missed from his chair at the College of France, but was reinstated before the end of the year. In 1851 he was elected a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, and in 1852 his sympathy with the coup d'état of Napoleon brought him the nomination of councillor of state. He was made a member of the commission to organize the French Exposition of 1855. He continued vigorously to advocate his free-trade views, and was in 1860 one of the promoters of the treaty of commerce between France and England, which he aided Cobden in negotiating. In the same year he was made a member of the Senate, where he took part in several important discussions on financial and industrial questions. In 1862 he was elected president of the French section of the international jury on prizes at the second London World's Fair. In the second French Exposition of 1867 the publication of the official report was entrusted to him, and he prepared an Introduction aux Rapports du Jury international, in which the whole subject of modern industry was philosophically treated. This was published in separate form in 1868, in which year he was made a member of the committee to investigate the state of agriculture. He was frequently a member of the imperial council of public instruction. He was made grand officer of the Legion of Honor in 1861, and has received a great number of foreign orders. After a journey to England the prince of Wales sent him the medal created by Prince Albert for promoters of industrial and commercial progress (1875). He died Nov. 29, 1879. In addition to the works mentioned he published an Histoire et Description des Voies de Communication aux Etats-Unis (2 vols., with folio chart, 1840), which described the American railroads of that time with reference to their influence on social intercourse; Cours de Economie politique (3 vols., 1842-50); Essais de Politique industrielle (1843); L'Isthme de Panama, etc. (1844); La Liberté aux Etats-Unis (1849); Examen au Système protecteur (1851); Questions politiques et sociales (1852); La Question de l'Or (1853); De la Saisse probable de l'Or (1859); L' Expédition du Mexique (1862); Le Mexique ancien et moderne (1863); Le Monopole et la Liberte (1867); Comment une Nation retablit sa Prospérite (1871); Des Moyens pour un Etat de refaire ses Finances (1875), etc. Maine, but was recalled to Boston, where the yellow fever was raging with violence. The courage, benevolence, and faithfulness which he displayed in ministering to the sick and dying, without regard to sect or creed, endeared him to all classes of people. Channing confessed that no minister in the city would care to challenge a comparison between himself and Father Cheverus. When a public dinner was given to President Adams on his visit to Boston, the two highest seats were reserved for the President and the priest. When the legislature of Massachusetts revised the oath to be taken by citizens, the form prepared by Father Cheverus was adopted. When he began to collect subscriptions to build a Roman Catholic church, President Adams headed the list, and Protestants subscribed freely. The Church of the Holy Cross, thus erected, was consecrated Sept. 29, 1803. Meantime, Catholicism having been restored to France, he was entreated to return, but resolved to share the lot of his little flock. He was highly honored by Protestants, and his advice eagerly sought on important matters. His tact and humor, as well as his greater qualities, proved valuable in his peculiar position in a Puritan community. He was one of the founders of the Boston Athenæum, and was engaged in other works of general utility. In 1810 four new dioceses were formed in the United States, and Father Cheverus was consecrated bishop of Boston by Archbishop Carroll, at Baltimore, Nov. 1, 1810. He continued with unabated zeal to carry on the work in which he had been engaged. He preached several times in churches of other denominations, and held public controversies on Catholic doctrines and practice. He was active in promoting education, and established the Ursuline convent at Boston for young ladies. When his friend, Father Matignon, died, Bishop Cheverus with his clergy went in solemn funeral procession through the streets. At last his incessant labors and the severity of the climate began to tell upon his health. His physicians advised him to return to his native land, and King Louis XVIII. invited him to become bishop of Montauban. He left Boston as poor as when he en tered it, having bestowed all his possessions on his friends, the clergy, and the poor. Escorted by 300 carriages, he set out for New York, where he embarked Oct. 1, 1823. At Montauban he devoted all his enerCHEVERUS, JEAN LOUIS ANNE MADELEINE LE-gies to his diocese, but his reputation spread all over FEBVRE DE (1768-1836), first Roman Catholic bishop France. In 1826, when a disastrous freshet swept of Boston, French prelate and cardinal, was born at through the valley, he took 300 destitute people into Mayenne, France, Jan. 28, 1768. When a boy he de- his palace. In the same year he was appointed bishop voted himself to the Church, receiving the tonsure at of Bordeaux, being consecrated in November. In his the age of twelve. He was appointed prior of