The most extensive library in Columbus is the State Library, one of the largest in Ohio. The city has several well-kept squares and parks. The water supply is ample, and is on the Holly system. Population, in 1870, 31,274; in 1880, 51,647. Canal and by nine railways: the Baltimore and Ohio, | the literature of the science, and justifying the critithe Chicago, St. Louis, and Pittsburg; the Cleveland, cisms of Sismondi and Gioja upon the teachings of the Columbus, Cincinnati, and Indianapolis; the Cleveland, English school. Three years later appeared his own Mt. Vernon, and Delaware; the Hocking Valley; the work, The Ways and Means of Payment, a Full AnalOhio division of the Indianapolis, Bloomington, and ysis of the Credit System and its Various Modes of Western; the Ohio Central; the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Adjustment. This was his opus magnum. It has not and St. Louis, and the Scioto Valley. The situation of received from economists generally anything like the the city, near the border of one of the richest coal- attention which it merits by the great range of special fields in the State, has greatly conduced to its pros-learning it exhibits and the exhaustive analysis of the perity. The city has national banks and private phenomena of the money-market., It might be debanks. Of its newspapers and periodicals 21 are scribed as the complement of Mr. Tooke's great work, weekly, 2 daily, 6 monthly, and 2 semi-monthly. The The History of Prices, being, like that, largely occupied manufacturing enterprises of the city are important with the refutation of that mechanical theory of money and varied. Furniture, railway-cars, iron castings, which the English economists learned from David pipes, machinery, edge-tools, hardware, clothing, Hume. It now is out of print and commands a high boots, shoes, farm-implements, saddlery and leather price. In the years which preceded the war Mr. Colare among the leading articles produced. well published the following pamphlets bearing on the sectional controversy then raging: The South: the Ef fects of Disunion on Slavery (1856), The Five Cotton States and New York (1861), Southern Wealth and Northern Profits (1861); also several on economic problems: The Claims of Labor, and their Precedence to the Claims of Free Trade (1861). In 1865 he was appointed a member of the revenue commission, and prepared for its report, submitted in 1866, several reports on portions of the subject, ably advocating the protective policy. His labors in this commission broke down his health, and obliged him to relinquish literary work, although he lived five years afterwards, and died Jan. 15, 1871. His family, in execution of his unfulfilled purpose, presented his library of political economy to the University of Pennsylvania. Upon this collection Mr. Colwell spent a large amount of money and much of the leisure of his later years. It numbers some 8000 books and pamphlets, and embraces nearly every important work on social and economic subjects which had appeared in English or French, besides many in Italian and a good number in German. COLWELL, STEPHEN (1800-1871), an American merchant and economist, was born in Brooke co., Va, (now West Virginia), March 25, 1800. He graduated in 1819 at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pa., studied law under Judge Halleck of Steubenville, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in 1819. After practising for seven years at St. Clairsville in that State, he removed in 1828 to Pittsburg, where he continued the practice of the law until 1836. He now turned his attention to the iron manufacture, and visited Europe to study the methods pursued. He entered upon the business for himself, first at Weymouth, N. J., and then at Conshohocken, on the Schuylkill, and pursued it for a quarter of a century through all the shifts from prosperity to adversity which were consequent upon the changes in our tariff legislation. In 1850 he attended the convention of iron-makers which met to protest against the reduction of the iron duties by the "horizontal tariff" of 1847, which had begun the prostration of this great industry. He prepared the memorial to Congress adopted by the convention, in which he warned our legislators that the price of English iron would be fixed for us by the amount of our demand and the presence or absence of our domestic competition. The prediction was fully justified by the permanent increase in price which followed the general destruction of American furnaces and rolling-mills. Mr. Colwell had already begun to appear as an author in 1834, when he published a pamphlet on Pres. Jackson's removal of the deposits from the United States Bank. After his return from Europe he contributed articles to the Princeton Review, and in 1850 he published a pamphlet on The Relative Position in our Industry of Foreign Commerce, Domestic Production, and Internal Trade. In 1857 appeared his New Themes for the Protestant Clergy; or, Creeds, but not without Charity; Theology, but not without Humanity; Protestantism, but not without Christianity. In this he censured the neglect of great social questions by the Protestant pulpit, and insisted that the welfare of men in this world is as truly an object of religious interest as is their salvation for