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words to have been prophetic, and showed how well the speaker knew the power behind him. Another prosecution incurred by similar language, in a later speech to the electors of the twentieth arrondissement of Paris, seemed but to goad him to the attack, which he only relinquished as victor. A brief but fierce conflict between the President and the Chamber; the downfall of the Broglie-De Fourtou and the accession of the Dufaure or Parliamentary Ministry (December); Gambetta's visit to Italy and his conferences with Italian statesmen, keenly piquing public curiosity; his angry encounter with De Fourtou, and the resulting duel (November 18, 1878), and Gambetta's refusal of a proffered portfolio-such were about the only remaining events of importance relating to our subject, until the resignation of President MacMahon (January 5, 1879). On January 30th, Gambetta accepted the presidency of the Legislative Assembly under the Grévy administration, having been elected by an almost unanimous vote to that position, which he quitted for that of Premier on November 14, 1881. The history of his public life since January, 1878, including his triumphant support of the plenary amnesty bill, carried (June 21, 1880) by 333 against 140 votes, as the result of the first oration he had delivered from the tribune of the Palais-Bourbon since the somber days of the revolution of September 4, 1970; the defeat of his cherished electoral reform bill for the scrutin de liste, etc., is in form and in fact the history of the Corps Législatif itself, and reference therefor may be made to the article FRANCE, in our volumes for 1878, '79, '80, and the present one.

GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM, twentieth President of the United States, born at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, November 19, 1831; died at Long Branch, New Jersey, September 19, 1881. (For particulars of his life down to his election to the office of President, see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1880.) In the interval between his election and his inauguration on the 4th of March, with the exception of a brief visit to Washington on private business in November, he continued to reside at Mentor, Ohio, where he was visited by many public men, some of whom came on his special invitation. The composition of his Cabinet, and his general purposes in regard to public appointments, were the subject of constant speculation, and in consulting the political leaders of his party he manifested a desire to unite them all in support of his Administration. It was early understood that Senator Blaine, of Maine, who had been one of the chief competitors for the nomination at Chicago, was to be Secretary of State. Among those summoned to Mentor for consultation was Senator Conkling, who had led the delegates in the convention pledged to the nomination of General Grant; and it was given out that Secretary Sherman, who had been the other leading candidate for the nomination, could retain his

place at the head of the Treasury, if he desired to do so. The President-elect took leave of his friends and neighbors on the last day of February, and arrived at the capital on the 1st of March. The inauguration on the 4th was attended with unusual civic, military, and social display, and there was a general feeling of hopefulness and confidence in the new Administration. The Senate met in special session, and on the 5th the Cabinet appointments were submitted and promptly confirmed. Mr. Blaine appeared at the head of the list, as was expected; Secretary Sherman had preferred a re-election to the Senate; and the influence of Mr. Conkling was not noticeable in the make-up of the Cabinet. The Senate was in session until the 20th of May, but the time was mostly taken up with a controversy over its organization, and it was not until May 4th that executive sittings were held to act on other nominations. On the 22d of March several names were sent in for offices in the State of New York, including those of district attorneys and marshals, and the Collector of the Port of Buffalo. The appointees were supposed to be entirely acceptable to the Senators from that State. On the day following Judge William H. Robertson was named as Collector of the Port of New York, the incumbent of the office, E. A. Merritt, being appointed consul-general at London. These appointments were known to be displeasing to Senator Conkling, and provoked considerable discussion. When the Senate finally went into executive session, Mr. Conkling declared his opposition to the appointment of Mr. Robertson, claiming that he had a right to be consulted in the matter, and that the selection of a conspicuous political enemy of his for so important an office in his own State was an insult, and in violation of pledges given him by the President. Finding that the New York Senators were determined, if possible, to defeat the confirmation of Robertson and Merritt, the President withdrew all the other appointments for that State in order that their cases might be acted on alone. Seeing that they could not prevent the confirmation, Senators Conkling and Platt both resigned on the 16th of May, and returned to New York to seek a vindication of their course by an immediate reelection. Robertson and Merritt were then confirmed, and the other New York appointments renewed, a change being made in that for Collector of Buffalo. Out of this controversy grew considerable factional excitement between what were known as the "Stalwart" and the "Administration" wings of the Republican party.

On the morning of July 2d, the President set out from the Executive Mansion with Secretary Blaine for the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station, where he was to join several members of the Cabinet for a trip to New York and New England, including visits to Williams College and the White Mountains.

