and planing-mills. The city is supplied with gas from was shelled from Lookout. The animals—cavalry and two companies, with the electric light, and with water, artillery horses and mule-teams-were dying for want and has street-railways, telephone and telegraphic of food. It is estimated that during this dearth ten communications. It has a healthy climate and a good thousand of them perished. The artillery was almost system of sewerage. There are two banks, four hotels, useless, for want of horses. The troops were on half eighteen churches, an Iron and Coal Association, a rations, with prospect of less. They must have supBoard of Trade, an opera-house, a university (Metho- plies, or retreat; and retreat without supplies meant dist), ten well-arranged schoolhouses, with an excellent annihilation. system of public schools, an orphans' home, one daily and three weekly newspapers.

Between the city and Missionary Ridge rises a beautiful knoll, occupied by the National cemetery, where are buried fourteen thousand Federal soldiers. Nearer the bank of the river rises the Confederate monument, around which sleep the dead of that army-about seven thousand. The National cemetery is cared for by the national government, and the Confederate cemetery by an association of ladies. The battle-field of Missionary Ridge is now converted into peach-orchards and vineyards, and the slopes are devoted to the cultivation of strawberries, which are shipped to the North in large quantities. The mountains that surround the city are rich in iron-ore and coal, and are covered with the best of manufacturing woods. They are also becoming noted as health resorts, because of their coolness in summer and their warmth in winter.

In 1838 the city was laid out. In 1843 it missed being the capital of the State by only two votes in the Senate. During the war it was an important strategic point. It was first known as Ross's Landing, but received its present name in 1838.

Grant's appearance was the first gleam of hope. Troops would not be wanting; Sherman was coming. Hooker, with a strong detachment of the Army of the Potomac (20,000), was on his way, marching upon Bridgeport with the purpose to proceed up the river and seize the wagon-road between Bridgeport and Brown's Ferry. Palmer, following Hooker with the Fourteenth Corps, was to march on the north bank to a point opposite Whitesides. To facilitate these movements, which certainly would have been contested by the enemy, the following stratagem was resorted to with success. Gen. W. F. Smith (Baldy), of the Engineers, was ordered to take 4000 picked men to be thus used: With 1800, under Gen. Hazen, he was to drop down the river at night and in silence around the great loop or bend from south to north to Brown's Ferry, six miles below. This was done in sixty ponton-boats on the night of October 27 without their having been discerned by the enemy. This force at once seized the range of hills three miles below Lookout Mountain, covering the roads to the enemy's position. In the mean time, the remainder of the 4000 (2800) had marched by the north bank of the river to the same CHATTANOOGA, BATTLE OF. Immediately after point, where, with great celerity, they laid down a the battle of CCKAMAUGA (7. v.), which was fought ponton-bridge nine hundred feet long, and crossed. On on the 19th and 20th of September, 1863, Gen. Rose- the 28th, Hooker came up from below, with Howard's crans had strongly fortified Chattanooga to withstand Eleventh Corps and Gurney's division of Slocum's the Confederate siege from the east and the south, Twelfth, crossed to the south side, and boldly marched which was at once laid by Bragg. By an order from up Lookout Valley as far as Wauhatchie. Palmer Washington of October 16 he was relieved from his soon followed with the Fourteenth Corps. Thus at a post, and on the same date Gen. Grant was appoint- dash two roads were secured-one from Bridgeport to ed to the command of the Military Division of the Brown's Ferry, and the other from Brown's to Kelly's. Mississippi, comprising the three departments of the The wagoning of supplies was at once reduced from Tennessee, the Cumberland, and the Ohio. At his seventy miles to eight, and, although it took a little suggestion Thomas was placed in charge of the Depart-time to supply the great deficiency, there was a decided ment of the Cumberland in place of Rosecrans, Sher-change in the situation. man taking that of the Tennessee, and Burnside (soon The Confederate general, who had been sanguine that to be relieved by J. G. Foster) that of the Ohio. Sherman was ordered to bring his army as rapidly as possible from the Mississippi to Chattanooga. He collected his scattered detachments and set out by the Memphis and Charleston Railroad for a portion of the way, and thence in a straight line for Bridgeport, below Chattanooga. Sherman preceded his troops in person to meet Grant. On the 19th of October, Grant, learning that the town was in great straits, had telegraphed to Thomas to hold out to the last extremity, and had received an answer that he would "until he starved.' On the 23d, Grant was at Chattanooga, where he found a worse condition of things than he had expected. The Union army lay posted outside the town, with its flanks upon the Tennessee, near the mouth of Chattanooga and Citico creeks. The enemy lay in an immense irregular circle all along the western slope of Missionary Ridge, thence across the Chattanooga Valley and river to the "nose of Lookout Mountain, the upper terraces of which were likewise fortified and armed with cannon and mortars. Lookout Valley was occupied by Confederate troops guarding the roads to the river, and all along the south bank of the river below were strong picket-lines commanding Brown's Ferry, six miles below Chattanooga, and completely closing river-communication with Bridgeport, thirty miles below. The only way the Union army could obtain supplies was over the Anderson road across Waldron's Ridge from Stevenson, making more than seventy miles of wagoning. One large supply-train, with quantities of ammunition besides, had been destroyed by Gen. Wheeler's cavalry. The constant rains had rendered the roads very difficult. Everything that attempted to pass into the town