the next. The book produced a notable sensation, and reached a second edition in the following year, when he continued the discussion in his Politics for American Christians, and also in the supplementary matter of the translation he published of Chastel's Charity and the Primitive Churches. Mr. Colwell, although a devout member of the Presbyterian Church (O. S.), showed himself a severe critic of the orthodox clergy, and was answered by Mr. S. A. ALLIBONE (q. v.) among others. His attention was again devoted to political economy, and in 1856 he procured the translation of Frederick List's great but unfinished work, The National System of Political Economy, to which he prefixed an introduction discussing the scope, the spirit, and much of Mr. Colwell was a man of singularly modest and retiring disposition, although always prompt to defend the cause of truth and ready to take part in any work of benevolence or of public utility. He was a member of many associations for such purposes, and took a prominent part in the organized efforts to promote the moral and physical welfare of the soldiers in the War of the Rebellion. He was a devoted patriot, a genuine Christian, and a sincere friend. (R. E. T.) COMANCHES, or CAMANCHES, a powerful tribe of American Indians, of the Shoshone See Vol. VI. family, who roamed, when first known, p. 159 Am. from the head-waters of the Brazos and ed. (p. 177 Edin. ed.). Colorado to those of the Arkansas and Missouri, whence their excursions extended to Mexico. They are now confined to Texas and the adjoining territories. The Comanches are fierce nomads, brave and warlike, and have proved very troublesome to the whites. They early obtained horses, principally by robbing from Mexico, and became perhaps the most expert horsemen in the world, while they are slow and awkward on foot. When first visited by the French, in 1719, they were very numerous, and dwelt in large villages, one of which consisted of 140 lodges and over 4000 inhabitants. their numbers were estimated at from 10,000 to 12,000. Since then they have greatly decreased, and now number about 4000. In 1819 Like the Shoshones generally, they are of low stature, with a tendency to corpulency of body. They are ignorant of agriculture, and depend for subsistence entirely on robbery and hunting, living almost solely on flesh-food. Yet they consider fish and birds unclean, and will not eat them. They wear the breechcloth, leggins and moccasins, covered with a loosely worn buffalo-robe, or occasionally a mantle of red or blue cloth. They are very fond of ornaments, and wear many trinkets of silver. Their lodges are very frail, and their villages are frequently moved from place to place. They have no marriage ceremony, and display little | If there were no planets, a comet would always constancy, yet the ties of consanguinity are strongly arrive at perihelion with a period of undeviating exfelt, and revenge is taken for any injury to a relative. actness, but in its journeys, both in approaching and As to their origin they are in utter ignorance, though receding from the sun, it passes the orbits of all the they claim to have come from the West. Their native great planets, and, sometimes, near the planets themname is Na-üni, or live people. Their religion con- selves, some of which exert a retarding and others an sists in some crude idea of a Great Spirit, to which accelerating influence, thus perfectly accounting for the they add the belief that they were made by a second- inequality of its periods, which vary within rather ary spirit, sent to earth for that purpose. They also wide limits, as the following table will show: For inbelieve in future existence, and it is their custom, on stance, between 1531 and 1607 the period of Halley's the death of a warrior, to kill and bury his horses, and comet was 27,811 days; between 1607 and 1682 it burn his principal effects, for his use hereafter. For- had 27,352 days; between 1682 and 1759 it had merly his favorite wife was killed, but this custom has 27,926 days; between 1759 and 1835 it had 28,006 ceased. At a burial the females scarify their arms days. Its next perihelion passage is set down for the and legs until the blood flows freely. middle of 1910, with only 27,217 days from 1835, which is less by 26 months than that between 1759 and 1835. In war the Comanches are fierce and courageous. They are useless as foot-soldiers, but on horseback they become virtually a part of the animal they be- To the popular mind comets are divided into two stride. They will swoop on their foes with terrific classes-the bright, with long, flaming trains, and the yells, the whole body concealed behind the horse with faint, without tails; but to the astronomer the most the exception of a single foot, and in this position will natural division appears to be into those that are discharge their arrows over the back or under the periodic and those that are not, the former being neck of the horse with fatal accuracy. They seldom again divided into those of short and long period, use the rifle on account of its weight, but prefer the while the latter are classed as parabolic or hyperbolic. bow and the javelin, with which they are wonderfully It appears, therefore, that a comet, according to the expert. Men are seldom taken prisoners