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Coal "E" is of good quality, but varies in thickness, sometimes being absent entirely, and sometimes being from 3 to 3 feet thick.

TABLE XXI.-Analyses of Coals in Tennessee.

Coals F, G, H, I, and J are not of great value. "H" is 5 feet, "I" is from 1 to 3 feet, and "J" Addison's Creek, Cumberland is from 2 to 3 feet in thickness. Coal "L" is extensively found, but poor.

The Breckenridge cannel is rich in gas and oil. The seam is from 22 to 38 inches thick, and is remarkably dense and tenacious. The coal is so rich that, previous to the discovery of petroleum, oil was distilled from it. The following table of analyses is compiled from Prime's Centennial Report on Coal:

TABLE XX.-Analyses of Western Kentucky Coals.

Mountains....... Crow Creek. Sewanee Mining Co.

Etna......

Tracy City....
Upper Seam, Marion.
Chattanooga, Hamilton co...
Coal Creek, Anderson.....

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3.70

L (average)...

Breckenridge cannel.

32-56 50-04 13.70 3.72 4.23 33.21 54.19 8.35 1.50 1:44 62.40 28-20 7.96 2:44

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FIG. 20.-Map of Tennessee Coal-fields.

TENNESSEE.-Through the eastern part of Tennessee the elevated Cumberland table-land crosses the State in a north-east and south-west direction. The coal-fields of the State are coextensive with this table-land. The borders, especially on the west, are irregular, being notched by valleys. The coal-measures cover an area of 5100 square miles, or one-eighth of the area of the State. At the northern line the table-land is 71 miles wide. Toward the south it narrows, and is but 50 miles wide. The region has a generally level top. East of the centre the Sequatchie Valley divides it from the middle part southward into two parallel arms or extensions. The valley is 60 miles long, and but 3 to 5 miles wide. The lower Carboniferous rocks are 1200 feet thick in Tennessee. In the high ridge of the table-land the measures are much thickened, and have a total thickness of 2500 feet. There are nine seams of coal, of which six are over 3 feet in thickness. The sub-conglomerate coals embrace the whole coal-region of the State except the north-eastern and a portion of the eastern sections. The Sewanee division is the arm between the Sequatchie Valley on the east and the Alabama line. The main Sewanee seam is from 3 to 7 feet. There are four thin seams below this. The coal is generally good, but varies. In Grundy county the seams sometimes swell out to 3, 4, and 9 feet. The Upper coal-measures, in which is the Sewanee coal, cover onefourth of this division of table-land. The Sewanee coal is of good quality, with little sulphur, and is semi-bituminous. It is very fragile, owing to its peculiar structure. The Etna coal-seam is in the Lower coal-measures, and is 3 feet thick. The principal mines are in Marion and Grundy counties. The sub-conglomerate coals are at intervals of 10, 50, 20, and 25 feet below the conglomerate, and are seldom over 3 feet, or of workable thickness. At the Etna mines five seams of coal are opened-three seams, the "Walker," "Kelly," and "Etna" beds, being 5 feet 6 inches, 4 feet, and 3 feet thick, respectively.

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FIG. 21.-Map of Alabama Coal-fields. ALABAMA.-This State contains the southern extremity of the Appalachian coal-field, which extends into the upper portion of the State and covers about 5500 square miles. There are three separate basins, the largest and most important being the Warrior coal-field, extending nearly across the State, covering the whole of Hancock and Walker and parts of the surrounding counties. Its shape is peculiar, being narrow at the north-east, and widening greatly at the south-west extremity. Its area is 5000 square miles. To the south-west of this field, in Bibb, Shelby, and Jefferson counties, lies the Cahaba coal-field. It lies N. E. and S. W., is 75 miles long and 10 miles wide, but is narrow at the northern end. It contains from 180 to 200 square miles. The Coosa coal-field lies east of the Cahaba, and on the north-west side of the Coosa River. It is 36 miles long by 8 wide, and contains 150 square miles.