the Union army would be starved out, was thus rudely awakened. Longstreet, who occupied Lookout, threw himself with great impetuosity upon the right of Hooker in the valley. At first Geary's division was in great danger, but Howard came up to his support, and not only drove him back, but advanced and seized the remaining crest west of Lookout Creek. Two steamers captured from the enemy, and a third from Chattanooga, rapidly repaired, were bringing up supplies as fast as possible, and Grant could now proceed to carry out his plans for dislodging the enemy.

Just at this time Bragg made the inexcusable blunder of detaching a large force in the face of a vigilant enemy. Hearing that Burnside was about to occupy Knoxville, he ordered Longstreet to proceed thither and destroy him. In spite of more timid suggestions from Washington, Grant sent orders to Burnside to hold Knoxville to the last extremity. Sherman was hurrying up with the Fifteenth Corps and one division. of the Sixteenth, all under Gen. Frank Blair. On the 14th of November he arrived, marching from Bridgeport by way of Whitesides; thence he proceeded to take up his post on the north bank of the river, near the mouth of the South Chickamauga, forming the left of the Union line, to watch the enemy at the northern end of Missionary Ridge. Thomas, keeping open communication with him, was to attack their centre on the Ridge. The most of Howard's corps was held in reserve on the north bank. A cavalry force was sent to the right and rear of the enemy to cut the railroad between Cleveland and Dalton.

Deserters coming in reported that Bragg was falling back, and some color was given to this statement by a

letter which he had sent to Grant on the 20th of No- |
vember, advising him to send all non-combatants out
of the devoted town. In order to test the question
rather than to bring on a general action, for which he
was not yet quite prepared, Grant ordered Thomas to
make a general reconnoissance in his front on the morn-
ing of the 23d. To this end Wood's division was or-
dered forward, and supported successively by divisions
from the corps of Palmer and Howard, Sheridan's divis-
ion of the latter corps playing a conspicuous part in the
movement. These trocps, moving out from Fort Wood
in two lines and in full sight, manoeuvred in so orderly
a manner that the enemy thought it was a grand drill
or review. The west side of Missionary Ridge is steep
and rugged, and the crest is from 400 to 600 feet high;
at its foot were rifle-pits. Midway between it and Fort
Wood lies a slight eminence called Orchard Knob.
The Union lines moved forward, quickening their pace
until they had charged upon Orchard Knob and run
up some guns; they entrenched themselves there, and
waited for the developments of Sherman and Hooker.
Sherman began his movement on the same day, the
23d. One brigade was with the pontons in North
Chickamauga Creek, west of the Tennessee. At dark
they drifted down, landed a regiment just above the
South Chickamauga, to capture the Confederate pick-
ets; thence falling below, they laid two ponton-bridges,
one, of 1400 feet, across the Tennessee, and another,
for cavalry, across the South Chickamauga. By day-
light Sherman had 8000 men across; by three in the
afternoon his whole army was over and entrenched near
the railroad tunnel. Col. Long, of the cavalry, moving
rapidly around the Confederate right, destroyed Tyner's
Station, on the railroad from Chattanooga to Cleveland,
also the dépôt at Cleveland and a gun-cap factory. He
took numerous prisoners and destroyed many wagons.
Bragg thought this movement threatening his right
was to be the real attack, and acted accordingly.

