pathological anatomy and histology, and in the field of experimental pathology. He discovered the origin of pus-corpuscles from the white cells of the blood, transmitted through the capillaries, and made great discoveries in the pathology of inflammatory processes. Among his writings are Untersuchungen über die embolischen Prozesse (1872); Nene Untersuchungen über die Entzündung (1873); Die Tuberkulose vom Stand punkte der Infectionslehre (2d ed., 1881); Vorlesungen über allgemeine Pathologie (1877-80; 2d ed., 1882). COHOES, a city of Albany co., N. Y., on the W. bank of the Hudson River, and on the S. bank of its affluent, the Mohawk, 9 m. N. of Albany and 3 m. N. W. of Troy. The town of West Troy lies just S. E. of Cohoes; and that of Green Island is joined to Cohoes by bridges across an arm of the Mohawk. Cohoes has extensive water-power; the Mohawk has a fall of 70 feet just above the city. A horse railway connects it with the adjacent towns; and it is on a branch of the N. Y. Central Railroad, and on the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad. The Erie and the Champlain canals both accommodate shipments. There is a series of local water-power canals. Cohoes has extensive cotton-mills, many factories for hosiery and knit goods, large iron-works, and manufactures of knitting needles, pins, paper, axes, machinery, and a great variety of other goods; it has several handsome churches, also high and graded schools, three daily and two weekly newspapers (one in French), convents, Catholic academies, and parish schools. A large element of the population is French Canadian. Population in 1870, 15,357; in 1880, 19,416.

COHOSH, BLUE COHOSH, WHITE COHOSH. Cohosh is an Indian name which, according to Rafinesque, was originally attached to Caulophyllum thalictroides, Leontice thalictroides of Linnæus. It belongs to the natural order Berberidaceae, and derives its name Caulophyllum from the appearance of the inflorescence, which seems to arise out of a leaf-stalk of what might appear to be a leaf of Thalictrum or "meadow-rue." In modern times it is known as "blue cohosh," from its blue berries. The rhizome was a popular Indian remedy for snake-bites, and was used in many disorders. Cohosh is now applied to Cimicifuga racemosa, formerly Actaea racemosa, also known as black snakeroot, which has also a good reputation in pharmacy. White cohosh is Actaea alba. (For full accounts of their medicinal uses see Griffith's Medical Botany and Dr. Peyre Porcher's Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests.) (T. M.) COKE. The immense areas of bituminous coal beds in the United States and the rapid See Vol. VI. development of manufactures have made p. 107 Am. the production of coke an important and ed. (p. 118 Edin. ed.). extensive industry. Its superiority as a fuel for metallurgical purposes has been a prominent factor in encouraging its manufacture on such large scale. The Census report for 1880 upon the Iron and Steel industries shows that in the preceding year, 2,277,545 tons of coke were consumed in the blast-furnaces, steel-works, rolling-mills, and other manufactories. If the consumption of foundries, etc., were added, the aggregate would probably exceed 3,000,000 tons, or 150,000,000 bushels, of coke annually employed in the production and manufacture of iron, and this quantity is constantly being augmented. As a fuel for the blast-furnace,coke is second only to charcoal, its open cellular structure permitting of more rapid oxidation than denser fuels. Hence where anthracite coal or non-coking bituminous coals are abundant, coke is mixed with the charge to reduce the resistance in the furnace and encourage a greater intensity of combustion. The four conditions regarded as essential for coke to be used in blast-furnaces are given by Mr. John Fulton, M. E., as

I. Hardness of Body or Cell Walls—not density.— Hardness and full cellular structure are correlated; softness or punkiness may be associated with density.

II. Well-Developed Cell Structure, for, other things being equal, the calorific energy of a fuel is in proportion to the surface exposed to the oxygen.

