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PETER D. KEYSER, M. D., Philadelphia.

Rev. JOHN JAY ELMENDORF, D. D., Racine College, Wis.
Conceptualism,

Dualism.

Color-Blindness.

Rev. ISAAC ERRETT, Editor of The Christian Standard, M. M. KIRKMAN, Chicago and North-western Railway. Cincinnati.

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Express.

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GEORGE T. LANIGAN, New York.

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ALFRED LEE, JR., Esq., Philadelphia.

Courts of the United States,

and other legal articles.

Courts, State,

LAWRENCE LEWIS, JR., Esq., Philadelphia.

Civil Rights,

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Conveyancing,

Curte-y,

Deed,

Disfranchisement,

Corea,

and other biographical and geographical articles.

Prof. RICHARD T. GREENER, Howard University, Washington, D. C.

Cuffee, Paul.

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Comptroller,

and numerous articles on legal subjects.

W. N. LOCKINGTON, Philadelphia.

Cochin China,
Cod,

Congo Region.

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and numerous articles in botany.

WILLIAM M. MEIGS, Esq., Philadelphia.

Clarendon, Constitutions of,

Condonation,

and other legal articles.

Confiscation,

*CHARLES MORRIS, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila

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and numerous articles on American Indians and European biography.

Prof. GEORGE S. MORRIS, Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore.

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and other philosophical articles.

Rev. R. HEBER NEWTON, New York.

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LYNDE E. JONES, New York, compiler of The American J. RODMAN PAUL, Esq., Philadelphia.
Catalogue.

Dictionary.

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MONSIGNOR ROBERT SETON, D. D., LL. D., Jersey City, J. WILLIAM WHITE, M. D., University of Pennsylvania.

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SUPPLEMENT

TO

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA.

CENTRALIA-CEREALS.

vulgare are said to be the support of the negro race in Africa, and both are extensively grown in India.

CENTRALIA, a city of Marion co., Ill., is 60 miles | Guinea corn and bajree. This last and the Sorghum E. of St. Louis, on the Illinois Central Railroad, which has here a branch line. It was laid out in 1853 by this railroad company. and contains its car-shops. It was incorporated in 1859, and contains three hotels, a na tional bank, three weekly newspapers, eight churches, a high school, two other public schools, two private schools, and a public library. Its industries comprise, besides the railroad-shops, a foundry and machine shop, nail-works, plough-works, two flour-mills, and in the vicinity there are two coal-mines. The coal-vein is 569 feet below the surface, and is 7 feet 2 inches thick. Centralia is lighted with gas, and has water-works and a park. The property is assessed at $600,000, but is worth nearly $2,000,000. There is no city debt, and the yearly expenses are $11,500, including $4000 for educational purposes. The Centralia fair attracts thousands of visitors each year. The population by the U. S. census was 3621, but a census taken by the board of education in 1882 showed 4085.

CERAMIC ART. See POTTERY. CEREALS may be defined as seeds or grains used as food and derived from the family of grasses (Graminea). It is rather an unfortunate limitation that, regardless of a general similarity in composition, seeds such as those of buckwheat should be excluded from the class of cereals simply because they do not belong to the order of grasses. The term "cereal" should be regarded as expressing a popular rather than a scientific idea, and as indicating use rather than structure. However, accepting the above limitation, the following are the most important representatives :

Barley (Hordeum) was one of the earliest domesticated cultivated corn-plants. Under cultivation it has varied immensely. It may be recognized by the two-sided arrangement of its spikelets, which are grouped in threes on opposite sides of the main stem. It is capable of wider geographical range, and hence of enduring greater extremes of temperature, than any other of our common cereals.