Tornew diocese he established many religious institutions, bechet with a revenue that enabled him to pursue his especially one for the relief of aged and infirm priests, studies with ease, but afterwards, on account of a law-promoted uniformity in the ritual, secured able and suit, he resigned. He was made a deacon in October, efficient pastors for the people. Being now a peer 1790, and ordained Dec. 8 in the same year, this being of France, he went at times to Paris, where he was the last ordination in Paris before the Revolution. He often consulted by King Charles X. with reference to assisted his uncle, the curate of Mayenne, and was religious liberty. When the Revolution of 1830 took afterwards appointed to succeed him. Meantime, he place, Bishop Cheverus assisted in maintaining public had refused to take the oath required by the French order, but declined to attend the Chamber of Peers. Assembly, but was able for a time to exercise his min- During the prevalence of the cholera he opened a hosistry in his own house. At last he was driven out and pital in his palace and placed over the door the inscripimprisoned in Paris, but escaped in June, 1792, and tion, Maison de Sécours.' At the request of King fled to England. Here he speedily acquired the lan-Louis Philippe, and with the approval of all classes, he guage, and began to teach French and mathematics was proclaimed cardinal by Pope Pius VII. on Feb. 1, in a school. Within a year he had gathered a con1836. He had had a stroke of apoplexy in 1834, and his gregation in London, with the approval of the bishop, unremitting activity hastened his death, which took place and preached in English. On account of his zeal at Bordeaux, July 19, 1836. he was appointed by the bishop of Dol his grand vicar, and at the same time his friend, Abbé Matignon, having gone to Boston, invited him to assist in introducing Catholicism. He arrived there April 3, 1796, charmed the people with his manners and overcame their prejudices. He soon began to preach with such simplicity, earnestness, and eloquence, that crowds were attracted to hear him. Archbishop Carroll invited him to take charge of St. Mary's Church at Phil-ways and means. In 1814 he succeeded Henry Clay as speaker of the House, and in 1815 the bill for the adelphia, but his love for his friend prevented. He recharter of the United States Bank was lost by his spent three months in visiting the Indian tribes in vote in opposition. But in 1819, the directors of the CHEVES, LANGDON (1776-1857), an American statesman, born at Rocky River, S. C., Sept. 17, 1776. After service in the legislature, and acting for a short time as attorney-general, he was elected to Congress in against Great Britain. In 1812 he was chairman of 1811, and zealously supported the declaration of war the committee on the navy, and in 1813 of that on bank, having succeeded in obtaining a new charter in 1816, and wishing to increase its favor with the public, elected him president. In order to maintain specie payments he greatly contracted the bank circulation, and thus produced temporary distress in the country. In 1822 he was made chief commissioner to carry out the provisions of the Treaty of Ghent, after which service he held no public office. He was an early advocate of a Southern confederacy, but in 1832 he opposed the nullification movement in South Carolina as inexpedient. In 1850 he was a delegate to the Nashville Commercial Convention, but in 1852, in the South Carolina Convention, he opposed secession by that State alone. He died at Columbia, S. C., June 25, 1857. His only publications were essays and reviews, among which those on the United States Bank were the most noted. CHEWINK (onomat.), a name frequently applied to the TowHEE BUNTING (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), which see. eral surrounding tribes. The next important point in their history was a division of the tribe into two sections. One of these remained on their old huntinggrounds, and aided the Sioux in a war with the Crows, which ended in the repulse of the latter, who were driven westward from their original seat. The other section migrated to the region of the Arkansas River. where they joined the Arapahoes, with whom they have been since in close alliance. In 1847 their numbers were estimated at 5300. In 1851 a new treaty was made with them, and several others have been made since, each conflicting with the terms of the others, and each but half comprehended by the Indians, while the Government has failed to observe or enforce its own obligations under these treaties. In consequence of this diversity and confusion of requirements and lack of good faith much distrust arose in the Indian mind, and many serious troubles followed. The treaty of 1861, whose provisions remained a dead letter, deepened the hostile irritation of the Cheyennes, CHEYENNE, the capital of Wyoming Territory but the first outbreak took place in April, 1864, brought and county-seat of Laramie co., is in the south-eastern about by an inconsiderate movement of United States part of the Territory, on Crow Creek and on the eastern troops. A ranchman named Ripley complained that slope of the Laramie Mountains. It is 106 miles N. some of his stock had