The two entered the station arm in arm, and while they were passing through the ladies' waiting-room two pistol-shots were heard in quick succession, one of which took effect in the President's back. He sank to the floor, bleeding profusely, and for a moment was unconscious, and then was affected with vomiting. To get him out of the confusion he was carried to the offices of the company, on the second floor. Several physicians were summoned, and, after a superficial examination of the wound, the President was taken back to the Executive Mansion. His wife was summoned from Long Branch, whence she was to have joined him on his Eastern trip. Among the physicians first summoned was D. W. Bliss, an old friend of Garfield, for whom Secretary Lincoln had sent his carriage, and, at the request of the President, he took charge of the case. With the acquiescence of Mrs. Garfield, he selected Drs. J. K. Barnes, Surgeon-General of the Army, J. J. Woodward, also of the army, and Robert Reyburn, as his assistants. The result of their first careful examination was the opinion that the bullet had penetrated or grazed the liver, and had lodged in the front wall of the abdomen. They believed that the injury was not necessarily fatal, but concluded that it was not advisable to attempt the removal of the bullet. On the evening of July 3d it was decided to call in Drs. D. Hayes Agnew, of Philadelphia, and Frank H. Hamilton, of New York, for consultation and advice. They approved of what had been done, acquiesced in the opinion of the other physicians as to the course of the bullet, the inadvisability of attempting to extract it, and the chance of recovery.

The person who had fired the pistol at the railroad-station had been promptly seized and taken into custody. He proved to be Charles J. Guiteau, who had been a persistent but unsuccessful applicant for an appointment, first as minister to Austria, and then as consulgeneral to Paris. He describes himself as a lawyer, a politician, and a theologian, and is reported to have said, on being taken into custody: "All right, I did it, and will go to jail for it. I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be President." A letter was found on his person in which the death of the President was spoken of as a "sad necessity" that would "unite the Republican party and save the republic." Guiteau was lodged in the District of Columbia jail, to await the result of the President's wound.

The news of the attempted assassination created intense excitement throughout the country, and it was considered in some quarters as an indirect result of the political system that encouraged unregulated office-seeking and occasioned many disappointments, and to the quarrel between the so-called "Stalwarts" and Administration Republicans, which had originated in the controversy over appointments in the State of New York. There was an al

most universal outbreak of sorrow and indignation at the crime, and sympathy for the sufferer and his family, and this found expression in the action of numerous public bodies and political assemblies, of both parties and in all sections of the country. It extended to foreign lands, and brought forth many official and unofficial expressions of sympathy. After the first shock had passed, the announcement that the wound was not necessarily fatal, and that there was a chance of recovery, gave rise to a hopeful feeling, which increased with daily reports of favorable progress. As early as the 10th of July Governor Foster, of Ohio, suggested to the Governors of all the States the appointment of a general day of thanksgiving for the President's escape from death, and the prospect of his speedy recovery. In several States this suggestion was acted on. The favorable reports continued for some days, and the President's recovery was confidently predicted by the surgeons in attendance. They concluded that no important organ had been injured, and that the bullet was likely to become encysted and harmless, or might possibly declare its presence in a way that would admit of its successful removal. The first check in the favorable symptoms was on the 18th of July, and was followed by an apparent resumption of progress. The first serious relapse occurred on the 23d of July, being attended with chills and more or less of fever. The bullet had entered between the eleventh and twelfth ribs about four inches to the right of the spinal column, the assassin standing about six feet behind and a little to the right of his victim, and the bones had been somewhat splintered. The diagnosis assumed that there had been a deflection which sent the bullet downward and to the right. The probing and treatment of the wound had followed this supposed course, where there was by this time a channel several inches in depth. The unfavorable symptoms were caused by obstruction in the flow of pus, and on the morning of the 24th an incision was made by Dr. Agnew to give a freer passage from the supposed track of the wound. This was followed by relief and a resumption of hopeful reports. On the 28th there was a slight recurrence of fever, and day by day thereafter there was more or less of febrile rise in the temperature and pulse, attended with abnormal respiration.

The heat of the season aggravated the difficulty of dealing with the case, and artificial means of cooling the atmosphere of the Executive Mansion were resorted to. Large quantities of ice were placed in the cellar, over which air was passed and then admitted to the sick-room by means of an apparatus specially devised for the purpose. The case was also believed to be more or less complicated by malarial influences prevailing in and about the White House. Besides the physicians already mentioned, there were in constant attendance on the President his intimate friends Colonel

A. F. Rockwell and General Swaim, and Mrs. Dr. Edson, the family physician of Mrs. Garfield; Dr. Boynton, the President's cousin and former physician, was also a careful and solicitous watcher. Experiments were made for locating the bullet by means of the induction balance under the direction of Professor Graham Bell and an assistant, the result of which was announced, as follows, in one of the medical bulletins of August 1st :

There was an apparent recovery from the relapse of the 15th, and hope was still cherished. On the 18th inflammation of the right parotid gland was announced, which increased until an incision was made in it on the 24th. The condition of the patient was fluctuating during these days, and he began to express a strong desire to be removed from Washington. On the 25th his condition became critical, and on the day following fears of a fatal ending of all hope were entertained throughout the country. There were, however, slight indications of improvement on the 27th, which increased until by the 30th there was a renewal of hopeful announcements. On the 1st of September the question of removal was taken up again, and the gastric disturbance returning on the 4th, it was decided to take the patient to Long Branch, in accordance with his own earnest desire.