Guinea Corn, called also "Indian millet," and in Arabic durra or doura, is a form of Sorghum vulgare which has its grains forming compact nodding masses. It is recognized by botanists as the variety cernuum, just as the sweet sorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane, or imphee, which is cultivated for its saccharine juice, is known as the variety saccharatum. Broom-corn is a close botanical relative. The native country is supposed to be either India or Africa. Penicillaria spicata, Willd., which is quite another plant, is also known as

Indian Corn (Zea mays) is a native of America, and is now among the most important of the cereal grains. Owing to its comparatively recent introduction to the civilized world, it is particularly instructive to study it in relation to the changes and variations which culture has produced or may produce in its seed. It was grown by the American aborigines from Chili to Massachusetts, most likely originating in some warm region, whence it was introduced into its northern and southern ranges. For acclimation over so wide an area no doubt a considerable period was required. Under cultivation it varies in the length of its stalk from 16 inches to 18 feet; in its ears from 14 inches to 16 inches; and in the number of rows of seeds on the ear, from 6 to 40, or even more, and the grains may be of almost any color save green. The varieties of Indian corn cross with the greatest readiness, and it is impossible to prevent such crossing in neighboring fields. The male flowers are on the summit of the stem, and the female flowers appear in the ear. widely cultivated in temperate regions, and probably supports a larger number of human beings than any other cereal except rice.

It is

Millet is a general term used to designate various small, hard-seeded grasses, of which the stems may be used for forage, and the seed, in the form of flour or otherwise, as food for man and beast. Sorghum vulgare and Penicillaria, besides being known as Guinea corn, are also called millet or Egyptian millet. Under the genus known to botanists as Setaria we have the varieties of millets known as Hungarian, German, and Italian, which all produce good flour. This genus is characterized by having the flowers clustered into a dense head or spike, and the peduncles which support the individual flowers terminating in solitary or clustered bristles. Panicum is another genus of which three species at least are cultivated in India, and are called millet. The word "millet " is held to imply that seed so named would produce a thousand-fold. The name is applied to a great many species of grass and their seeds.

Oats.-The true oat is the Avena sativa of botanists,
but besides this other plants also bear the same name.
Thus Avena sterilis is the so-called "animated oats.
A species of Arrhenantherum is the false oats.
A
Uniola is also known as water oats; Zizania aquatica
is the wild rice or water oats of North America; and
Avena fatua is the wild oats. The one first named

(Avena sativa) only can be regarded as a productive | cereal. This grain was introduced into cultivation in Europe at least as early as the pre-historic Bronze age; the grains, however, were originally much smaller than those cultivated now. The parent stock and the native land of the common oats are both unknown.

Rice (Oryza sativa) is supposed to be of Asiatic origin, though this is by no means certain, and a reputed parent is by some alleged to have been found in South America. It was introduced into this country from Madagascar in the year 1700. Though still a very important crop in the Southern United States, the quantity raised there is not increasing. It is of all the cereals the one in most extensive use over the world, supporting more human beings than any other food, and in the East Indies it furnishes an intoxicating drink as well. Besides the above commercial rice, other plants are also known as one form or another of rice. Thus, Zizania aquatica, along with its other names, is called Canada rice and also Indian rice, from the fact of its seeds being used as a cereal grain by the northern aborigines. One form of the genuine rice has been so modified by cultivation that it has lost its awns and can be grown without irrigation.

Rye (Secale cereale) is one of the longest known and most generally prized of the cereals. It appears to have been introduced into Switzerland before the times of history. It is distinguished from wheat by having "two flowers in a spikelet and a long-stalked rudiment of a third floret, and the glumes (outer chaff) subulate or awl-shaped. It is said to be less variable than most of the cereals, but this Mr. Darwin explains by supposing that it has been less observed. One observer (Karl Koch) asserts that it has been found smail and wild in the mountains of the Crimea. This statement, if true, is far from proving that it originated there. In range barley and rye extend farther north than wheat, maturing on our western coast as far north as latitude 57°, though on the eastern coast they barely reach 52°.

Wheat (Triticum vulgare).-Of this two principal varieties may be recognized-i. e., spring and winter wheat; or, regarded from another point of view, we may assert that cultivation has developed not less than 400 varieties out of the one or more parent species from which our wheat has descended. In no other cereal do we find the starchy and the nitrogenized elements so admirably combined; hence no other can be regarded as so nearly furnishing a perfect food. A small-eared, small-grained variety appears to have been cultivated in Switzerland as early as the pre-historic Stone period.