in battle, curve of its orbit, may or may not be a permanent but are nearly always killed and scalped. When cap-member of the solar system. If the orbit be an ellipse, tives are brought into their villages they are seldom no matter how long a time may elapse between its peritortured by the men, but are delivered to the women, who are adepts in the art of torment. The prisoners are not killed, but are subjected to three days of painful torments, after which they are made slaves to their captors. helion passages, the comet belongs to the solar system; but if it be a parabola or hyperbola it cannot, as the two branches of those curves do not meet as in the ellipse. Yet, strictly speaking, a comet moving in an exactly parabolic orbit has never visited our system. Just what proportion of the comets move in ellipses has never been and probably never will be ascertained. Down to 1884 only fourteen are recognized as periodical and proved to be such, not only by a similarity of elements, but by a second return. Every few years a new one is added to the number, which, as the centuries come and go, will undoubtedly be greatly increased. The following is a complete list of all known periodic comets, numbered in the order of their periodic 1 Encke's. The Comanches are divided into three principal bands the Comanches proper, the Yamparacks, and the Tenewas; but they roam usually in small divisions. They were for years at war with the Osage, the Pawnee, and other tribes, and with the Mexicans. Their wars with the latter, previous to 1783, were long and bloody, but in that year a severe defeat forced them to conclude peace. They have always been turbulent and dangerous. Their first reservation was in Texas. From this they were expelled, and cherish a bitter times: enmity against the Texans in consequence. At a later date a portion of them were placed on a reservation on the Staked Plains. Proving unruly here, they were severely chastised in 1872, and taught the necessity of submission to the power of the whites. A considerable portion of the tribe, with some Apaches and Kiowas, is now on a large reservation, embracing some 5800 square miles, in the Indian Territory. COMET (Gr. Koung, long-haired), a remarkable heavenly body, differing in every conceivable respect from all others. While the planets and their satellites are dense, solid, and opaque bodies, and move in orbits nearly circular, and in planes nearly coincident and always direct (from west to east), the comets, on the contrary, appear to be but bulky masses of gas, of inconceivable tenuity, possessing no solid, and, probably, no liquid matter, and of a transparency surpassing that of every known terrestrial substance, moving in orbits of every imaginable eccentricity, and in planes inclined at all angles to the ecliptic, and as often moving retrograde (from east to west) as direct. See Vol VI. p. 163 Am. ed. (p. 182 Edin. ed.). Cometary astronomy, in whatever light it may be viewed, is the most mysterious and the darkest part of the science of the heavenly bodies. The highest mathematical skill and the profoundest analytical reasoning, assisted by the telescope, polariscope, and especially by the spectroscope, have been brought to bear on it with but partial success, though, with a knowledge of the perturbative effects of the planets, mathematicians, from three observed positions, have been enabled to compute their orbits, and predict their returns, with an exactness not supposed possible by the early astronomers. 3.30 2 Tempel's II.. 5.20 3 Swift's.. 5.46 4 Brorsen's. 5.56 5 Winneckes' 5.64 6 Tempel's I... 6.00 7 D'Arrest's 6.39 8 Biela's north... 9 Biela's south...... 6.63 10 Fay's. 11 Brooks' & Denning's. 2225634 7 6L322 7 (?) No. 11, or, comet 1880, VI., though without a doubt elliptical, has not been observed at a second return. The evidences of periodicity are, however, too strongly marked to exclude it from the list. As no comet, not even the largest and brightest, can be seen except while travelling through but a small part of its orbit, and, unfortunately, in that portion where the three curves, the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola are very similar, it requires observations of a degree of accuracy seldom attainable to decide in which of the three possible orbits the comet is moving, and, if an ellipse, what is its periodic time. A similarity of the five elements of two cometary orbits, no matter how dissimilar their physical appearances may be, is proof amounting almost to a certainty that they are different returns of the same comet. These may or may not be successive returns. The following are two interesting cases in point: in 1786 a comet was discovered by Mechain, but, having been seen for only two days, no orbit could be deduced, three positions being necessary for such a computation. In 1795 Miss Caroline Herschel discovered a comet, which was observed for three weeks, and for which a moderately fair orbit was determined. In 1805 another was discovered, and the elements of its orbit calculated, though no comparison seems to have been made with those computed for that of 1795. In 1818 the celebrated comet-seeker, Pons, found a comet, of which a long series of observations was obtained, which underwent a rigorous computation by Encke, who determined a period for it of only 33 years. In comparing the elements with those of the comet of 1805, he was struck with their resemblance, which the accompanying table will show: Longitude of Perihelion.......................... "Node..... Inclination......... Perihelion distance............................. 