Sherman and Thomas being now in position, where was Hooker? On the 24th of November he climbed the west slope of Lookout Mountain, driving the enemy before him and taking numerous prisoners; thus the very last of the blockade came to an end. Henceforth there was no wagoning of supplies at all. Steamers plied unmolested from Bridgeport to Chattanooga, and there was plenty in all the camps. Leaving a small force on the mountain, he marched his column round the "nose," or northern slope, into and across the Chattanooga Valley and river, where he was delayed for three hours by a broken bridge. Then he marched upon Missionary Ridge to make an additional diversion in favor of Thomas, who was impatiently waiting for his appearance.

Meantime, there was going on a harmless artillery duel at Orchard Knob, while Bragg, rather neglecting Thomas and Hooker, directed his principal attention to Sherman, who lay in the most exposed position, and whose part in the great battle was rather to bear than to do. In front of his position lay a valley, then beyond a hill, commanded by another and higher hill in rear. Grant saw from his advanced position on Orchard Knob that Bragg was massing his troops in front of Sherman, and at one time he ordered Baird's division to reinforce him, but, finding that Sherman could hold his own without aid, Baird was retained and placed between Wood and the troops of Howard. The Confederates, to make up for a manifest deficiency in numbers, were strongly entrenched on the Ridge, their right commanded by Hardee and their left by Breckenridge.

Thus matters stood when Bragg committed his next great mistake. He weakened his centre to strengthen his right and overwhelm Sherman. Like Napoleon at Austerlitz, Grant profited by the error. All eyes were now upon the Rossville road, by which the arrival of Hooker was expected. Six discharges of field-pieces were to be the signal of his coming, and the first boom was heard at twenty minutes to four P. M. At once everything was in wild movement. Wood, Baird, and

Johnston poured upon the rifle-pits at the foot of the
Ridge. There they were to have stopped and waited for
orders; but, as they saw the enemy swarming out of
the pits, they rushed forward without orders, followed
soon, however, by an aid de-camp shouting, "Take the
Ridge if you can. As they moved, the Union artil-
lery, thundering over their heads, swept open a path in
their front. The men seemed to strain every nerve in
the upward race; at sunset they were on the top.
Hooker, coming up on the right, met but little resist-
ance. The attacks on Sherman had ceased. The en-
tire Confederate force, rushing down the eastern slope
in disgraceful panic, sought safety in rapid flight.
Night put an end to the contest.
There was no gen-
eral pursuit. Bragg abandoned all his positions and
took post at Ringold and Dalton, but not before he had
lost 6000 prisoners, 40 guns, and 7000 stand of small-
arms. The next morning a strong reconnoissance was
made by Sherman with troops from Hooker and Pal-
mer; this was so fiercely resisted by the Confederate
general Cleburne at White Oak Ridge that there were
no further demonstrations.

The Federal army was about 80,000 strong; that of
Bragg, about 50,000. The losses of the former did not
exceed 5000; those of the Confederates were greater,
and their loss in prisoners very great. (H. C.)

CHATTEL, in law, every species of property of less dignity and importance than a freehold estate in land. The term is derived from the Latin catalla, primarily signifying beasts of husbandry only, but in its secondary sense is applied to all movables in general. Chattels are of two kinds-viz., chattels real and chattels personal. Chattels real are those interests in land which are regarded by the common law as of less dignity than freehold interests therein. They comprise estates for years, from year to year, at will, at sufferance, and by elegit.

Chattels personal are properly things movable which
may be transported at the caprice of the owner from
place to place; such are animals, household stuffs, corn,
jewels, garments, books, furniture, and the like. They
also comprise all incorporeal rights arising from and out
of things movable, such as an interest in a mercantile
partnership or a mortgage of furniture, or the like.

Whether stock in a railroad or canal corporation
owning necessarily large pieces of real estate is to be
regarded as a chattel or as realty was originally much
disputed. In England it is generally deemed realty
unless the contrary is provided by statute. In the United
States, on the contrary, it is almost universally regarded
as a chattel. In the United States, prior to the War
of the Rebellion, slaves were generally regarded as
chattels personal, and in case of intestacy passed to
the executor or administrator as such. In Louisiana
and Kentucky they were, however, regarded as real
estate. In those States where slaves were considered
as chattels they were in consequence liable to be sold,
mortgaged, or leased absolutely, at the will of their
masters; they could be taken into execution and sold
like other chattels for payment of debts or legacies;
an action on the case lay for an injury to them as for
an injury to other personal property; and, finally, the
ownership of their offspring was governed by the laws
applicable to brute beasts.
(L. L., JR.)

