of the interference of the English Parliament with Charles's design of visiting his native kingdom.1 Charles consents to one day's delay. The King, therefore, stood firm, and he was no doubt provoked to resistance by the cries of a crowd of apprentices who had flocked to Westminster as in the days of Strafford's trial.2 He would put off his journey till Tuesday, but he would put it off no longer. At the same time he showed, in the most pointed way, that the goodwill of the Commons was no path to his favour. Bristol was admitted as a Gentleman of the Bedchamber. In Promotion of Bristol spite of the objection of the Commons, Bristol's son and his partisans. Digby was named Ambassador to France. Three noblemen were admitted to seats at the Council Board on Bristol's recommendation. Lennox too, who was on the most friendly terms with him, was created Duke of Richmond, and Savile had the promise of Vane's place as Comptroller of the Household as soon as the King returned. At another time these promotions would perhaps have been favourably received, at least in the House of Lords, and it is certain that Bristol can 1 "Questi ringratiando sua Maestà della confidenza, le rimandorno che non si lasciarebbono guadagnare, farebbono apparire la loro fede, et la rissolutione di perdere la vita per rimmettere il suo Principe nella prima autorità."-Giustinian to the Doge, Aug. 13, Ven. Transcripts. 23' 12 22' 2 Ibid. La Ferté's despatch, Aug. Arch. des Aff. Étr. xlviii. fol. 350. The Queen's feelings are depicted in the following extract from a letter written by her to her sister, the Duchess of Savoy, on this day :— "Je vous jure que je suis presque folle du soudain changement de ma fortune, car du plus hault degré de contantement je suis tombée des (dans les) malheurs inimaginables en toutes espesses; n'estant pas seullement en mon particulier, mais en celuy des autres. Les soufrances des pauvres Catoliques et des autres qui sont serviteurs du Roy; monseigneur m'est plus sensible que quoy qui me put ariver en mon particulier. Imagine, quelle est ma condition de voir le pouvoir osté au Roy, les catoliques persécutés, les prestres pandus, les personnes affectionné à nostre service el'loaygnés de nous et poursuivis de leur vie pour avoir tasché a servir le Roy, et moy retenue ysy comme prisonnière, que mesme l'on ne me veut pas permestre de suivre le Roy qui s'en va en Escosse, et personne au monde à qui pouvoir dire mes afflictions, et savoir avec tout cela ne pas témoigner en avoir du resantiment."—Lettres de Henriette-Marie à sa sœur, publiées par Hermann Ferrero. 1641 Aug. 9. Petition for the promotion of Pembroke and Salisbury. CHARLES LEAVES WESTMINSTER. 417 have been no advocate of any appeal to violence. But with the dread of the Scottish journey before them, even the Lords were anxious to keep the balance of promotion even, and they joined the Commons in asking the King to make Pembroke Lord High Steward, and Salisbury Lord High Treasurer. Neither Pembroke nor Salisbury were likely to make their mark in official life; but if they had had the capacity of Burghley or Strafford, Charles, in the temper in which he was, would have refused to listen Aug. 10. to their claims.1 On Tuesday morning, he appeared The Scottish for the last time in Parliament before his departure. He passed a Bill for confirming the treaty with the Scots, which had at last been completed, and for securing to them the future payment of 220,000l. which would hood fines. still remain owing to them out of the Brotherly Assistance after they had crossed the Tweed. By another Bill the levy of fines for knighthood was rendered illegal. Treaty finished. The knight Charles sets out for Scotland. Charles was now proof against all further entreaties. He would make anyone repent, he said, who laid hands on his horse's reins to stop him. He told the crowd in Palace Yard which besought him to remain, that they might console themselves for his absence. His Scottish subjects needed him as much as Englishmen did. It was hard to persuade anyone that he was merely anxious to distribute his favours equally in the two kingdoms. At that very moment, the Scottish Commissioners were boasting that their nation 'would do all in its power to place the King in his authority again. When he appeared in Scotland, all political differences would be at an end, and they would serve their natural Prince as one man in such a cause.' 2 It is in the highest degree improbable that no rumour of this understanding with the Scottish Commissioners reached the ears of Pym. It was no mere shadowy danger-the exhalation of 1 L. J. iv. 352. Frith to Pennington, Aug. 10, S. P. Dom. 16, 2 Giustinian to the Doge, Aug. 13 Ven. Transcripts. On Nov. 23' Rossetti wrote that Charles ha sempre confidato di potere fare assai mediante la fattione scozzese, amandola per essere di là nativo.' . Danger of the Parliament. the dead Army Plot--which stirred the hearts of the Commons. They saw in the King's departure for Scotland the first act of the drama which, though they knew it not, was to end twelve months later in the raising of the standard at Nottingham. The ground which they had gained seemed to be shaking beneath their feet. The armed intervention of rude and illiterate peasants, trained to the discipline of camps and led by needy adventurers, would thrust aside the rule of men of speech and argument. In view of that risk both Houses and both parties forgot their differences. They were united as yet, as they were never again to be united till 1660, in their resolution that, as far as in them lay, there should not be a military despotism in England. it was. Tendency to over estimate it. No doubt the Houses over-estimated the danger, serious as Whatever the Scottish Commissioners might say in a moment of irritation, it was most unlikely that the Scottish nation would lend itself to an enterprise the results of which were certain to recoil on their own heads. The English army was, no doubt, highly discontented with the remissness with which its just claims to payment had been met; but it had already resisted two attempts to drag it into political strife, and it was likely enough that it would resist a third, even if Charles appeared in person on the scene. In truth, however, the surest protection to Parliament was in Charles himself. A double-minded man is unstable in all his ways. He had never convinced himself whether he really intended to use force or not. His intrigues to bring military power to bear upon his political opponents were hampered by a desire to remain within the limits of legality. 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