III. Purity-Other things being equal, the less ash in the coke, the less risk of sulphur or phosphorus in dangerous volumes in the resultant pig-iron from the furnace. In many cases, there is danger of injuring the physical condition of coke by the operation of washing the coal to reduce its slate. The washing of some coals improves the coke; in others, it injures it. Washing coal carries out in the operation valuable hydrogenous matter which aids in developing cell structure. The coke made from it would be more dense; in other words, in many cases, the loss in calorific energy by the density in the coke for washed coal would more than overtop the advantage of a reduction of ash, except in cases where the ash is excessive.

IV. Uniformity of Quality in Coke.-The "blackends," which are sometimes made in coking, are worse than useless in a blast-furnace; hence, a carefully prepared coke, alike all through, is most desirable for regular work. This result can be best obtained from coal inheriting a liberal ratio of hydrogenous matter to assure full oven heat and thorough coking in every part of the charge. This is one of the distinguishing features of Connellsville coke.

Coke is also employed largely in steel-works, foundries, and for manufacturing purposes. At present it is used but little on railroads or steamboats; but where the former pass through cities, coke is sometimes used as producing less smoke than other bituminous fuel. The demand for coke in the reduction of the ores and the manufacture of lead, copper and more precious metals is rapidly increasing.

Its manufacture is carried on extensively in several States, but Pennsylvania ranks first in production. Comparatively few bituminous coals produce a good quality of coke, the reason for which our present knowledge has not determined. In all processes employed the object is to expel gaseous elements and retain carbon, but the property of coking does not seem to depend on the quantity of volatile matter, nor does it appear to increase with the amount of hydrogen and oxygen.

The most careful analyses of coals show the relative proportions of carbon, ash, sulphur, etc., but do not determine whether they will make good cokes. Actual experiment is the only reliable test. Theoretically, coking coals should yield coke equivalent in weight to the carbon and ash, but, in actual coking, some hydrocarbons are produced and dispersed, and a part of the carbon is consumed. In analyses of bituminous coals the per cent. of ash, fixed carbon and two-thirds of the sulphur are usually added together and given as the percentage of coke: this theoretical yield, however, is generally considerably in excess of the actual results obtained in practice.

Coke made in retorts, in which bituminous coal is placed for the production of illuminating gas, is considered a by-product, and is generally used for domestic purposes or by comparatively small consumers, but that produced for metallurgical processes is made either in open ricks, bee-hive ovens, or Belgian ovens.

There are of course modifications of the various methods, but typical forms may be described as follows:

Open Ricks.-The coal is piled in long heaps about 5 feet in height, the top being 4 feet in width, and the sides sloping 1 to 1. At one-third of the height longitudinal and transverse flues are constructed of lump-coal and wood, and from these vertical flues, similarly formed, connect with the top of the pile. The pile is fired through these vertical flues and the progress of coking is carefully watched. In from 5 to 8 days the process is complete and from 55 to 60 per cent. of the coal piled is obtained as coke. Owing to

pass into a main gas channel, and may again be utilized for heating the coke chamber.

Natural Coke is reported as being found in Virginia, New Mexico, and other localities. That in Chesterfield Co., Va., is technically known as "carbonite," and its character as a true coke is disputed. A proximate analysis of dull and lustrous samples, by Dr. Drown, shows

Specific gravity....

...........

Dull

Portion.

1.375

2.00 15.47

Lustrous Portion. 1.350 0.69 11.10

Loss at 100° C......................
Volatile matter
Ash...................(dark-brown) 3.20 (white) 6.68
Fixed carbon...
79.33
81.53
Sulphur............
4.08
1.60

The manufacture of coke is referred to in most of the standard works upon metallurgy or upon fuels, and much valuable information is given in the Report "L" of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, in the special "Report on Coke," by J. D. Weeks, in the U. S. Census of 1880, and in the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.