been stolen by Indians. The of Denver and 516 miles W. of Omaha. The Union officers, to whom he was unknown, demanded no proof Pacific Railway passes through the city, and has two of his story, but at once set out with troops, and atbranches to Denver, the Kansas Pacific and the Colo- tempted to disarm a party of Cheyennes, some of rado Central. Besides several costly private residences, whose horses the ranchman claimed as his. This effort the city has a fine city-hall, a court-house, an opera- was resisted, and a fight ensued. In the following house costing $45,000, a school-house costing $50,000, month a body of Colorado troops attacked and burned and a county hospital. It has five hotels, three banks a Cheyenne village, killing 26 and wounding 30 of its (two national), two daily newspapers, which also issue inhabitants. After further troubles the chiefs applied weekly editions, six churches, and a large graded for peace, declaring that the war had been forced upon school. A school of mines has been established, as them. During the negotiations for the settlement of well as the Wyoming Academy of Sciences and Arts, the difficulty the neighboring Indians were ordered to and a Territorial library. An electric-light company move nearer the fort, that they might be protected. has been formed, a telephone line put in operation, and They complied to the number of 500, forming their water-works are in construction, in aid of which the camp at Sand Creek in the vicinity of Fort Lyons. city has issued bonds. The principal industrial works While they were thus situated their camp was suddenly are the machine-shops of the Union Pacific Railroad; surrounded by a body of Colorado soldiery under Col. there are also a brewery and manufactures of saddles, Chivington, who commenced a ruthless assault which wagons, carriages, sashes, doors, etc. Cheyenne was soon became a remorseless massacre. Women, fleeing settled in 1867 and incorporated in 1869. Its property or praying for mercy, were brutally shot down; chilis assessed at $1,500,000; its public debt is $15,000, dren were killed and derisively scalped; men were torand its expenses for 1881 were $13,000. It is the head-tured and mutilated; in all, more than 100 were slain. quarters of extensive cattle-raising interests, and carries on a large trade. Near the city coal and iron are found, and twenty miles out there are silver- and copper mines. Camp Carlin and Fort Russell are within two miles. Population, 3456. This unprovoked massacre, which no action of the whites in the whole history of Indian wars has surpassed in brutality, had its natural consequences. The Cheyennes flew to arms. A fierce war ensued which cost the Government $30.000.000; 15 or 20 Indians CHEYENNES, a tribe of American Indians by were killed, while hundreds of soldiers were killed, most authorities classed with the Algonkin tribes, of many settlers butchered, and much property destroyed. which they form one of the most westerly sections. It was finally ended by a treaty, which was followed Some authorities, however, class them with the Da- by another treaty in 1867 inconsistent with the first. kotas. They seem to have been first located in the Then in 1867 a report of some excesses by the Cheyennes vicinity of the Red River of the North, whence they came to Gen. Hancock. He immediately advanced were driven by invading Sioux, and retreated beyond with a strong force against a large village of the Dogthe Missouri. They first became known to the whites Soldier band of the Cheyennes. The chiefs tried to in this location in 1803, when the exploring expedition induce him to pause in his advance, but when he perof Lewis and Clarke found them situated on the Chey-sisted the men, women, and children fled from the vilenne River near the Black Hills. They are a nomadic race, tall in stature and courageous in disposition, are fine horsemen, and of warlike habits. Their relations with neighboring tribes have usually been hostile, their raids sometimes extending as far as New Mexico. The history of the Cheyennes presents one of the strongest examples of the flagrant injustice of the dealings of the white race with the Indians-the intrusion upon their territory of lawless frontiersmen, the base peculations of agents, the feebleness and inefficiency of the Government in preserving them from insult and injury, and the unquestioning haste of military commanders to take up every quarrel instigated by intrusive and turbulent pioneers. The first treaty made with the Cheyennes was in the year 1825. It was agreed that friendly relations should exist between them and the whites, but no limit was fixed to their range of free movement. They were then at war with sev lage, so that on reaching it he found it deserted. He immediately burned the village with all the property of the tribe which it contained. Then the Indians, outlawed and forced to war, waged it determinedly. Many soldiers and settlers were killed, valuable trains captured, stations destroyed, hundreds of horses and mules taken, while the entire loss to the Cheyennes after the burning of their village is said by the Indian commissioner to have been only six men killed. In 1868 another difficulty arose, which seems to have