1818. 1805. 147 51 144 15 340 11 329 5 15 36 14 48 0 378 Direct. 0 353 Direct. the tail, is thrown out in a direction opposite the sun, which in some cases, when near perihelion, takes on gigantic proportions, especially in apparent length, and astonishing all beholders, a terror to the ignorant, and an unsolved enigma to the wise. After its perihelion passage the coma, nucleus, and tail rapidly decrease in brightness until in a few months—perhaps in a few weeks, or even days-it becomes invisible even with powerful telescopes. In approaching the sun the coma precedes the tail, but in receding from it, after perihelion, the tail precedes the coma. The tails of comets, however they may be viewed, whether as regards their immense length, both in degrees and in miles, the separation of some into two or more parts in the direction of their lengths, their great breadth and curvature, the rapidity of their formation, their deviation from the line of the radius vector, frequent formation of a tail towards the sun, the black stripe through the centre of some, and its absence in others, their chemical composition, and, above all, the source and nature of the force that throws back from the sunny side of the coma a train of unimagined extent-in one instance 200,000,000 miles in length and 15,000,000 in breadth-are among the most inscrutable of the marvels which the visible At this time the only periodic comet known was universe presents for our contemplation and study. Halley's, which had a period of about 76 years, and No explanations have ever been propounded that will the thought that here was another, and with a period satisfactorily account for a single one of these pheof but 3 years, awakened the liveliest emotions in the nomena. The analysis of their light by the spectromind of every astronomer. How many times has it scope, and the detection in their spectra of lines bereturned? was the all-absorbing question. Were longing to hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, sodium, etc., Encke's computations correct, it must have returned go a long way to prove that they contain ponderable unobserved 2 times between 1818 and 1805, twice matter. When it is considered how rapid is the rate between 1805 and 1795, and twice between 1795 and 1786. The comet was, without hesitation, predicted to return in 1822, which was confirmed. A perfect comet (seldom seen, however) consists of four distinctive characteristics, as follows, enumerated in the order usually observed by the telescope, viz. : coma, nucleus (often called the head), tail, and envelopes. The last three are often wanting, the fourth seldom or never appearing except in very bright comets. The coma (also sometimes called the head) is the only part of a comet never absent. It is that portion first appearing in a telescope as a faint nebulous mass in no way distinguishable from a nebula except by its motion, which, in a short time (sometimes in a few minutes), is detected by the telescope. As it approaches the sun it gradually, and sometimes quite suddenly, assumes an oval form, the major axis lying in the direction of the sun. Soon a train of light, which, though not very appropriately named, is called of their formation (sometimes more than 15,000,000 miles per day), too rapid, it would seem, for the propulsion of matter, and too slow for the movement of electricity, we are instinctively forced to the conclusion that the power, far away as it is, and far-reaching as it must be, lies wholly in the sun, and can emanate from no other source. Some comets have no tails; indeed, those that are telescopic rarely have them, which also is true of periodic comets of short period. Encke's is generally as round as the full moon, yet occasionally has thrown off a tail visible to the naked eye-from one to three degrees in length. Some have been seen with tails before, but not after, perihelion, and vice versa. The tails of comets, though generally spoken of as being opposite the sun, are, in fact, seldom exactly so except that portion near the head: the remainder being curved, of which the comets of 1811, 1858, and 1881 and 1882 are examples. The great comets of 1843 and 1861 were examples of tails perfectly straight, and of immense apparent length. The latter, though much shorter in miles, was far longer in degrees, having reached the extraordinary length of 118°, an excess of 14° over the next longest on record. The following table will show the immense length of the tails of some comets, and also the wide difference between their apparent and real length: Not infrequently comets have been observed with retardation and another shortening of its period, and more than one tail, the most recent example being the so on until, after a few returns, it must inevitably fall secondary tail of the great comet of 1881, which, on into the sun and cease to exist as a comet, a phenomethe evening of June 26, was 55° in length. The prin- non without a known parallel in astronomy. cipal tail at the time