely, the mines about Carbon Hill, National, Midlothian and vicinity, and Clover Hill, upon the line of the eastern outcrop, at the extreme northern and southern points, and about in the middle of the border-line of 28 miles in extent; also for about 10 or 12 miles upon the extreme northern point of the western outcrop, in the vicinity of Dover, and the mines south of James River; in all, say 38 to 40 miles of outcrop, the circumferential line of the basin being about 75 miles." The coal of this basin yields about 9000 feet from the Richmond Coal Basin, in Tons of 2000 Pounds. of gas, of 14 candle-power, per ton. Three varieties are found, often in close connection-viz., glance coal, a deep-black, glassy, very brittle coal, having the appearance of hardened pitch; lamellar coal, a brownish-black substance of a dull resinous lustre and comparatively tough; and fibrous coal, a minera. charcoal occurring in thin layers between the other two. The same coal, but of an inferior character, being much contaminated with iron pyrites, occurs near Farmville, where several seams from 1 to 6 feet thick have been partly explored. It has also been found in the field extending from Danville into North Carolina. The Richmond basin, although so slow in development, lies so close to tide-water, and contains so large a quantity of excellent coal, that it must become an important mining-field in the near future. (See Tables XIII., XIV.) The Acquia deposits extend from Mount Vernon to the Massaponax, 40 miles, their greatest width at Potomac Creek or at the Massaponax River, about 84 milescomprising in all a superficial area of 174 square miles. The Farmville deposits contain the two isolated basins upon the north and south side of the Appomattox at Farmville, in Cumberland and Prince Edward counties, known as the Farmville coal-basin; length about 13 miles, and average width 2 miles. Their area is computed to be about 205 square miles. The Potomac deposits form the most northern_part of this (western) division. Commencing in the State of Maryland, they extend from the north side of the Potomac above the falls, through the counties of Fairfax, Loudoun, and Fauquier, to Robertson's River in Culpeper. Their length is 74 miles, and greatest width 14 miles, making the entire area of country covered by this formation about 651 square miles. The Barboursville field is a small area in Orange |