The facts relating to the number of employés involved in labor disputes for the entire period, by industries, may be seen from the following table: Number of Strikers and Employés Locked-out Employés involved in Strikes and Lockouts: By Industries. In Cotton Goods, there were 257,571 employés before the occurrence of labor disagreements; 66,973 employés either struck or were lockedout; 118,389 employés were thrown out of employment; 3,567 new employés were hired after strike. In the building trades there were 33,654 employés before strike; strikers numbered 22,621; 25,511 employés were thrown out of employment; 2,747 new employés were hired after dispute. The causes and results of strikes and lockouts, as well as the number of establishments involved, may be seen from the following table. The causes of disputes have been classified; when more than one question figured in the disturbance, the principal one has been considered in the classification. In 2,623 establishments, the industrial disputes were for wages; in 1,360, for hours of labor; and in 716, for hours of labor and wages. Thus it will be seen that in 4,699 establishments, or 83.33 per cent of the total number involved, wages or hours of labor were the principal cause of dissension. After wages and hours of labor, trade unionism, in one form or another, was the most frequent cause of dispute, there being 417 establishments under this head. The cities in Massachusetts having the largest number of strikes or lockouts during the 20-year period were Boston, Lynn, Fall River, and Haverhill. Particular facts relating to the number of establishments involved, employés thrown out of employment, and financial loss to employés and employers, are shown in the next table. In the preceding table, strikes and lockouts have been considered separately. The number of strikes occurring in Boston was 363, or 21.29 per cent of the total number occurring in Massachusetts during the period under consideration. The next following in numerical order is Lynn, with 155, or 9.09 per cent; Fall River follows, with 146, or 8.56 per cent. The number of strikes occurring in these three cities was 664, or 38.94 per cent of the total number occurring in the Commonwealth. Of the 97 lockouts in Massachusetts during the 20 years, 22 occurred in Boston, and 10 in Haverhill. It will be seen from the table that the greatest number of employés thrown out of employment was in Fall River (66,424), the wage loss of employés being also heaviest in this city ($2,123,252). The assistance given employés by labor organizations and others was greatest in Boston, the amount being $342,865; the loss of employers was also greatest in Boston, totalizing $1,504,152. STATISTICAL ABSTRACTS. Eight-hour Working-day for City Em ployes. At the last municipal election in Taunton, held Dec. 2, 1902, it was voted to accept the Act making eight hours a day's work for all laborers, workmen, and mechanics employed by the city. This is in accordance with the provisions of Chap. 106, § 20, of the Revised Laws. All cities in the Commonwealth have now voted upon and accepted the eight-hour working-day for city employés. In addition to the cities, many towns have also adopted the act. Railroad Employes in Massachusetts. The average number of employés on all railroads in Massachusetts during the year 1901 was 53,564. The number of employés injured was 384, comprising 279 trainmen and 105 employed in other capacities. Of the total number of injuries to employés, 61 proved fatal and 323 non-fatal. The number of passengers injured by accidents in 1901 was 37, of which number four proved fatal. In addition to the 384 employés and 37 passengers killed or injured, 44 persons met with injuries on highway crossings or stations and 146 trespassers were killed or injured. Of the total number injured, 19 were children. Railroad Commissioners Report, 1901. Textile Industries in Massachusetts, According to the Twelfth United States Census, there are 511 establishments in Massachusetts in the textile industries. They may be industrially classified as follows: Wool manufactures (excluding hosiery and knit goods), 195; cotton manufactures, 163; hosiery and knit goods, 54; dyeing and finishing, 37; flax, hemp, and jute goods, 28; silk manufactures, 20; cotton small wares, 14. Of the 195 establishments engaged in wool manufactures, 131 make woollen goods; 45, worsted goods; eight, carpets (other than rag); seven, felt goods; and four, wool hats. Of the 131 woollen goods establishments, 29 manufacture shoddy; 11, fur hats; five are engaged in wool scouring and wool pulling, and one in wool carding. Industrial Accidents in Massachusetts. The number of accidents which occurred in Massachusetts during the year 1902 to persons operating The aggregate number of persons of foreign parentage in Massachusetts, according to the Census of 1900, is 1,746,581, or 62 per cent of the total population. The aggregate number of persons of foreign parentage in the city of Boston, according to the Census of 1900, is 404,999, or 72 per cent of the total population of the city. By the term "persons of foreign parentage" is meant those persons having foreign fathers and mothers, foreign fathers and native mothers, or foreign mothers and native fathers. Population of African Descent. The total number of persons of African descent in Massachusetts, according to the United States Census of 1900, is 31,974; of this number 6,313 are in the towns of the Commonwealth and 25,661 in the cities. The latter number is distributed as follows: Beverly, 50; Boston, 11,591; Brockton, 310; Cambridge, 3,888; Chelsea, 731; Chicopee, 10; Everett, 634; Fall River, 324; Fitchburg, 65; Gloucester, 39; Haverhill, 373; Holyoke, 40; Lawrence, 87; Lowell, 136; Lynn, 784; Malden, 446; Marlborough, 31; Medford, 244; Melrose, 130; New Bedford, 1,685; Newburyport, 