was considerably curved and in marked contrast to its mate, a long, straight, slightly widening beam of light, which could be traced to more than twice the extent of its primary. The succeeding night it was reduced in length one-half. If the foregoing conclusions be true it is reasonable to suppose that the great comet of 1680, having grazed the sun almost as closely, may have met with a similar resistance, though in a less degree, and may reappear long before the assigned period of 575 years is reached. The constant shortening of about two hours at every successive return of the periodic time of Encke's comet has been ascribed to resistance, but of the hypothetical all-pervading ether rather than of the solar atmosphere. If this decrease in its period is to continue indefinitely, then it must ultimately find a grave in the sun. A curious accompaniment of some comets is a long, narrow, sharply defined black stripe extending from the nucleus to a considerable distance through the centre of the tail, and sometimes erroneously supposed to be a shadow cast by the nucleus. If, as believed by some, comets' tails are hollow, the space within the circumscribed cylinder must be absolutely devoid of matter, and, therefore, even allowing the nucleus to be solid, is incapable of casting a shadow. Moreover, For brevity and convenience in computation the orto produce a shadow of uniform size, as was the case bit of a comet is assumed to be a parabola, and a prothrough the tail of Donati's comet, it is necessary that visional set of elements is computed from the best the sun and nucleus be of equal diameter. The largest three positions attainable, with as long time intervals nucleus ever observed in any comet was less than as possible. A search is then made through a list of 8000 miles, and that of Donati's, at the time referred all comets mentioned in history, to find any whose eleto above, was less than 1000 miles. Of course a ments bear resemblance to those of the new comet. shadow cast by so insignificant an object, as compared If none are found, then it is presumably visiting our with the immense size of the sun, would quickly come system for the first time, but should there be in the to a point. Such a phenomenon has never yet been list one or more with each of the five elements not too witnessed. And, besides, the opacity of the nuclei of dissimilar, with direction of motion the same, then it is comets has never been proven, but, on the contrary, possible perhaps highly probable-that they are rethe evidence is strongly in favor of their translucency, turns of the same comet. Appearances are, however, if not transparency. Their variation in magnitude not to be relied upon in deciding this question, as they conclusively shows that they are not solid. Nothing vary greatly at different apparitions, depending upon resembling a sharply defined disk, or its shadow, or their positions as regards the sun and earth. The even a phase, has ever been observed, and, further- limits of variation are so wide as sometimes to render more, the larger the telescope used, and the higher a comet, which was bright at one apparition, invisible the power, the smaller they appear. Again, the di- at its next return. Most of the periodic comets are vision into two parts of Biela's comet is convincing seen only at alternate apparitions; a striking examevidence of the truth of the position taken, for it is ple being the periodic comet, 1880 VI. (Swift's), hayimprobable, if not impossible, that a solid, as we un-ing a period of 5 years. Its perihelion distance is derstand the term, possessing cohesiveness to any great extent, should be divided into two, and only two parts, for each comet (there are certainly two of them now) exhibited a nucleus, which, by turns, was brighter than its companion. greater than the earth's mean distance, and, consequently, is generally visible only when both the earth and comet are on the same side of the sun. Were its period an even five years, it would occupy the same relative position with respect to the sun and earth in 1885 as in 1880, and would be visible under like conditions, but the additional half year will cause the earth and comet to be on opposite sides of the sun in 1886, and as the comet will be 100 times less bright than in 1880 the detection of it will be hopeless. An interesting history attaches to the great comet of 1880, which burst suddenly and unexpectedly into view in the southern hemisphere in January of that year. Its elements and general appearance so nearly resemble those of the great comet of 1843 I., whose apparition was equally sudden, as to raise the pre- Much speculation has been indulged in as to whether sumption that the two are identical, notwithstanding a comet ever did, ever will, or ever can fall into the that the most reliable computation (by Hubbard) made sun, and, also, what the effect would be, not only upon the period of the latter 530 years. These comets, at that body, but upon the earth and the other planets. their perihelion passages, made the nearest approaches A thorough discussion of these questions would lead to the sun of any yet observed. No comet at all com- into speculative fields, which it seems undesirable as parable in brilliancy was seen thirty-seven years pre- well as unprofitable to