Imports of fresh milk in 1918 were 1,933,380 gallons, valued at $397,762, and of fresh cream, 711,502 gallons, valued at $675,012, very largely a border trade with Canada. Imports of milk, preserved, condensed, or sterilized, amounted to 29,962,931 pounds, valued at $2,598,809 in 1918, almost one-half from Canada. In 1914, 607,848 gallons of fresh milk were imported as compared with 45,935 gallons in 1913; and 14,951,086 pounds of condensed milk in 1914 as compared with 1,778,043 pounds in 1913.

Exports of condensed milk increased tremendously, being 528,759,232 pounds, valued at $68,045,944 in 1918, as compared with an average of 15,773,900 pounds for 1910-1914. In 1918 the United Kingdom took 248,221,794 pounds; France, 74,859,652 pounds; Belgium, 33,491,513 pounds; and Cuba, 33,594,661 pounds. Exports of all milk other than condensed, including cream, were valued at $227,042 in 1918, chiefly to Panama and Canada.

SUGAR OF MILK.

Description and uses.-Sugar of milk is usually obtained from milk as a hard, white, crystalline mass, but is sold in powdered form. It is odorless, has a faintly sweetish taste, and is soluble in water. It is obtained directly from milk as a by-product in other dairy industries, and is used in infants' foods, for the preparation of bacteriological media, and in the manufacture of pills and tablets.

Production in 1914 was 4,051,320 pounds, the output of 11 factories, and was valued at $400,613.

Imports were 9,026 pounds in 1913 and 578,727 pounds in 1914, largely from Germany and Holland. Imports have since declined, none being shown for 1917 and 1918.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

(Ab

Golden butterfly cream sterilized and put up in sealed tins, classified as sterilized milk, was held properly classable as cream. stract 33669, T. D. 33763, of 1913.) Lactic ferment is classable as sugar of milk. (Abstract 25794, T. D. 31675, of 1911.) Skimmedmilk powder was held properly classified as milk preserved or condensed. (Abstract 32053, T. D. 33348, of 1913.) Modified milk, a dry white powder, made from unsterilized milk after abstracting a portion of the butter fat and a part of the casein by evaporating the moisture therefrom and reducing it to a powder, classified as sugar of milk, was held to be within the provision "milk, preserved or condensed, or sterilized by heating or other processes." T. D. 32149, of 1912.)

(See par. 527.)

(Abstract 27588,

Description and uses.-Mineral salts are obtained by evaporation of natural mineral waters and are principally medicinal. The prod

uct of this evaporation may contain a variety of salts, depending on the source of the water.

Imports of mineral salts have been quite variable-in 1913, 103,337 pounds, valued at $35,420; in 1914, 82,569 pounds, averaging about 50 cents per pound. Imports decreased to 425 pounds in 1916 and in 1918 were 4,699,735 pounds, with a very low value per pound. This great increase and low price was due to the fact that most of the imports consisted of magnesium sulphate from British Columbia, valued at about $5 per ton.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

A mechanical mixture of sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, and mud, deposited by evaporation from a saturated solution of spring water, is free of duty as mineral salts obtained by evaporation from mineral waters under this paragraph and not dutiable as sulphate of magnesium under paragraph 42. (G. A. 8042, T. D. 37076, of 1917.)

This paragraph needs to be considered with the provision in paragraph 154 for metallic mineral substances. Paragraph 549 was reenacted without material change in every general tariff act since the law of 1883 (par. 215), which provided for “mineral substances in a crude state," as well as for “crude minerals” (par. 638). Effect was given to the two provisions in the act of 1883 by restricting that for • mineral substances in a crude state to such substances as are mined and valued for the metals therein. (T. D. 5972, of 1883.) This construction was adhered to under the act of 1890, when the word "metallic" was inserted before the words mineral substances." (G. A. 1732, T. D. 13352, of 1892.)