CHATTEL MORTGAGE, a mortgage upon chattel
property-usually, in practice, upon personal chattels
or movable articles. When chattel interests in real
property or choses in action are to be used as security,
an assignment, either expressed to be conditional and
for the payment of the debt, or absolute in form, but
accompanied by some counter-engagement for a return
upon payment, is ordinarily employed, and is spoken of
as an assignment for collateral security.' There may,
however, undoubtedly be a mortgage of a chattel real-
of a lease for years, for example. A chattel mortgage
differs from a pledge or pawn in this-viz., that in the
former the title to the property mortgaged passes in
law at once to the mortgagee upon failure of the mort-

gagor to comply with the conditions of the mortgage. In the latter the title to the thing pawned does not so pass to the pawnee immediately upon the default of the pawnor. It remains vested in the pawnor until such time as the chattel is sold by the pawnee; and even then the pawnor remains entitled to all that portion of the purchase-money which exceeds his debt with interest.

A chattel mortgage differs from a conditional sale in this-viz., that at the time of the execution there is always a debt from the mortgagor to the mortgagee, either due or actually in prospect, upon failure to pay which within a stipulated time the title is to rest in the mortgagee. In the case of a conditional sale no question of a debt due from the vendor to the vendee is involved. The vendor simply retains the right, within a stipulated time and upon stipulated terms, to reclaim his property, As in the case of mortgages of real estate, a chattel mortgage will be decreed to be such by the courts, even though it may be in the guise of an absolute or conditional sale. The true intent of the parties will always be regarded in such cases. As a rule, the retention of possession of mortgaged chattels by the mortgagor constitutes evidence of fraud as against subsequent bona fide purchasers and mortgagees, which must be submitted to a jury. In Pennsylvania and Illinois the courts go further, holding that in such cases the retention of possession constitutes an irrebuttable presumption of fraud. In those States, accordingly, a chattel mortgage unaccompanied by delivery of possession is regarded as void except as to parties to the contract. In almost all the United States, however, statutes have been enacted for the purpose of enabling mortgagors to retain possession of mortgaged chattels, and at the same time to give mortgages which shall secure their creditors as effectually as though possession of the property had actually been transferred. This purpose is accomplished by substituting a record or filing of mortgages in place of a delivery of possession of the mortgaged property. The statutes, in effect, make a recording or filing of the instrument equivalent to a change in the possession of the property.

The provisions of these statutes differ materially in the various States. They generally stipulate that the mortgage shall be filed in the town or county constituting the residence of the mortgagor. In some States it is provided that in case the mortgagor be a non-resident the mortgage shall be recorded in the city or town where the property is situate at the time the mortgage is executed. Such is the law in Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Wisconsin, and Vermont.

In other States it is provided that a mortgage of chattels shall be recorded both where the mortgagor resides and where the property is located. Such is the law in Alabama, Arizona, California, Georgia, Idaho, and Minnesota. In Colorado, Connecticut, Dakota, Delaware, Florida, Kentucky, Mississippi, New Mexico, Virginia, West Virginia, Washington Territory, and Wyoming a chattel mortgage need only be recorded in the county where the property is situate at the time the mortgage is made.

In some States, where the property is removed during the continuance of the mortgage, the record thereof must also be transferred to render it effectual. Such is the case in Alabama, California, Mississippi, and Wyoming. In some States a record ceases to be of any effect after a limited period from the original filing of the mortgage, as in Colorado, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Wyoming, and Illinois. But provision is made in several States for a refiling of the mortgage, as in Arkansas, Kansas, Michigan, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Wisconsin, and Dakota.

|

vania the statutes sanction the recording of chattels
real in the county where the realty is situate.
The foreclosure of chattel mortgages is effected by a
sale of the property mortgaged by the mortgagee, after
due notice to the mortgagor both of the amount due
and of the intended sale. In some States peculiar
forms of foreclosure are provided by statute.
(L. L., JR.)