The

The coal-measures of Alabama contain ten or twelve beds of workable thickness, from 2 feet upward. They are separated into two groups, as in the other portions of the Appalachian coal-basin. The lower group contains seven or eight beds, with an aggregate thickness of from 30 to 35 feet; the upper group contains three or four beds, with a total thickness of 12 feet. lower coals are separated by an enormous thickness of rock. The coals of the Cahaba basin are generally free from shale partings (according to R. P. Rothwell), and are the best in the State. The largest bed is 12 feet thick, of good coal. The beds are given in the following order, the highest in position being the first:

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The measures are 123 feet thick, and contain one seam of bituminous coal 3 or 4 feet thick; toward the centre of the basin there are several other beds. On Six-mile Creek is the greatest thickness of coal, one seam being 5 feet, and three others 2 feet, in thickness. In quality the coal is inferior, and it is used only for home consumption, not competing with that of adjacent States. Its analysis is-fixed carbon, 45; volatile matter, 49; ash, 20, water, 2'0, sulphur, 20 per cent.

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RENSSELSER,

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KENTLAND MONTIC

'630

WABASH BLUFFTON

2.28

OXFORDDELPHI

MARION

641

KOKOMO

2:47

1:480

HARTFORD

LAFAYETTE

Helena...

2.54 29:44 66.81

1-21

528

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44

N

NEW CASTLE CAMER

WARRIOR BASIN.

Townley. ....... Walker

Jagger.

Burnett s...... Pratt Co.'s..

64

3-007 29-084 63-352 4:557 .71 3:091 29-044 56 537 11-328 574 Marion 3.694 35-380 58.517 2:409 1-730 Upper Jefferson 1:474 32-288 59-503 6.735 1.224 Lower

1-529 30-683 63-686 4.102 612

GEORGIA. The coal-measures of the Appalachian basin enter the extreme north-west corner of Georgia (see Map of Tennnessee), and occupy an area varying from 150 to 170 square miles, according to different authorities-viz., Taylor, 150; Hitchcock, 157; Rogers, 170 square miles. This field extends from immediately south of Chattanooga, Tenn., in a south-west direction, and enters Walker co., Ala. Samples of coal from the field in Georgia show it to be similar to coals of Alabama and Tennessee. The following analysis is given by Prof. Safford :

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H

FIG. 23.-Map of Indiana Coal-field. INDIANA.-The Illinois coal-field extends into the western part of Indiana, covering an area in that State of about 6500 square miles. Prof. E. T. Cox, State geologist, reports the coal-measures to be about 650 feet in thickness. The coal lies in two well-defined zones, the eastern extending along the border of the field from the Ohio River, in Perry county, to Warren county in the north. This zone is 150 miles long, with an average width of 3 miles. Its area is about 450 square miles, and its contents are non-coking bituminous, or block, coal. The beds are traversed by a joint seam, which separates the coal into cubical blocks, whence its name. This peculiar structure makes the coal easy to mine and handle, and it is usually dislodged without blasting. Block coal has a laminated structure, and is composed of thin alternate layers of dull but vitreous coal and fibrous mineral charcoal. Like slate, it splits readily into thin sheets, but breaks with difficulty across the grain." Its chemical composition is similar to that of the coking coals, but, unlike them, it does not swell or run together when burning, but retains its shape until entirely consumed, when it leaves a small quantity of white ash without a trace of clinker. In most mines it is remarkably free from sulphur.

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The western zone comprises rather more than 6000 square miles, and contains three or more workable beds, besides a number too thin for working. They average from 4 to 10 feet in thickness, and have a total average thickness of 10 feet, with a maximum of 20 feet. The beds in this State are lettered from A to N, but C, D,

TABLE XXIII.-Analyses of Indiana Coals by the State
Geological Survey.