Under later acts, ores such as tungsten and vanadium, not containing metals in metallic form, were held exempt from duty as crude minerals. (122 Fed., 538, of 1903; G. A. 6673, T. D. 28467, of 1907.) Natural gas (172 U. S., 339, of 1899), holy water from Lourdes (G. A. 5192, T. D. 23933, of 1902), whetstone blocks (152 Fed., 656, of 1906; Abstract 39575, of 1916), and molybdenite (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 392, of 1915), have also been classified as crude minerals. Marble chips crushed and screened and known as granito or terrazzo (164 Fed., 205, of 1908; 1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 280, of 1911; 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 512, of 1916), Merican onyx (66 Fed., 732, of 1895), polishing stones (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 188, of 1914), tale sawed into cubes (180 Fed., 638, of 1910), crushed stone or quartz (G. A. 7970, T. D. 36719, of 1916; G. A. 8104, T. D. 37396, of 1917), and ground ore, consisting chiefly of arsenic and antimony in the form of oxides (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 196, of 1914), have been held not to come within the provision. Processes necessary to put ores in an importable condition without

changing their per se character are not regarded as advancing the minerals in value or condition. Concentration, or crushing the rock or gangue, does not constitute such advancement. (6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 392, of 1915.) A new name does not have to be given the product to effect its exclusion from the provision. (1 Ct. Cust. Appls., 506, of 1911.) (See par. 154.)

Description and uses.-In general an oxygen rescue apparatus consists of a small tank of compressed oxygen, a reducing valve through which the oxygen flows to a mouthpiece connected with the breathing bag by flexible tubes, and a receptacle containing caustic soda for absorbing the carbon dioxide from the exhaled air. Valves

that open and close at each breath prevent expired air from returning to the lungs before it has passed through the purifier. This apparatus, worn by those engaged in the work of exploration and rescue, should be light to permit freedom of action and strong enough to withstand the accidental knocks incident to rapid movement in restricted areas, and must be mechanically perfect.

Production. The Bureau of Mines a few years ago developed a new form of oxygen-breathing apparatus superior in several respects to old forms, making the United States independent of similar apparatus from abroad.

Imports of miner's rescue appliances and miner's safety lamps and parts and accessories thereof, in 1914, were valued at $188,509, mainly from Germany; in 1918 they were valued at $23,620, chiefly from the United Kingdom.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

Smoke helmets, pulmotors, and similar articles and apparatus used by fire departments, gas companies, and hospitals, have been admitted to free entry under this paragraph, as designed for emergency use in mines. The provision has been held to apply to miner's safety lamps burning acetylene gas, and used by miners in closed cuttings (Abstract 38557, of 1915), and to igniter points, consisting of a small circular file, made to rotate by means of a powerful spring, which when released causes the file to come into close contact with a cerium point with such a velocity of speed as to produce a flame or spark capable of igniting the naphtha in a miner's safety lamp. (Abstract 35911, T. D. 34571, of 1914.) The following were excluded from the provision: Filling apparatus, the only purpose of which is to facilitate the filling of safety lamps with naphtha (Abstract 28483, T. D. 32507, of 1912; Abstract 37503, of 1915); 184911-20-46

hygrometers for hygrometrical observations in coal mines (Abstract 23430, T. D. 30667, of 1910); caustic soda for miner's rescue appliances (Abstract 34161, T. D. 33934, of 1913); and tools, suitable for other uses than in connection with lamps or safety appliances (Abstract 24886, T. D. 31335, of 1911).

Imports of models of inventions, etc., in 1914 were valued at $41,333, originating chiefly in Canada, England, Denmark, Norway, and Germany; in 1918, at $10,566, sources not recorded.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