CHAUNCEY, ISAAC (1772-1840), an American naval officer, was born at Black Rock, Conn., Feb. 20, 1772. He first served in merchant-vessels, but when the navy was reorganized in 1779 he became a lieutenant, and in 1802 was acting captain of the frigate Chesapeake. During the operations against Tripoli he served actively under Commodores Preble and Rodgers. In 1804 he was appointed master-commandant, and in 1806 captain. During the peace which followed the Algerine war he was stationed at the navy-yard at New York. On the outbreak of the war of 1812 he was placed in command of all the lakes except Champlain. Arriving at Sackett's Harbor Oct. 6, 1812, he used great exertions to prepare a fleet, guarding also against an attack by the enemy. Late in April, 1813, he carried Gen. Dearborn's army to York (now Toronto), hoping at the same time to capture some vessels and gain the mastery of the lake. York was taken, the Government buildings fired, and three days later the American troops re-embarked and were taken to Niagara. Little had been gained by this expedition, and the British had offset it by an attack on Sackett's Harbor, then almost defenceless, and, though repulsed, caused the loss of an immense amount of military stores. In October, Chauncey encountered a British fleet of seven vessels, five of which he captured. In 1814, while the land-forces carried on the war in Upper Canada, he was inactive until August, when he appeared off Kingston, and blockaded the fleet of Sir James Yeo for six weeks. Peace was concluded before operations could be resumed, and Chauncey returned to his command of the navy-yard at New York. He was afterwards one of the navy commissioners, and in 1833 was made president of the board, which position he held till his death, at Washington, Jan. 27, 1840.

CHAUTAUQUA. Chautauqua, on Chautauqua Lake, in Chautauqua co., Western New York, is the centre of an educational movement which has acquired considerable prominence during the past nine years. It is a practical answer to the several important problems which present themselves again and again to thoughtful students of our American society and institutions.

The place is very beautiful for situation. It is on a point that projects into the lake, giving a fair prospect up and down and across its blue waters for miles, and affording easy landing-places for steam and sail craft. The ground rises gradually from the pebbly beach to the height of 125 feet, making it one of the highest retreats on the lake. Here is built a summer city in the midst of the original forest, cleared out, trimmed, and fitted for the purpose. Five hundred cottages (some of them costing as much as $5000), stores, markets, parks, fountains, statuary, flowers, ferneries, swings, museums, and lawn-tennis grounds, docks, avenues, railway-stations, public buildings which have cost $150,000, together with a hotel costing $100,000,-help to fill up the 136 acres enclosed in the grounds. Every part is illuminated with the electric light. The departments of streets, police, and water-supply are well organized and efficient. The sewage and sanitary arrangements are not excelled, if equalled, by any city in the United States. The water-supply is taken from the bottom of the lake, directly from its purest sources, and forced through pipes to all parts of the grounds.

The Chautauqua movement began in 1874, through the joint suggestions and plans and labors of Lewis Miller, Esq., of Akron, Ohio, and Rev. Dr. J. H. Vincent of the city of New York. Its original intention was to utilize the summer recreative instinct, necessity, and In Louisiana and Nevada there are no laws author- habit in the interest of worthier ends than those which izing the recording of chattel mortgages. In Pennsyl-usually control summer resorts. The founders,

44

having been for years especially interested in Sundayschool work, proposed to turn the leisure of summer tourists into opportunity for biblical, educational, and especially Sunday-school work. Innocent recreations, music, fireworks, brilliantly illustrated scientific lectures, stereoscopic displays, etc., were employed the first year, in connection with a series of lectures on biblical, social, and other general subjects.

The success of the first year encouraged the projectors of the institution to widen its scope, without losing sight of the original intention of the Chautauqua Assembly. One of the great problems of the day is how to interest our young people in worthier lines of reading and conversation during the week. The Sabbath-school, at its maximum of an hour and a half on the Sabbath, is unable to neutralize, without especial effort in that direction, the dissipating, if not demoralizing, influences which are at work through the whole week. It was believed that these week-day forces might be controlled in the interest of moral and intellectual improvement. In pursuance of plans projected long before the beginning of the Assembly, a literary and scientific circle was organized in 1878, the design of which was to promote habits of reading and study in nature, art, science, and in secular and sacred literature, in connection with the routine of our daily life, especially among those whose educational advantages have been limited, so as to secure to them the college student's general outlook upon the world of thought and life, and to develop the habit of close, connected, and persistent thinking. William Cullen Bryant was consulted in regard to the details of this plan, and gave it his unqualified indorsement in a long letter written to Dr. J. H. Vincent a few weeks before the poet's death. The course of study adopted by the "Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle" covers four years, requiring from each member an average of forty minutes' reading a day. The Circle becomes, in fact, a home-college for old and young, and discharges manifold ministries of incentive and inspiration. More than 25,000 names are now enrolled. Local circles have been organized in all parts of the country, in Canada, in the Sandwich Islands, in India, in Japan, etc. The first commencement of the C. L. S. C." was held Aug. 12, 1882, when more than 1600 graduates were rewarded with diplomas. Eight hundred of these were present, one of them being a lady eighty years of age.