"K" Caking Coals:

Parke co....

and E have not been developed. F, I, and K are the
principal block coals; L is the "Mammoth" bed. In
Vermilion county its thickness ranges from 5 to 7 feet,
divided by shale or fire-clay partings into two or more
seams, the lower of which contains from 30 to 36 inches
of block coal, while the upper is coking coal.
is mined at Washington, Daviess county; it is a bright,
clean-looking gas coal, which finds a ready market in
St. Louis and at all accessible points. Its specific grav- Block Coals:
ity is 1294; weight, 80 87 pounds per cubic foot.
Further data respecting the Indiana coal-beds will be
found in the accompanying cross-sections:

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Sullivan co., coal "M
Clay co......

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Spencer co., coal "L".

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Clay co............
Martin co.........
Daviess co............

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Archimedes limestone.
No. 1.

FIG. 24.-From Prof. E. T. Cox's State Geological Report of Indiana for 1870.
ILLINOIS.-The coal-field of Illinois occupies an area
of 36,800 square miles. The coal-measures are not as
thick as those of the Appalachian field, and the beds,
of which there are six of workable size, are irregular,

often wanting where they should be found, and con-
taining an inferior quality of coal. The total thickness
of coal is 24 feet. The field covers all that portion of
Illinois south of an irregular line running south-east

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brings the Lower coal-measures near the surface, and seams of 6 and 7 feet are within 50 or 75 feet of the surface, and easily accessible. Seams Nos. V. and VI. are worked. The coal is of excellent quality, and has a good clay-shale roof. The basin is subject to some irregularities.

In the Big Muddy district, Jackson county, the coal occurs near the surface. The lower seams produce a good block coal, similar to that of Indiana, which, owing to the proximity of St. Louis, is valuable for iron manufactures. The coal, however, is not as good as the block coal of Indiana.

From the Belleville district, St. Clair county, St. Louis obtains most of its bituminous coal. The county contains 450 square miles of coal, embracing five beds, two of economic value. Coal-seam No. VI. is principally worked. Its general thickness is 5 to 7 feet, with limestone roof. The coal is regularly stratified. The lower coal-seams contain more sulphur and the quality varies.

At Neelysville, Scott county, coal is extensively mined, but a still more productive region is at Danville. The coal is a fat, caking coal, 6 feet thick, lying nearly level. It contains sulphur, but in such a way that it can be easily thrown out. Its main fault is friability and tendency to slack on exposure. It makes good, strong steam coal.

The coal of La Salle is of importance from its proximity to Chicago. The anticlinal axis before mentioned occurs in this county. East of the axis the Lower coalmeasures are only found with one workable bed, inclined very slightly. West of the axis both lower and upper coals are found. Between the Illinois River on the south and the Vermilion River on the east there are three workable beds. The upper seam, No. VI., is 4 to 5 feet thick; No. V., 3 to 9 feet, usually 6 feet; the lower, No. II., 4 feet. The middle bed, No. V., is the most popular. The upper bed is a light, dry, free-burning coal and a good steam coal, but is hard to mine. The middle bed is purer coal than No. VI. The lower coal is most highly bituminous, cakes in burning, and throws off heavy soot. Its drawback is too much sulphur.

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through Henry, Bureau, La Salle, Grundy, Kankakee, and Iroquois counties, with the exception of a narrow strip along the eastern edge of the Mississippi River. Taken in all its bearings, there is perhaps no more The Carboniferous system contains a thickness of 2500 interesting coal-field than that locally known as the Wilfeet of strata, but the coal-measures proper are but 500 mington district, on account of the superior qualities of feet thick. The lower coal-seams are found only in the its product as a household and steam fuel when comcentral and southern portions of the State, while the pared with other Illinois coal, and its geological position. northern portion contains only the upper seams. This The territory underlaid with coal to which this name distribution of the coal-measures is the result of a sink- was originally given embraced a small area, including ing of the northern portion during the coal era. The only the south half of sections 31 and 32 (township 33 country generally is level prairie, but 42 miles above north, range 9 east) in Wilmington township, and secCairo is an elevation and fault running nearly east and tions 5, 6, 7, 8, 17, 18, 19, 30, and 31, with occasional west across the southern portion of the State. An- outliers in sections 3, 4, and 9, and possibly in sections other axis of disturbance extends north-north-west and 20, 28, 29, 30, and 32 (township 32 north, range 9 south-south-east from La Salle to the Wabash River, east) of Reed township, in Will county, comprising 11 in Wabash county. This disturbance took place after square miles of workable coal within the known basin. the deposition of the coal-formation, and it is the only Borings indicate the presence of coal in sections disturbance of a general character. 30 and 33 in Wilmington township, but of a soft, shelly nature, unprofitable for mining (Jasper Johnson, M. E.).