Mr. Darwin has said (Animals and Plants under Domestication, vol. i. p. 377): “It is a remarkable fact that botanists are not universally agreed on the aboriginal parent of any one cereal plant. For instance, a high authority writes in 1855, 'We have no hesitation in stating our conviction, as the result of all the most reliable evidence, that none of these Cerealia exist, or have existed, truly wild in their present state, but that all are cultivated varieties of species now growing in great abundance in Southern Europe or Western Asia.' As an offset to the above nearly every year some enthusiastic botanist publishes a positive statement that he has discovered the parent-plant of one or more of our cereals; so that we may well conclude the origin of most, if not all, is fairly an open question.'

Besides the above graminaceous plants we may name, as of some importance to man, the sea-lyme grass (Elymus arenarius), which, though uncultivated, affords seed which is used in Iceland as a food in want of something better. What is called mand and naglaragee in India is (Eleusine coracana) the same as the natchnee of the Coromandel coast, and is of great importance in India on failure of the rice-crop. Fundi or fundingo of the west coast of Africa is produced by Paspalum exile. Teff (Poa Abyssinica) and tocusso

(Eleusine Tocusso) are both cereals grown in Abyssinia. Spelt, a grain closely akin to wheat, has a limited culture in Europe, and is sown in a small way in Virginia. The list of possible cereals which the order of Gramineæ could furnish must be considered as very long, for as a whole the order has very few, if any, poisonous species. Hence what seeds shall be utilized as food is largely a question of need on the one hand and abundance on the other.

There are other plants which do not belong to this order, but which, so far as the contents of their seed and their relation to human wants go, might well enough be included with them. Such, for example, are the buckwheat; the Egyptian lotus (Nelumbium); quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa), from the Pacific slope of the Chilian and Peruvian Andes; and also various species of Atriplex, which have been long used as food by the aborigines in California, Utah, and Nevada. (J. T. R.)

CERRO GORDO. See MEXICAN WAR. CERTHIIDÆ, a family of small tenuirostral oscine passerine birds, chiefly represented by the genus Certhia, of a few species or varieties of the northern hemisphere. These are the creepers, properly so called, though the name has been applied to many other birds (see CREEPER); their relationships are with nuthatches and titmice. The bill is extremely slender, acute, decurved, about as long as the head; the feet are furnished with large curved claws; the tarsus is scutellate, shorter than the middle toe and claw; the tail is long, of twelve rigid acuminate feathers, like those of a woodpecker; the wings are pointed, with ten primaries, of which the first is very short. The common brown creeper of Europe, Asia, and North America is about 54 inches long, the wing and tail each about 2; the under parts are white, often tinged with rusty brown behind; the upper parts, including the wings, are singularly variegated with blackish, whitish, and different shades of brown, becoming quite bright on the rump, the wings having several bars of tawny or fulvous whitish. The creeper is an extremely active little bird, generally seen scrambling nimbly on a spiral course up the trunks and larger branches of forest trees, the tail pressed against the support like a woodpecker's; it never hangs head downward like a nuthatch. The food consists of small insects which lurk in the cracks of the bark; the nest is built in a natural hollow of a tree, the weak bill of the bird being inadequate to excavate one; the eggs are numerous, white, speckled with reddish brown. The species of Certhia, if more than one, are very closely related; C. mexicana is one of the most distinct. There are other genera of the family, as that of the European wall-creeper, Tichodroma muraria, commonly considered the type of a different sub-family. The Australian genus Climacteris is commonly ranged in this family. (E. C.)

CESNOLA, COUNT LOUIS PALMA DI, an American soldier and archæological explorer, was born at Rivarolo, near Turin, Italy, June 29, 1832. He was educated at the military schools of his native city, and served in the Italian war of 1848 and in the Crimean war. In 1860 he came to America and gave instruction in music in New York City. At the outbreak of the civil war he enlisted, and was appointed colonel of the Fourth New York Cavalry. After two years' service he was wounded and taken prisoner at Aldie, Va., June 17, 1863. Ten months later he was exchanged, and again served in the operations under Gen. Grant. After the war he was appointed United States consul to Cyprus, and while residing in that island became interested in archæological exploration. A firman from the sultan enabled him to prosecute his researches on an extensive scale. In 1866 he opened the necropolis of Dali, the ancient Idalium, discovering numerous coins, gems, vases, and bronzes, He excavated also the sites of Salamis, Citium, and Golgos, uncovering at the latter a great temple of Venus with valuable remains of ancient art. In 1870

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