The Chautauqua meetings are held for six weeks during the summer. They embrace sessions of the "School of Languages, ," for the study of the languages, especially the modern languages, chiefly after the natural method; the "Chautauqua Teachers' Retreat," for the benefit of secular educators; the "Chautauqua Missionary Institute," for the quickening of all the churches in the home and foreign missionary work; the "Chautauqua Sunday-school Assembly," for the increase of biblical and Sunday-school knowledge and ability; the "Chauannually meettauqua Literary and Scientific Circle,' ing for reports, lectures, etc. The exercises for the six weeks are very interesting. Able lectures from men of renown, magnificent concerts, class-drills, children's meetings, brilliant illuminations, bonfires, fireworks, innocent recreations, the model of Palestine (over 300 feet long), the sectional model of the Egyptian Pyramid, the model of the Oriental House, the Children's Temple, the Art and Archæological Museum,-all of these attract to Chautauqua every summer tens of thousands of persons interested in its work. The expenses of the platform only for the season of 1882 were $15,500.

But the principal charm in the work of Chautauqua is the ministry which it exercises at the homes of the people from January to December. The meetings for the summer give quickening, but the work is wrought in thousands of homes all over the land through the entire year-a work in which religious and scientific culture, cheerful home-life, broad views, and lofty ideals are promoted. Rev. Dr. J. H. Vincent continues to (J. H. V.) direct its management.

CHAUVEAU, PIERRE J. O., a Canadian statesman and author, was born at Quebec, May 30, 1820. While studying law he He was the son of a merchant, and was educated at the seminary of Quebec. began to contribute political articles to Le Canadian and to the Courier des États Unis of New York, and soon became noted as a writer. He was elected to Parliament from Quebec in 1844 and in 1848, and filled various public offices. When the Dominion of Canada was formed in 1867, Chauveau became the first minister of the government of Quebec, and so remained until 1873, when he was made speaker of the Senate of His literary reputation rests chiefly on his Canada. novel Charles Guérin (1850), which faithfully depicts French-Canadian life.

CHAUVENET, WILLIAM, LL.D. (1819-1870), He graduated at Yale Colan American mathematician, born in Milford, Pennsylvania, May 24, 1819. lege in 1840; was for a time employed at Girard College in taking magnetic observations in association with A. D. Bache; became in 1841 mathematical instructor in the United States Naval Asylum; held the professorship of astronomy and mathematics 1845–59 in the United States Naval Academy, of which he was one of the founders; he was at the same time director of the observatory; was appointed in 1859 professor of mathematics in Washington University, St. Louis, Mo., and 1862 assumed in addition the duties of chancellor of the university. He resigned these positions in 1869, and died at St. Paul, Minn., Dec. 13, 1870. Among his works are treatises on The Binomial Theorem and Logarithms (1843), Plane and Spherical Trigonometry (1850), New Method of correcting Lunar Distances (1850), The Great-Circle Protractor (1855), He was the originator of Manual of Spherical and Practical Astronomy (1863), and Elementary Geometry. remarkable improvements in mathematical methods, and in the practical application of scientific principles. CHEBOYGAN, the county-seat of Cheboygan co., Mich., is on Lake Huron, near the Straits of Mackinaw and at the mouth of the Cheboygan River. It is on the Jackson, Lansing, and Saginaw Railroad, 160 miles N. of Bay City and 250 miles N. N. W. of Detroit. It has a bank, two weekly newspapers, five churches, and a union school. Its chief industry is the manufacture of lumber; it has several large saw-mills and three foundries, and ships large quantities of timber, tanbark, and fish. It has a system of water-works. It is assessed at $1,200,000, and its public debt is small. By means of slack-water, navigation is opened to a chain of inland lakes and to Petoskey, 45 miles distant. Population, chiefly of American birth, 2269.