There are ten seams of coal in a vertical thickness of 600 feet-six from 2 to 6 feet, and four from 2 feet to a few inches. (See fig. 24.) They are numbered and described from the bottom up, as follows: No. I., 2 to 3 feet of coal, quality fair, uncertain in the north; No. II., 2 to 5 feet of coal, excellent quality and much worked; No. III., 3 to 4 feet, somewhat local, found in Schuyler county; No. IV., 4 feet, only found at Cuba, Fulton county. No. V. is the most reliable coal; it is of good quality and free from sulphur, and is extensively worked near Springfield. No. VI., 3 to 7 feet. In the southern portion of the State it is quite thick, from 6 to 7 feet. In Peoria, Fulton, and La Salle counties it is 4 to 5 feet thick. The coal is not as good as No. V., and is generally lighter and softer. The seams above this are not thick enough to be workable. The coal is generally reached by shafts from 200 to 400 feet deep. The dip is very slight and mining is easy. In the Du Quoin district, Perry county, the fault

There is but one workable seam of coal in Will county, though many persons still believe there is another bed below the one now being worked all over the field. The quality of Illinois coal is lowered by the presence of much sulphur and a large amount of moisture. The valuable feature is the quantity.

The following table of analyses shows the character of the various Illinois coals in the principal regions:

TABLE XXIV.-Analyses of Illinois Coal.

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FIG. 27.-Map of Missouri Coal-field.

square miles exposed Middle measures; 12,420 square miles of exposed Lower measures. The aggregate thickness of the Upper measures is 1317 feet, but they contain only 4 feet of coal in their beds, the two largest beds being each 1 foot thick. The Middle coal-measures are 324 feet, and contain 7 feet of coal, with two workable seams, respectively 21 and 24 inches thick ; one other, of 1 foot, is worked under favorable circumstances. There are six seams too thin to work. The Lower measures are from 250 to 300 feet thick, and have five workable seams of coal, varying from 1 to 4 feet thick. There are also thin scams varying from 6 to 11 inches thick: in all, 13 feet 6 inches of coal-total, 1900 feet of coal-measures, 24 feet 6 inches of coal. (See Table XXV.) That from the thicker seams is genTABLE XXV.-Cross-Section of the Coal-Measures of Missouri [by G. C. Broadhead].

No.

Thickness.

Lower Division.

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Counties.

Ralls, Audrain, St. Louis,
and Johnson.

St. Charles, Montgomery,
Henry, Johnson.
Macon, Henry, and Johnson.
Macon.

21-4 ft. 5 in. Randolph, Boone, Callaway,

Johnson.

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15 Coal

1 ft.

J (Warrensburg),

Middle Division.

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19 Coal....

7 in.

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Johnson,

Henry, and Chariton.

(Lafayette, Johnson, Carroll,

and Livingston.

Lafayette and Ray.

Lafayette,

1 Johnson, and Ray.

(Cass, Jobuson, Lafayette, Livingston, Grundy.

JPleasant Hill, Missouri City, Princeton, Mercer co.

Platte county.

Andrew, Buchanan, 1 Kalb, Gentry, Platte.

De

(Holt, W. part of Nodaway,

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