enter. We know little of the vious to 1843, and the only rational conclusion is that physical condition of comets; nothing, in fact, but the comet of 1843 was a comet of long period-reas- what the telescope and spectroscope have gleaned from onably that of 1668, as one of the two sets of ele- an examination of a very few bright ones. They ments computed for that comet bore a very strong re-appear, both under telescopic observation and spectrosemblance to it. The comet of 1843 grazed the sun's scopic analysis, to be wholly gaseous; yet such an idea surface at the moment of perihelion passage, and its is contrary to the experience of every chemist, and motion was so great (300 miles a second) as to cause it that no body entirely gaseous can exist in space is unito pass half around the sun in less than two hours, versally conceded. When the light from the nucleus though to complete the other half would, as before and coma, and as much of the tail as is bright enough stated, require 530 years. When the comet of 1880 for the purpose, is examined by the spectroscope, it is came with elements so similar to those of the comet of found to be largely composed of one of the numerous 1843 as to permit no doubt of their identity, the ques- forms of hydro-carbon vapor nearly or quite identical tion arose what brought it back in 37 instead of 530 with olefiant gas (C2 H). In the comet of 1882 I. and years. The answer that in 1843 it had met with great Wells' comet, 1881, the vapor of sodium (D of Fraunresistance in passing through the solar atmosphere, hofer's lines) was observed with great distinctness, and thereby was retarded, was readily and almost uni- though, for some reason inexplicable to us, only when versally conceded to be the true solution of a problem near its perihelion. Without doubt other substancès with which science had never had to deal. As it must exist which future investigators in spectroscopy will be have met a like resistance in 1880, it was with great able to detect and identify as synonymous with wellplausibility argued that it would make its next appear-known forms of terrestrial matter, and will show that ance in much less time than 37 years-probably in 15 comets are more complex in their physical and chemical or 20, when it would, in like manner, suffer another constitution than has hitherto been supposed. The perihelion distances of comets vary immensely. | far more wonderful. On Oct. 9 its diameter was While some almost or actually graze the sun's surface, 278,000, while on Dec. 17 it had contracted to 3000 others have their perihelia at a distance equal to that miles. of Mars, and, as will be seen below, one was nearly equal to Jupiter's distance. How many, if any, have their perihelia still farther away, it will require the great telescopes of the future to determine. The following are examples of each class, from centre of comet to sun's centre, expressed both in terms of the earth's mean solar distance and also in miles : Date. Oct. 28.. Diameter in Date. Diameter in Miles. Dec. 14.. 45,000 Dec. 24.. 12,000 122,000 Examples of large Coma. Examples of small Coma. (1799 smallest known.) We append also examples of small and great aphelion distances. Concerning the latter much uncertainty exists. To such an extent is this true, that it has been thought best not to insert in the table those 1858 Donati's with an assigned period of above 125 years. Some have been computed to have periods from 100,000, to 1,000,000, and even to more than 2,000,000 years. It is needless to add that these latter belong rather to the domain of romance than to that of ascertained truth. Discovery of Comets in the United States.-The first comet discovered in the United States was in 1847. Since then 24 have been discovered, 14 of the number having been found during the last 5 years, which marks the zeal with which this branch of astronomy is being prosecuted. Much of this is no doubt due to the stimulus of the prizes for their discovery offered by the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Vienna, and by Mr. H. H. Warner, of Rochester, N. Y., founder of the Warner Observatory. The Vienna prizes which were offered for 3 years consisted of a gold medal valued at about $60, or its equivalent in money. On the expiration of the 3 years the prizes not being renewed, Mr. Warner, desirous that the search for them be not abandoned, offered for each discovery of a new comet a prize of $200 in gold. Three of the Vienna medals were awarded to a single American. Four comet discoverers have received from the latter an aggregate of $1950. Following are the names of the discoverers and the number discovered by each:-Miss Mitchell, 1; Bond, 1; Van Arsdale, 1; Peters, 1; Thatcher, 1; Brooks, 3; Wells, 1; Schaeberle, 2; Barnard, 2; Tuttle, 4; Swift, 7; total, 22. Besides these, 10 more have been discovered independently, viz.: 1 each by C. W. and H. P. Tuttle, 2 by Bond, 3 by Swift, and 4 by Van Arsdale. comet of short period (cloudy weather prevented a The periodic accorded to Brooks is a verification), which two days after discovery was found by Denning, of England. Subjoined is a complete list of the most successful comet-seekers of all countries, Pons, of France, outstripping all the others : Discoverer. 1786 I. 1818 I. 1808 II. 1826 III. |