conscienceless vote, and this may be native born as well as foreign born. . . . An alien population indifferent to citizenship, or opposed to our institutions, and a citizen population indifferent to the exercise of its rights are equally to be deplored. Public opinion should look with equal disfavor upon each."

It will be noticed that in both of the Parts referred to, the question of citizenship, as relating to our foreign born population, has been considered, while in the Report for 1888, the presence of aliens among our industrial workers was shown by means of comparative tables. In the present article the presence of aliens in our industrial forces will be considered only, their political relations being reserved for a subsequent Bulletin.

In 1875, the total population of the State was 1,651,912, of which 794,383 were males. The number of aliens, including as such those males comprehended by the definition herein before given, was 79,136; representing 4.79 per cent of the total population and 9.96 per cent of the total number of males.

In 1885, the total population was 1,942,141, of which 932,884 were males. The number of aliens was 99,131, forming 5.10 per cent of the total population and 10.63 per cent of the total males.

In 1895, the total population was 2,500,183, of which 1,214,701 were males. The aliens numbered 160,610, being 6.42 per cent of the total population and 13.22 per cent of the whole number of males.

It will thus be seen that the aliens showed an increase, both as regards total population and total males in 1885 as compared with 1875, and in 1895 as compared with 1885. In other words, the number of aliens in this Commonwealth has more than kept pace with the increase in total population and in the total number of males, indicating plainly that the immigrants have not complied with the naturalization laws of the United States, and have failed to become citizens.

To what class or classes of immigrants these increases are due will be brought out in a forthcoming article to be prepared and presented in a future issue of the Bulletin. Our present purpose, as previously stated, is to show to what extent the aliens have become incorporated with our industrial forces, and to show in what industries they are now employed. We shall show the distribution by industry for 151,303; the remaining 9,307 are omitted for the reason that they came from foreign countries. having but a small representation when distributed over the different classes of occupations, or, as in the case of a small number, the place of birth being unknown, it was impossible to classify them under any particular country.

The first table shows the place of birth of the aliens considered, the number born in the specified countries, or whose descent can be traced to those countries, with percentages showing the respective strength for each country of the whole number considered.

Examining the table, we find that the aliens in the Commonwealth, who were born in Ireland or of Irish descent, number 39,468, or 24.57 per cent of the whole number of aliens; those born in Canada, of French extraction, 29,445, or 18.33 per cent; those born in England, 14,527, or 9.05 per cent. The aliens born in the three countries just named number 83,440, or 51.95 per cent of the whole number of aliens. The remaining countries, omitting those born in foreign countries not specified and those whose birthplace was unknown, represented 67,863 aliens, or 42.26 per cent.

We now pass to a consideration of the countries in detail.

Aliens in Industry, born in Ireland or of Irish Descent.

The first table shows the number of aliens born in Ireland, or of Irish descent, with specification of the class of occupation in which they are engaged, together with a more detailed statement of the particular branch of industry in which they are employed.

The number born in Ireland and the number born in other foreign countries, but of Irish parentage, are given in separate columns, the third column showing the totals. In the fourth and fifth columns of the table is a classification by literate and illiterate, the illiterate including those who at the time of the enumeration could not read or write the English language.

It would be a waste of time, space, and money to repeat in text form the results so plainly shown in the preceding table; but there are certain salient lines which will bear repetition.

Of the 166 aliens born in Ireland employed by city and town governments, 46 were illiterate. Naturally, but few illiterates were found in the professional class. The line "Housewives and Housework,” under Domestic Service, needs explanation. Three persons are mentioned in this classification, but it should be borne in mind that this relates to males who performed the duties belonging to housewives or to those usually engaged in housework. Of the 704 employed in domestic service in private families, but 49 were illiterate. The exhibit for those engaged in Trade shows that 116 out of 1,330 were illiterate; and of the 4,311 engaged in Transportation, 752 were illiterate. The proportion of illiterates among those engaged in Agriculture is quite large, numbering 395 out of a total of 999; but this proportion is largely exceeded in the Fisheries, where 121 out of 225 are classed as illiterate.

Considering Manufactures as a whole, we find 2,145 illiterates among 12,739 aliens employed in the various manufacturing industries. The noticeable lines, based upon numerical prominence, are: 134 illiterates out of 1,034 employed in the manufacture of boots and shoes; 497 out of 2,863 engaged in the building trades; 339 out of 1,559 employed in cotton mills; 206 out of 825 engaged in the manufacture of leather; 204 out of 1,381 workers in metals and the making of metallic goods; and 237 out of 889 employed in woollen mills.

The illiterate laborers represent a large proportion of the whole number, there being 4,753 illiterates out of a total of 14,475. There were 728 out of 2,269 of the laborers engaged in agriculture; 834 out of 3,287 employed in manufactures; and 3,191 out of 8,919 laborers employed in industries not connected with either agriculture or manufactures, who were illiterate.

Of the 945 persons who had retired with a competency, 530, or the majority, were illiterate. On the other hand, of those who were dependent upon charity for their support, 532 out of 867 were illiterate.