originated in injudicious action on the part of the Government. The peace commissioners had made a treaty with the Cheyennes and Arapahoes, in which they agreed to surrender the reservation given them by treaty in 1865 and accept a new reservation. It was stipulated that no whites should settle on their old reservation within three years from October, 1867. Unwise delays occurred in carrying out the provisions of this treaty. Whites intruded on the old reserva- During these troubles with the southern Cheyennes the northern band continued peaceful, though urged by the Dakotas to join them in the hostile outbreaks of the latter tribe. In the treaty concluded with the Dakotas in 1868 the northern Cheyennes and Arapahoes were overlooked, and no reservation was provided for them. There was nothing left for them but to continue their old habits of nomadic hunting. In consequence they were regarded as hostile. Efforts were subsequently made to induce them to join the southern Cheyennes on their reservation, but they preferred to remain on the reservation of the Sioux, on which they were domiciled in 1876. A party of them became involved in the Sioux war which subsequently broke out. It was decided to punish them for this participation, and a large force of troops was led against a Cheyenne village in the Big Horn Mountains, though there was no proof that any of its inhabitants had taken part in the hostilities. The village, which contained 1200 inhabitants, was surprised and burned, many Indians were killed, and all their property and their winter store of provisions destroyed. In 1877 the decision to remove them to the Indian Territory was put into effect. Much dissatisfaction with this movement was felt by the Cheyennes, who were wild horsemen and had never been under the discipline of an agency. In the succeeding year this dissatisfaction culminated in the escape of a party of 300 Indians from the reservation and their rapid flight towards their old home. The fugitives were hotly pursued, and after a running fight were captured and confined in Fort Robinson. From this place they made a second escape, and were again pursued, surrounded, and after a hard fight were all killed or wounded. Very few returned to the agency. Edin. ed.). of the Indian Territory, and, in common with that of Name and History.-The naine, Chicago, is pronounced by some to be an Indian word for "wildonion," a plant which originally grew in great abundance along the borders of the river. By others, with more dignity if not with more accuracy, it is traced to a corruption of the word checaqua, a term given by the aboriginal Illini tribe of Indians to a long line of chiefs, and by early geographers to the territory of the Mississippi Valley from the source of the river to the Gulf; the meaning of the word checaqua is "strong. The first white men known to have visited the site of Chicago were Fathers Marquette and Joliet, Jesuit missionaries, who in 1662-63 passed up the river through the South Branch, through Mud Lake to the Des Plaines River, and on to the Mississippi River. All this territory was then claimed by France, but it The story of the Cheyennes forms one of the most became the property of Great Britain in 1759, and striking instances of Government vacillation in its deal-was lost to that country in the Revolution. Illinois was ings with the Indians, of the unjust dealings of Indian | organized as a county of Virginia in 1778, ceded to agents, and of that blind haste to punish first and Ohio in 1784, attached to Indiana in 1800, and organinvestigate afterwards, which have been so many times ized by Congress into the "Territory of Illinois in exemplified in the history of Indian wars. 1809, with Ninian Edwards as governor. A State government was formed in 1818. The first resident of Chicago was a negro, a refugee from San Domingo, named Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, who built a rude log cabin on the north bank of the main river in 1790. His object, seems to have been to ingratiate himself with the Illini Indians, who inhabited all the neighboring territory, for the purpose of founding a retreat for others like himself. He did not succeed, and stayed but three years. He was followed by Le Mai, a Frenchman, who stayed bnt a short time. He sold out to John Kinzie, an employé of the American Fur Com In Col. Wynkoop's statement to the Government respecting the dealings with the southern Cheyennes he pointedly declares that a few thousand dollars applied to the subsistence of the starving Indians at the right time would have saved millions to the treasury, have preserved the lives of many of the whites, have obviated the necessity of hunting and destroying the innocent for the faults of the guilty, and of driving into misery great numbers of helpless women and children. The Cheyennes now number about 3600. Their reservation is in the western part pany, who enlarged the hut of Baptiste and became Year. Population. Real Estate. 