(J. B.) COKE, THOMAS, LL.D. (1747-1814), the first bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, was born at Brecon, South Wales, Sept. 9, 1747. His father, Bartholomew Coke, was a surgeon, and was several times elected mayor of the town. Thomas was sent to Oxford when sixteen, and entered as gentleman commoner at Jesus College. Many of his fellow-students were infidel in opinions and immoral in conduct, and Coke was for a time influenced by them, but afterwards became a sincere believer in Christianity. Returning to Brecon, he was at the age of twenty-one chosen member of the common council. and at twenty-five was elected mayor. In June, 1775, he received the degree of D. C. L., and soon after took orders in the Established Church. Being made curate at South Petherton, his preaching proved so effectual that increased accommodation became necessary, and he erected a gallery in the church at his own expense. His adopting Methodist views, however, provoked some clergymen to try to have him removed, and though the bishop refused their application, the rector dismissed him. In 1777 he became personally acquainted with Rev. John Wesley, and joined his society, and the next year was stationed in London, where he became very popular. He assisted Wesley in procuring the deed of declaration by which the Wesleyan connection is still maintained in England. After travelling through England for two years under Mr. Wesley's direction, he was appointed to preside in the first Irish conference, held in Dublin in 1782. After the acknowledgment of American independence by England, it seemed necessary to Mr. Wesley to send to this country a superintendent who should be empowered to confer ordination. For this purpose Dr. Coke was selected, and ordained Sept. 2, 1784, by Mr. Wesley and two other presbyters of the Church of England. He reached New York in December, and hastened to consult with Rev. Francis Asbury, who had formerly been appointed Mr. Wesley's assistant in America. A conference of Methodist ministers was speedily called, which fully recognized Dr. Coke's authority, and elected Asbury bishop and joint superintendent. Coke now travelled extensively through the United States, not only laboring as an evangelist, but also urging the promotion of education and collecting funds to establish a college for the training of ministers. Twice, however, the buildings erected for this purpose were destroyed by fire, and the project was abandoned. In June, 1785, Bishop Coke returned to England, and travelled through Great Britain, Ireland, and the Chan

titute condition of the people of Nova Scotia, he embarked in September, 1786, with three missionaries on a vessel for Halifax, but they were driven by storms to the island of Antigua in the West Indies. Here he left one of the missionaries, then visited several other islands, and in February, 1787, reached Charleston, S. C., and travelled, preaching as he went, to Philadelphia. Returning to England, he called the attention of the people of all denominations to the moral condition of the slaves in the West Indies, and succeeded in having three more missionaries sent to them. Bishop Coke accompanied these, and made a tour through the West Indies. establishing mission-stations in several of the islands. Then sailing to South Carolina, he attended several annual conferences in different States with Bishop Asbury, and returned to England in July, 1789. For the next sixteen months he was employed in raising funds to sustain the missions in the West Indies. Having succeeded in this object, he returned thither with two more missionaries, inspected the work there, and sailed to the United States. While travelling in Virginia he heard of the death of Rev. Mr. Wesley, and immediately hastened to England. At the next meeting of the English conference, in 1791, he was elected secretary, and helped in framing the system of government of the Methodist societies. He also endeavored to establish missions in France, but found his design impracticable. Mr. Wesley having designated Mr. Henry Moore, Dr. Coke, and Dr. Whitehead to prepare an account of his life, they accomplished this task in the year 1792. Bishop Coke was then requested by the conference to prepare a commentary on the Scriptures, and to this object devoted much time during the following years, without, however, intermitting his travels and inspection of the churches. He again visited the West Indies in 1793, and afterwards went to Holland to obtain the favor of the Government for missions in the islands under their control, but was unsuccessful. In 1795 he projected a mission to the Foolahs in Africa, and sent thither a company of mechanics, but the enterprise was a total failure. In 1796 he again visited the United States, and in view of the importance of the work here resolved to make this country his home; but when he went to England to settle his affairs, the conference sent an earnest request to their brethren in America to release him from his engagements, which was afterwards granted. On his voyage to America in 1797 the vessel in which he sailed was captured by a French privateer, and he was plundered of his clothing, though his books were spared. In 1798 he directed the attention of the Wesleyans to Ireland as a mission-field, and in 1800 to Wales, and in the latter the work was specially successful. Having completed his commentary on the Old Testament, he published it in 1802, and in the following year made his ninth and last voyage to America, spending nearly a year in a tour through the States. After his return to England he resumed his labors in behalf of missions, and while soliciting donations secured also a wife, a Miss Smith of Bristol, with whom he lived happily for six years. About a year after her death he married Miss Ann Lexdale of Liverpool, who lived, however, only a short time. During these years he had been earnestly engaged in the mission cause and in preparing for the press a number of works besides his commentary. In 1809 he labored to procure from the Privy Council an order countermanding a law passed in Jamaica which forbade the missionaries to instruct the slaves, and was finally successful. In 1811 he established a mission at Sierra Leone, and in 1813, after a correspondence with Rev. Claudius Buchanan with regard to India as a mission-field, announced to the conference his intention to begin a mission in Ceylon. Seven preachers volunteered to accompany him, and he offered to give 6000, if necessary, for the outfit. The arrangements having been completed, the missionaries sailed from Portsmouth, Dec. 30, 1813, and Bishop Coke spent much time on the voyage in pre