See Vol. V.

Edin. ed.).

CHECK, or CHEQUE, a bill of exchange or draft drawn on a bank or banker, payable on dep. 506 Am. mand. The law relating to cheques both in ed. (p. 583 England and this country is in general the same as that relating to bills of exchange except so far as it has been modified by usage. These modifications. briefly stated, are-1. A cheque requires no acceptance, the bank being bound to pay it if there are funds of the drawer in its hands. If the bank marks or certifies the cheque to be "good," that amounts to an acceptance, and the bank becomes liable as an aoceptor. 2. The drawer of a cheque is a principal. debtor, and not, like the drawer of a bill of exchange, a surety. The effect of a cheque is to appropriate to the holder a specific sum of money in the hands of the bank. The holder may draw the money whenever it pleases him, but he runs the risk of the bank's failure or of the deposits of the drawer being drawn out if he does not present it for payment promptly. If the bank should fail before the presentation of the cheque, provided there was time to present it, the holder must bear the loss. If there are no funds of the drawer in the bank 3. The death of the with which to pay the cheque, then the holder can look to the drawer for the money. drawer countermands his cheques, although the bank would not be held liable for paying them before they

CHELIUS, MAXIMILIAN JOSEPH (1794-1876), a German physician and surgeon, was born at Mannheim (Baden) in 1794. He received his education in that city and in the University of Heidelberg, from which he graduated as M. D. at the age of eighteen. He became physician to the hospital of Ingolstadt (Bavaria), and afterward visited the hospitals and universities of Vienna, Göttingen, Berlin, and Paris. After this preliminary experience he received, in 1817, the appointment of assistant professor of medicine at Heidelberg. Two years later he became full professor there, and in 1826 received the title of councillor of the court of Baden. He founded at Heidelberg a clinic of ophthalmic surgery. His most important work is Handbuch der Chirurgie (Heidelberg, 2 vols., 7th ed. 1851), which is widely used in Germany and has been translated into several languages. An English version (A Manual of Surgery) was published in London in 2 vols. (1847). He also wrote Ueber die Heilweg der Blasen-Schneiden Fisteln durch Cauterisation (Heidelberg, 1844), Zur Lehre von den Staphy lomen des Auges (1858), and many articles in the Annals of Medicine, a journal edited by himself. He died at Heidelberg, Aug. 17, 1876.