This paragraph has been held to include wooden models for parts of automobile engines (Abstract 36296, T. D. 34704, of 1914); a plaster cast of a cross-section of a building showing the interior of a portion of two floors (Abstract 35837, T. D. 34548, of 1914); specimens of connections for iron pipes used in gas wells, imported for use as samples, and incapable of any other use than as models (Abstract 35596, T. D. 34459, of 1914); an article made of metal, claimed to be a model of a contrivance to be used on cars to show the name of the station which the car is approaching (Abstract 32721, T. D. 33560, of 1913); and wooden models of lifeboats (Abstract 30670, T. D. 32997, of 1912). These articles have been excluded: Part of an clectric mine for use in harbor defenses to place in waterways or roadsteads for the protection of the harbor against foreign invasions (Abstract 31749, T. D. 33291, of 1913); hydraulic motor and pump, used to demonstrate a principle to be afterwards applied and utilized through a different machine (Abstract 26818, T. D. 31912, of 1911); a cash register (Abstract 23411, T. D. 30667, of 1910); and molders' patterns (G. A. 7135, T. D. 31132, of 1910).

PARAGRAPH 552.

630. Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufactured, not otherwise specially provided for in this section.

552. Moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances, crude or unmanufactured, not otherwise specially provided for in this section.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-Sea moss is used in making mattresses and for upholstering. Certain varieties of mosses and seaweeds are used here for food by the Japanese and Chinese. "Vegetable substances, crude or unmanufactured," include such products as hulls of the pea, cotton seed, mustard seed, and oat seed, used in cattle feed; also dried grasses and leaves, afterwards dyed and used for millinery purposes, are imported, chiefly from Italy. Holly branches are imported for Christmas decorations.

Production of moss is world-wide, growing on the ground, on rocks, on the bark of trees, and (rarely) in streams. Seaweeds are dis

tributed widely in the oceans and may be found from tide level to considerable depths. The domestic output of moss in 1908 was valued at $26,000; of sea grass, at $1,700.

Imports of moss, seaweeds, and vegetable substances decreased from $246,196 in 1914 to $234,465 in 1918. Canada, Japan, and France were the chief sources, supplying about 70 per cent. Considerable amounts formerly came from Germany.

Exports of moss increased from $51,006 in 1914 to $99,793 in 1918, about 85 per cent going to Canada.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

While the rule of ejusdem generis must be applied with some liberality in construing this paragraph, it would be going too far to hold birch bark to be such a vegetable substance as is there named. The importation was held dutiable as an unenumerated unmanufactured article. (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 95, of 1914.) Dried stypa grass and avoine in a natural state were held to come within this provision because of judicial construction of prior acts impliedly approved by Congress in reenacting the law. (3 Ct. Cust. Appls., 260, of 1912.) Horse-radish roots are vegetable substances unmanufactured rather than vegetables for tariff purposes. (4 Ct. Cust. Appls., 142 and 145, of 1913.) Seaweeds dried, such as nori (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 487, of 1917, G. A. 8272, T. D. 38072, of 1919) and hashinori (7 Ct. Cust. Appls., 495, of 1917), with nothing added to change their character, and packed in tin boxes as a convenient method of getting the products to market, are crude seaweeds, and not by reason of being edible dutiable as vegetables. Natural sun-bleached wheat stems and heads, tied into small bundles, for use as semifloral ornaments or emblems, are exempt from duty under this paragraph as a crude or unmanufactured vegetable substance, or under paragraph 497 as textile grasses or fibers, and not dutiable under paragraph 385, as unenumerated manufactured articles (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., T. D. 37998, of 1919); but customs officers were instructed by the Treasury Department to continue the assessment of duty on such articles, pending a further judicial determination of the matter (T. D. 38025, of 1919). Merchandise, invoiced as grass strings and classified as manufactures of grass under paragraph 368, were held exempt from duty under this paragraph as crude vegetable substances. (Abstract 41292, of 1917.) of 1915.) "Otherwise might be omitted to agree with the usual form of expression, not specially provided for in this section."

66

Musgo was held exempt as a moss. (Abstract 38787,

PARAGRAPH 553.

ACT OF 1909.

632. Myrobolans.

ACT OF 1913. 553. Myrobolans fruit.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-There are several varieties of myrobalans, the chief variety in commerce being the Chebullic, or black myrobalan, the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz, found throughout India and Burma. The dried fruit is used chiefly, in connection with other materials, in tanning leather and somewhat in medicine. The ex