1837 4,170 1840 4,479 1850 28,269 Amount Tax. Debt. | 1860 109,206 236,842 94,437 7,220,249 37,053,512 $ 5,95 $ 373,315 1870 1880 1882 306,605 275,986,550 1883 600,000 133,230,504 4,139,798 9,996 93,395 2,336,000 11,041,000 3,899,120 12,752,000 4,227,402 12,752,000 4,287,493 12,751,500 when they show the reduced valuations made by the State board. As to nationality, the population is divided as follows: Native Americans, 200,000; Germans, 130,000; Irish, 120,000; Scandinavians, 50,000; Bohemians and Poles, 40,000; British and Canadians, 40,000; French, Italians, and Spanish, 10,000; colored, 9500; Chinese, 700. One of the greatest conflagrations of modern times commenced in Chicago at 9.30 P. M. on Sunday, Oct. 9, 1871, and continued until the following Tuesday evening. It began in the south-west part of the city, and was carried by a strong south-west wind directly through the finest and wealthiest parts of the city. The total area burned over was 2100 acres, or nearly 34 square miles; the number of buildings destroyed was 17,450; persons rendered homeless, 98,500; killed, nearly 200. The total loss on buildings was $50,000,000; on personal property and merchandise, $140,000,000; total, $190,000,000, of which about $44,000,000 was recovered on insurance. Contributions for the relief of the fire-sufferers came in from all parts of the world, and one month after the fire $3,500,000 was subscribed and $2,050,000 of this paid in. About $7,000,000 was contributed from outside sources. The burnt district was not suffered to lie idle. Buildings began to arise before the ashes were cold, and three years afterward but a rare trace of the fire could be found. The new city is much better built than the old, and its rapid recovery from the stupefying effects of its great conflagration and its marvellous growth for the last twenty years are the wonder of the century. Railways, etc.-Nothing has contributed more to the growth of Chicago than its railways, and nothing adds more to its power, its business facilities, and its wealth. The first road to reach the city was the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, in February, 1852; the Michigan Central reached the city in May of the same year. The first road built from the city was begun in 1847, on a line toward Galena; there were 42 miles of this in 1850. Now there are nearly forty different roads meeting in the city, making it the greatest railway centre in the world. The principal roads are the Chicago and Alton; Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago; Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul; Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis; Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy; Illinois Central; Michigan Central; Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific; Lake Shore and Michigan Southern; Chicago and Grand Trunk; Chicago and Eastern Illi nois; Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific; Baltimore and Ohio; Chicago and North-western; Chicago and Atlantic. The entire railway system embraces more than 25,000 miles of track. With their connections they reach every city and town of importance in the country, from ocean to ocean, and from the farthest North to the Gulf of Mexico. About nine hundred trains arrive and depart daily, making 1800 arrivals and departures, carrving 50,000 passengers and 120,000 tons of freight. The traffic of these roads is immense, representing gross receipts of about $500,000,000, with net profits of over $50,000,000. The principal dépôts are the Central, on the West Side, near Madison Street, into which come the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne, and Chicago and the Pitts In 1880 the occupations of the people were as fol- burg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis from the east, the Chi lows: cago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul from the north and the north-west, the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy from the west and the south-west, the Chicago, Alton, and St. Louis from the south and the south-west. The great North-western system has its dépôt on the North Side, near Fifth Avenue. The Lake Shore and Michigan Southern and the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific occupy one dépôt on the South Side. The Illinois Central dépôt is on the lake, at the foot of Lake Street. Street cars run everywhere through the city, on nearly each alternate street. There are three companies-the Chicago City Railway, operating principally on the South Side (this company introduced in 1882 the endless-cable power of propelling its cars, and several of its lines are run by this motor with great success); the 60 North Chicago City Railway Company, operating chiefly on the North Side, though running to the South; and the West Division Railway, confined to the West Side largely, and crossing on Madison Street to the South. Some of these lines are 7 miles long, making the round trip 14 miles. The following table shows the arrivals and clearances at the port of Chicago in 1883: the loss falling more heavily on Chicago because of Received. 1883. 1881. 4,942,911 4,295,515 1882. 4,378,864 20,364,155 22,326,680 15,077,051 Corn, 74,412,319 49,224,522 78,276,422 Arrived. Cleared. Oats, 36,502,283 26,975,137 24,941,397 Rye, 3,838,554 2,052.214 1,460,102 Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage. Total in bushels 164,924,732 122,350,074 Barley, 4,643,011 2,066,633 6,551,520 148,549,591 1883. 