received notice of his death. 4. The bank is responsi- discusses the manuscripts of Dr. Benjamin Franklin's ble for the payment of a forged cheque if the forgery Autobiography, and brings illustrations from them is that of the name of its depositor, for it cannot in bearing on the demonstration of the integrity of the that case charge the money to him; and if the bank pay New-Testament Scriptures. Dr. Cheever has resided a cheque fraudulently increased in amount, or "raised," for some years at Englewood, N. J. it can only charge to the depositor the amount for which it was originally drawn. (s. w.) CHEESE, CHEESE-MAKING. See DAIRY. CHEEVER, GEORGE BARRELL, D. D., a Congregationalist minister and author, was born at Hallowell, Me., April 7, 1807. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1825, studied theology at Andover, and was ordained pastor of a Congregational church at Salem, Mass., in 1831. He had already frequently contributed literary articles to the North American Review and other periodicals, as well as taken part in the Unitarian controversy, defending the orthodoxy of Cudworth. He had also published some volumes of selections and Studies in Poetry, with Biographical Sketches of the Poets (1830). In 1835 he gained celebrity by publishing in a Salem newspaper a satirical allegory called Deacon Giles's Distillery, which was soon circulated as a broadside with rude cuts that helped to point the moral. The author was charged with having made a libellous attack on a citizen of Salem, was riotously assaulted in the street, then tried before a court, convicted, and sent to jail for thirty days. Nothing daunted by these proceedings, he soon published a similar tract called Deacon Jones's Brewery. The next year Mr. Cheever went to Europe, where he travelled two years and a half, and wrote regularly for CHELMSFORD. FREDERICK AUGUSTUS THESIGER, the New York Observer. In 1838 he took charge of second BARON, an English general, was born May 31, the Allen Street Presbyterian Church in New York, 1827. He entered the army in 1845 as an ensign in and in 1841 published a volume entitled God's Hand the grenadier guards. He served in the Crimea as in America, with an introductory essay by Rev. Dr. aid-de-camp to Major-Gen. Markham and took part Skinner. After making a second visit to Europe, he in the Sepoy war, and in 1868 rendered distinguished became the editor for one or two years of the New York service in the Abyssinian expedition. For the next Evangelist. In 1844 appeared his Lectures on Bun- six years he was adjutant-general of the Bengal army, yan's Pilgrim's Progress, which were very popular in but in 1876 he returned to England, and soon after this country, and have been issued in several editions was promoted to a major-generalship. In 1878 he was in England. His own experience seems to have quick-appointed to the command of the British troops in ened his sympathy with Bunyan, and made this his South Africa. He completed the subjugation of the best work. It was followed by his Lectures on the Hie- Kaffirs, but was called to what proved a more serious rarchical Despotism and a volume in Defence of Capi- contest with the Zulus, who, under the lead of Cetetal Punishment for Murder, with the notes of a public wayo, were striving to resist British aggression. In discussion on the argument. In 1846 he gave the re- October, 1878, by the death of his father. Gen. Thesisults of his last visit to Europe in his Wanderings of a ger succeeded to the title Lord Chelmsford. His army, Pilgrim in the Shadow of Mont Blanc, and in the same consisting of 18,000 men, of whom over 6000 were year he became pastor of the Congregational Church of Europeans, invaded Zululand in four divisions Jan. 11, the Puritans, which had been built by his personal 1879. On the 22d, while Lord Chelmsford had gone friends. In 1848 he edited and published The Journal forward with the main body of his troops, the garrison of the Pilgrims at Plymouth in New England, with of his camp at Isandlana was surprised and massatwenty-four chapters of historical illustrations. When cred. The other divisions narrowly escaped the same the Independent was established at New York in 1848 fate, and the British army was thrown on the dehe became a regular contributor to that paper, treating fensive until reinforcements should arrive from Engof religious, literary, and political topics. He wrote land. These were quickly sent, to the number of some allegories on the Christian life, which were pub- 10,000 men, and, though there was a loud demand for lished, with other miscellanies, in a volume entitled The the recall of the general, he was retained in command. Hill Difficulty. This was followed by a similar work, On March 29 he renewed the invasion, marching first The Windings of the River of the Water of Life (1849). to relieve Col. Pearson, who, though he had defeated Nearly every year, besides his labors in the pulpit, he the Zulus on Jan. 23, had entrenched himself at Ekowe added a volume to his list of publications: The Voices (or Etchowe) on learning of the defeat at Isandlana. of Nature to the Soul of Man (1852), A Voyage to the On April 2, at Ginghilova, 12 miles from Ekowe, Celestial Country (1853), The Right of the Bible in our Lord Chelmsford defeated the entire army of the Common Schools (1854), Lectures on Couper (1856), Zulus, and joined Col. Pearson. On July 4, at Ulundi, and in the same year a volume on The Powers of the where Cetewayo's royal kraal was situated, Lord World to Come. He took a prominent part in the anti- Chelmsford again defeated the main army of the slavery agitation, and published God against Slavery Zulus, amounting to 20,000 men. The Zulus now (1857) and The Guilt of Slavery and the Crime of dispersed, and, though Cetewayo had not yet been Slaveholding Denounced from the Hebrew and Greek captured, Lord Chelmsford sent his resignation to Sr Scriptures (1860). He also contributed to the Biblio- Garnet Wolseley, who had been appointed civil and theca Sacra and other periodicals, and prepared a course military governor of Natal and the Transvaal. After of Lectures on Bunyan's Holy War. When the lease of his return to England, Lord Chelmsford, both in the the ground on Union Square, where the Church of the House of Lords and through the press, discussed the Puritans was originally built, expired in 1867, the con- events of the war and defended his own action. gregation removed, and after some time united with a Presbyterian church in One Hundred and Twenty-ninth Street, adopting the same title, "The Church of the Puritans.' In Faith, Doubt, and Evidence (1881) he

CHELONIANS. See REPTILES.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. As chemistry treats of the composition of material substances, the chemist must devote great attention to analysis—that is, the