paring hymns, sermons, and prayers in Portuguese for use in the work. On May 3, 1814, however, he was found dead in his cabin, having been ill only two days. He was buried the same day, near the middle of the Indian Ocean. His plans for the mission in Ceylon were faithfully carried out by the survivors.

Besides the Life of Wesley, 1792, and the Commentary on the Scriptures, 6 vols., 1802-07, already mentioned, he published a History of the West Indies, 3 vols., 1808-11, History of the Bible, Life of Christ, Defence of the Doctrine of Justification by Faith and the Witness of the Spirit, The Duties of a Minister, and numerous addresses to the churches.

COLBAN, MARIE SOPHIE, a Norwegian novelist, was born Dec. 18, 1814. Her maiden name was Schmidt, and at an early age she married Mr. Colban, an old gentleman, who had lived much in Paris and thus was able to instruct her in French language and literature. Having become a widow at the age of thirty, she had to seek work in order to support herself and educate her son. She made use of her knowledge of French in translating learned works. This gave her an occasion to go to Paris, where she gained the friendship of a wealthy lady with whom she afterwards corresponded. She was surprised one day at finding her own letters to this lady published in a Paris journal under the title Lettres d'une barbare, and thus she became an authoress against her own wishes. She spent her winters in Paris and her summers in Norway until a Paris journal finally sent her to Rome as Italian correspondent, and there she is still domiciled. Her real début in literature was Lærerinden, a story published in 1870. This was followed by Tre Noveller (1873); Tre nye Noveller (1875); En gammel Jomfru (1879); Cleopatra (1880); and Thyra (1882). The refinement of the South and the grandeur of the North are admirably blended in her works.

COLBURN, ZERAH (1804-1840), an arithmetical prodigy, was born at Cabot, Vt., Sept. 1, 1804. When six years old he showed such wonderful power of mental computation that his father decided to exhibit him throughout the country. At Boston his talent was subjected to the severest tests by questions involving multiplication by several places of figures, involution, and evolution. These he answered correctly, though not able till some years later to explain the mental process by which he obtained the results. After journeying through several States, Mr. Colburn in 1812 took his son to Europe, and travelled in the same way through England, Scotland, and Ireland. He resided for some time in Paris, and when he returned to England young Colburn was placed in Westminster School. In 1820 he became a teacher, and also assisted Dr. Thomas Young in astronomical calculations. In 1824 he returned to America, taught school, and studied at the University of Vermont. In 1825 he became a Methodist preacher, and served for nine years in the itineracy. In 1835 he was appointed professor of languages in Norwich (Vt.) University. His autobiography, published in 1833, states that his powers of computation failed as he approached manhood. In other respects he displayed no special ability. He died at Norwich, March 2, 1840. COLBY UNIVERSITY, a Baptist college, is located in Waterville, Me., a beautiful town on the Kennebec, 81 miles by railroad from Portland. It had its origin in the Maine Literary and Theological Institution," incorporated by the legislature of Massachusetts in 1813. Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin having been elected professor of theology, brought some pupils with him to Waterville in July, 1818, and in Oct., 1819, was joined by Rev. Avery Briggs, who had been elected professor of languages. On a lot containing 179 acres, the trees were felled to make room for the school building and dwelling-house. When Maine became a separate State in 1820, the legislature granted to the institution collegiate powers, and subsequently changed its name to Waterville College, which it retained