3,999,431 1882. 1881. 3,995,332 4,639,388 American vessels from 60 foreign ports. 18,280 184 57,477 Wheat, bush., 11,728,754 19,905,319 17,474,541 Corn, 71,666,508 49,264,167 74,213,837 Oats, 31,845,993 23,975,177 23,250,297 3,838,554 1,928,874 1,177,464 4,130,069 General Business.-In the general volume of business transacted, Chicago stands second only to New York, and it is first in the trade in lumber, live stock, and grain; in these three commodities it leads all the cities in the world. Since the establishment of a clearing-house in 1865 the amount of business transacted annually has been accurately ascertained. With the exception of the years 1875-78, during which time there was a general financial depression, there has been a steady and marked increase in the volume of business. This increase was 141 per cent. between the years 1873 and 1883, and about sixfold increase between 1866 and 1883. The increase of 1883 over 1880 was 46 per cent. The following table exhibits the amounts as given in the clearing-house reports for the years named: 1865 (9 mos.) $319,606,000.00 | 1875....... 453,798,648.11 1876...... 580,727,331.43 1877. 723,293,144.91 1878. 734,664,949.91 1879. 810,676,036.28 1880. 868,936,754.20 1881. 993,060,503.47 1882. Rye, 4,643,011 3,057,655 140,051,010 The direct export of wheat to Europe in 1882 amounted to 2,270,586 bushels, and of corn to 1,260,908, and in 1883 wheat 2,124,441 bushels, corn 2.893,870. bushels. There are twenty-four elevators, ranging The capacity of the elevators of the city is 24,450,000 from the Fulton, with a capacity of 300,000 bushels, to elevator D of the Chicago. Burlington, and Quincy Railroad, with a capacity of 1,800,000 bushels. Six others have a capacity of 1,500,000 bushels each. Beport for winter provide additional storage of about sides these, the steamers and lake-craft laid up in this 10,000,000 bushels, and these are generally filled each ..$1,212,817,207.54 year. 1,110,093,624.37 As a live-stock market Chicago has no rival in the 1,044,678,475.70 world as a primary receiving-point. The centre of the 1,257,756,124.35 trade, both in live-stock and in packing, is at the Union 1,725,684,894.85 stock-yards, which are situated in the south-western 2,249,097,450.60 part of the city, about six miles from the court-house. 2,366,536,855.00 These yards are the most extensive and complete in the 2,525,622,994.00 world; all railroads entering and leaving the city have connection with them. They comprise 345 acres and have a capacity for 21,000 cattle, 75,000 hogs, 25,000 sheep, and 500 horses, or about 150,000 daily. There $1,807,052.71 are in the yards 31 miles of drainage, 7 miles of streets, 2,548,406.87 3 miles of water-troughs, 10 miles of feed-troughs, 2,931,030.61 1500 open and 800 covered pens for stock. They were 3,696,711.09 opened for business Dec. 25, 1865, and the cost of building was $3,000,000. The water is supplied from an Artesian well 1100 feet deep. The following shows the receipts and shipments for the past three years: ...... ....... The duties collected on the foreign trade were as follows: 1874... 1875.. 1876. 1877. 1878........ $1,358,496.22 1879.. 4,075,166.85 The grain-trade of Chicago is larger than that of any other city in the world. A review of it shows a most wonderful development and a present status that almost challenges belief. In 1838 the receipts in grain were 78 bushels; in 1840, 10,000 bushels were marketed; five years later the receipts had grown to 1,025,620 bushels; and in 1850 there were marketed, of all sorts of grain, 1,830,968 bushels. From 1850 the growth in the grain-trade was very rapid, and the receipts of all kinds of grain and flour, reduced to the equivalent of wheat, in 1860, were 31, 108,759, and in 1870, 54,745,903 bushels. The following table exhibits the aggregate receipts and shipments of flour (reduced to bushels) and all kinds of grain at Chicago since 1870: The estimated value of all the stock sold in this value of the hogs alone was $84,609,375; of cattle, market during the year 1883 is $201,252,772. The $110,550,550; of sheep, $3,000,100; and of calves, 244,345; in 1862 it reached 1,348,890, fell off in 1865 $423,122. The number of hogs received in 1857 was to 849,311, reached 1,286,326 in 1866, 2,652,549 in 71,800,789 1871, and 3,488,528 in 1872. The receipts of cattle 83,364,224 were 48,524 in 1857, and increased steadily every year, 91,597,092 reaching, in 1872, 684,075. Until recently the cattle 84,020,691 received have been largely shipped to the Eastern 72,369,194 market, while the hogs have been dressed and packed; 87,241,306 but during the year 1882, of the 1,582,530 cattle received, 345,000 head were made into canned goods and 300,000 125,528,379 fell into the hands of dressed-beef shippers. In 1883 The num154,377,115 the number of cattle packed was 697,000. 140,307,597 The pork-packing interest is a vast one. 114,864,933 ber of houses engaged is twenty-three, with a capacity 141,720,259 of 71,250 hogs per day. Owing to the failure of the corn-crop there was in 1882 a falling off of 1,100,000 hogs packed, as compared with the previous year. 90,706,076 118,675,269 The shrinkage for 1882 was caused by a shortage of corn to the extent of over 500,000,000 bushels, |