97; Newton, 505; North Adams, 90; Northampton, 108; Pittsfield, 277; Quincy, 27; Salem, 156; Somerville, 140; Springfield, 1,021; Taunton, 226; Waltham, 51; Woburn, 261; and Worcester, 1,104. Free Public Employment Offices. As the question of establishing free public employment offices in Massachusetts is being agitated considerably at the present time, it may be interesting to note what is being done by other States in this line of work. For this purpose we append brief summaries of the work in the free public employment offices in the States in which they have been established. In most cases, the offices were either created or confirmed by legislative act, and are under the direct supervision of the Bureaus of Statistics of Labor in the respective States referred to. Ohio. Ohio was the first State in the country to establish free public employment offices. In 1890 the legislature passed an act establishing offices in five of the largest cities - Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Toledo. They have proved of great benefit to the working people of the State. The latest report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Ohio shows that the number of applications for employment in 1901 was 23,323 (12,635 males and 10,688 females); the number of applications for help, 28,274 (11,727 males and 16,547 females); the number of positions secured, 16,837 (8,155 males and 8,682 females). The combined operations of the offices for the year 1902 follow: Applications for employment, 26,968; applications for help, 36,613; positions secured, 21,428. or over. The first and only office was opened in New York City in July, 1896. The number of applicants for work at the free employment bureau for the three months ending September 30, 1902, was 1,122. There were 873 applicants for help, 970 situations being secured. The percentage of applicants securing em. ployment during the quarter specified was 79. Missouri. In 1897, a free public employment office was established in St. Louis without legislative enact ment, but with the endorsement of the Governor of the State. The legislature of 1899 passed an act establishing free public employment offices in cities of Missouri having a population of 100,000 or more. This then provided for the establishment of offices at St. Louis and Kansas City, but by the Census of 1900 the city of St. Joseph came within the limit of popu lation prescribed, and an office was accordingly opened there in 1901. A summarized report of the aggregate work of the three offices for the year end. ing September 30, 1902, follows: Applications for employment, 11,836 (10,089 males and 1,747 females); applications for help, 15,944 (12,052 males and 3,892 females); number of positions secured, 7,263 (5,889 males and 1,374 females). The report shows that the work is constantly increasing, and that the establishment of free employment bureaus in Missouri has proved of great value. Whereas a large proportion of the applications, both for employment and help among the females, was for domestic service and hotel and restaurant work, yet when both sexes are considered, applications were filled in over 50 other branches of occupations. Nebraska. The law creating a free employment department in Nebraska was passed by the legislature in 1897. The department is located at the State House in Lincoln. It has been suggested by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics of that State that an office established in Omaha, conducted under practical methods, would meet with much more success than has attended the Lincoln agency. The work reported from the employment department, for the years 1901 and 1902, is as follows: Applications for employment, about 500; applications for help, about 200. Illinois. The free employment offices of Illinois were created by legislative act in 1899. Three offices were opened in Chicago, and on July 1, 1901, a fourth office was opened at Peoria. The work of the offices for the year 1901 follows: Applications for employment, 27,605 (16,324 males and 11,281 females); applications for help, 28,124 (15,322 males and 12,802 females); positions secured, 23,996 (13,625 males and 10,371 females). The work which the free employment offices are doing is being more appreciated each year by firms employing skilled labor. Large numbers of laborers and farm hands continue to seek and find employment. In the "manual labor" class, the places provided applicants totalize to the thousands, the classes of "domestic service" and "transportation" being also prominent for the number who have found employ. ment. The work of the offices for 1902 follows: Applications for employment, 40,349; positions secured, 35,809. West Virginia. In 1901, the legislature of West Virginia created a free public employment bureau. The Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, under whose supervision the free public employment bureau is, reports that the first year of the depart ment has been remarkable for its industrial activity, and that the demand for labor was greater than the supply. The work of the year follows: Applications for employment, 1,208; applications for help, 1,304; positions secured, 1,044. Maryland. In August, 1900, without legislative enactment, the Bureau of Industrial Statistics of Mary. land opened a free employment agency, which has met with great success. The Commissioner of the Bureau reports that for the year 1901 there were 108 applications for employment, 389 applications for help, and 59 positions secured. Connecticut. In 1901, the legislature passed an act establishing free public employment bureaus in five cities in Connecticut, the Commissioner of Labor to appoint the superintendents of such offices. The following statement shows approximately the work accomplished by the bureau in the year ending December 1, 1902: Applications for employment, 14,200; applications for help, 11,000; number of persons securing positions, 7,700. Most of the applications were for positions as farm laborers for the males, and as domestic servants for the females. Kansas. Free public employment bureaus were created in Kansas by the legislature of 1901, the Director of said bureau to be appointed by the Governor, local agencies may be established in cities of the first and second class within the State. In May, 1901, an office was opened at Topeka. The director reports the work of the department as very satis factory. The number of applications for employment for the year ending Dec. 31, 1902, was 1,588, while the number of applicants securing positions was 1,281; the applications for help numbered 1,434. Minnesota. In 1901, the legislature passed an act establishing free public employment offices in cities of over 50,000 population. A bureau was opened in Duluth on Nov. 4, 1901, and has met with great success. From the opening of the bureau up to Dec. 31, 1902, employment was furnished to 5,175 persons, of whom 5,017 were males and 158 females. Wisconsin. The legislature of 1901 passed an act ereating free public employment offices in cities of 30,000 population and over. The Governor was instructed to appoint the superintendents on recommendation of the Labor Commissioner. Under the provisions of the Act, offices were opened in Milwaukee and Superior under the supervision of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics. During the first year, ending June 28, 1902, there were 9,002 applications for employment, 9,051 applications for help, while the applicants securing positions numbered 7,380. Trades Unions. We find that labor organizations in many States make either quarterly or annual returns to their respective Bureaus of Labor Statistics. To show the present status of trade unionism in a few of the States, we append the following data, compiled from the latest reports of the various Bureaus : Colorado. The number of labor unions in Colorado in 1902 was 426, with an aggregate membership of 46,946. Great activity was reported during the past two years, the membership and influence of the unions having greatly increased. It is estimated that about 35 per cent of the wage earners of the State are members of labor organizations. There are over 40 miners' unions in the State, affiliated with the Western Federation of Miners. Connecticut. The rapid growth of trade unionism in Connecticut is clearly shown by the increase in the number of unions in 1902 as compared with 1901. In 1902, the number of separate and distinct unions in the State was 510. Membership aggregating 32,256 was reported from 314 organizations in 1901. Massachusetts. The labor organizations in Massachusetts make no returns to the Bureau of Statistics of Labor, but in 1902, a canvass was made by the Special Agents of the Bureau, and data secured relative to the names of the different trades unions throughout the State as well as the secretaries of same. This information was published in the August Bulletin and again (revised and corrected) in the November Bulletin, No. 24. The number of trade unions reported in Massachusetts in November, 1902, was about 1,300, including central and affiliated bodies. As the number of members was only returned in a few instances, we are not able to show the aggregate membership. The largest number of trades unions was found in the following cities: Boston, 221; Springfield, 67; Worcester, 63; Lowell, 57; Holyoke, 53; and Brockton, 51. Missouri The total number of labor organizations in Missouri in November, 1901, was 410, with a membership of 52,426. Of this number, 51,048 were males and 1,378 females. The average initiation fee was reported to be $9,39. The average cost per annum per member was $9.06. The total number of strikes during the year, in which these labor unionists were involved, was 177; 119 were satisfactorily settled, 33 were compromised, and 15 failed. The average length of strikes was 69 days. The total number of persons involved was 15,149, while 19,277 persons were benefited by the disputes. Reduction in working hours was reported by 51 unions. The total number of industrial accidents reported by trade unionists was 852; of these, 101 were fatal. New York. The number of labor organizations in New York State on September 30, 1902, was 2,229, the total membership being 329,098, a very large increase, both in number of unions and membership, over 1901. Unemployment in New York City during the entire quarter ending September 30, 1902, covered 4,543 members (4,243 males and 300 females). This is the smallest number reported since 1897. The number of trade unionists idle at the end of the quarter was 13,644, 13,185 being males and 459 females. The greatest amount of unemployment was reported in the building trades, 3,735 members being idle at the end of the quarter. The cause of idleness in 2,088 cases was slack trade; in 957 cases, weather or lack of material; in 244 cases, sickness or old age; in 236, for strike or lockout; and in 210 for various other reasons. The next largest amount of unemployment was reported in clothing and textiles, 2,682 members being idle; 2,151 on account of slack trade; 405 for sickness or old age; 60for strike and lockout; and four for lack of material. Collateral Legacy Taxes. Pennsylvania. The collateral inheritance tax of Pennsylvania was enacted April 7, 1826. This enactment fixed the rate on the clear value of bequeathed estates from $250 and upwards at $2.50 per hundred. By Act of 1846 the rate was changed from $2.50 per hundred to $5 per hundred, interest to begin to run on same one year after death of decedent. The law as it stands in Pennsylvania follows: "All Estates, real, personal, and mixed of any kind whatsoever, passing from any person, seized or pos |