until 1867, when the name was changed to Colby University, in honor of Mr. Gardner Colby, of Newton Centre, Mass.

In 1822 Prof. Chaplin was made President, and the same year the college graduated its first class of only two-one of whom, George Dana Boardman, became the founder of the remarkably successful Karen Mission, in Burmah. President Chaplin, by his thorough scholarship and his persistency of purpose, was eminently fitted for the work of founding a college under peculiarly difficult conditions. By personal solicitation he raised the necessary funds for the enterprise, and through thirteen years he labored only for the college. In 1842 the Board of Trustees set up in the old chapel a marble tablet to his memory, which has been transferred to the new chapel in the Memorial Hall.

The college building known as South College was erected in 1821. It is of brick, four stories high, with two main entrances, and contains thirty-two rooms, now used for dormitories, but formerly also, in part, for recitation-rooms, chapel, and library. A similar building was erected a few years later for dormitories, the basement of which long served for a Commons Hall, and a chapel.

In 1829 a preparatory school, in charge of the faculty, was opened in a building half a mile from the college. This, with greatly improved facilities, is known as the Waterville Classical Institute, and has been presided over, since 1865, by James H. Hanson, LL. D., an alumnus of the university. The university has recently taken into a similar relation the Hebron, and the Houlton, academies. The college also early erected workshops, putting them in charge of a competent superintendent; but after a trial of twelve years this industrial department was abandoned. The university now has adequate buildings in good condition, and well furnished; an able and full faculty; and a large body of alumni devoted to its interests. The buildings are as follows: the North and South Colleges, each thoroughly renovated, and the latter being now named Chaplin Hall; Champlin Hall, containing the recitation-rooms; Coburn Hall, devoted to the use of the department of chemistry and natural history, and called after the Hon. Abner Coburn; Memorial Hall, erected to the memory of the alumni who fell in the late civil war, and containing the hall of the alumni, chapel, and library; a Gymnasium, commodious and furnished with the most approved apparatus; the President's house; an observatory on an eminence near by, fairly equipped and used for purposes of instruction. The library has double alcoves and shelves for 30,000 volumes, and now contains over 18,000 volumes and 9000 pamphlets. The present value of buildings, land, etc., is over $200,000. The following is the list of the Presidents-the asterisks indicating their death :

Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, D. D. *1841.
Rev. Rufus Babcock, D. D. #1875.
Rev. Robert E. Pattison, D. D. *1874.

Eliphaz Fay, A. M. *1854.

1822-1833. 1833-1836. 1836-1839. 1841-1843. 1843-1853. 1857-1873. 1854-1857. 1873-1882. 1882- Rev. George D. B. Pepper, D. D., LL. D.

Rev. David N. Sheldon, D. D.

Rev. James T. Champlin, D. D. *1882.
Rev. Robert E. Pattison, D. D. *1874.
Rev. Henry E. Robins, D. D.

The college has had twenty-one different professors, eight of whom are still in office, three of the latter having already served an average of twenty-eight years each. Of the earlier professors, George W. Keely, LL. D., served twenty-three years, and Charles E. Hamlin, LL. D., now of Harvard University, twenty years. Dr. Champlin also served the college as professor of the Greek and Latin languages and literature for sixteen years prior to his elevation to the Presidency, making his entire service thirty-two years.

The number of the graduating class in 1882 was 33,