Under the supervision of the attending surgeons, Professors Bell and Taintor this morning made another application to the patient's body of the electrical apparatus known as the induction balance, with a view to completing the tests of last week, which were not entirely conclusive, and ascertaining definitely and certainly, if possible, the location of the ball. Professors Bell and Taintor have been almost constantly engaged for two weeks in experiments with the induction balance, and have made several modifications and improvements which greatly add to its efficiency. They tried this improved apparatus upon the President's body for the first time last week, and although it indicated faintly the location of the ball, it was afterward found to be slightly out of adjust-pared for the reception of the President, and, ment, and the experiment was not regarded as perfectly conclusive. The results of this morning's tests, however, are entirely satisfactory both to Professors Bell and Taintor and to the attending surgeons, and it is now unanimously agreed that the location of the ball has been ascertained with reasonable certainty, and that it lies, as heretofore stated, in the front wall of the abdomen, immediately over the groin, about five inches below and to the right of the navel.

Favorable reports continued during the first days of August, and plans were discussed for removing the patient to the Soldiers' Home. On the 6th unfavorable symptoms were reported as the effect of the heat, and on the following day they were declared to be more serious, and attributed to further obstruction of pus in the wound. A new incision was made, this time below the rib, giving another and freer outlet from the assumed track of the wound. Relief and renewed progress were announced as the result, but there seemed to be no satisfactory evidence of healing. On the 10th the President, for the first time since the shooting, signed an official document, presented for the purpose by the Secretary of State, being one of the papers in an extradition case pending with Canada. About this tine there was considerable discussion as to the correctness of the medical treatment, and also as to the propriety of leaving the executive department of the Government without an active head, some maintaining that the exigency existed under which the Constitution provided for the devolving of the powers and duties of the presidential office on the VicePresident on account of "inability." After the 10th of August the reports from the sufferer were less hopeful, and unfavorable symptoms declared themselves on the 13th. On the 15th the patient was admitted to be in a precarious condition. His pulse went to 130, and he was affected with rigors" and vomiting. Thereafter the stomach was continually troublesome, and much of the time nutriment and stimulants were administered by injection.

The journey to Long Branch was made on the 6th of September. The cottage of Mr. C. J. Francklyn, in Elberon Park, had been pre

with two others near by, was to be occupied by his family and attendants. A special train of the Pennsylvania Railroad was fitted up for the transfer from Washington to Long Branch, and arrangements were made for running it without delay and at a high rate of speed over the 228 miles of distance, which included parts of six different lines of railroad. The patient was removed from the Executive Mansion to the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad station without serious disturbance, at an early hour in the morning, and was made as comfortable as possible in a car specially fitted for the purpose. The departure from Washington took place at 6:30 A. M. The route was over the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad to Baltimore; thence, passing the outskirts of the city, it entered upon the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad; passing over the Junction Railroad from Gray's Ferry to West Philadelphia, and thence to Mantua, it proceeded by the New York division of the Pennsylvania road to Princeton Junction, thence to Monmouth Junction, entering upon the Amboy division, and reaching the Long Branch division of the Central Railroad of New Jersey at Sea Girt. The rate of speed was at times as high as sixty miles an hour; few stops were made, and Long Branch was reached at one o'clock-3,500 feet of railroad-track_having been laid specially to convey the train from the regular station to the immediate vicinity of the Francklyn cottage, at Elberon. The following is the medical bulletin issued the same evening:

President has been removed from Washington to 6.30 P. M.- -Since the last bulletin was issued, the Long Branch. He was more restless than usual last night, being evidently somewhat excited by anticipations of the journey. This morning, at 5.30 o'clock, his pulse was 118; temperature, 99-8°; respiration, 18. We left Washington with the President at 6.30

A. M. Owing to the admirable arrangements made by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and to the

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The President showed signs of gratification at the change, but there was no immediate evidence of improvement. On the 8th the symptoms were regarded as promising again, and at the patient's request Drs. Barnes, Woodward, and Reyburn withdrew from the case, leaving it in the hands of Drs. Bliss, Agnew, and Hamilton. The same week a day of prayer for the recovery of the President was observed in several of the States. For two or three days the reports were hopeful, but bronchial trouble was developing, and threatening the lungs. From the 11th to the 15th the reports were fluctuating and rather dispiriting. The patient was placed for a few hours each day in a reclining chair where he could gaze from the window of the cottage upon the sea. On the 16th there was a serious relapse, with marked symptoms of blood-poisoning, including severe chills, fever, and inability to retain anything in the stomach. The last day is thus briefly described by Dr. Bliss:

At 8 A. M., September 19th, the pulse was 106 and feeble: temperature, 108 8°, and all the conditions unfavorable. In half an hour afterward there was still another chill, followed by febrile rise and sweating, and also with pain as before. During the periods of chill and fever he was more or less unconscious. He passed all day in comparative comfort, and at 8.30 in the evening his pulse was 108, respiration 20, and temperature evidently a little lower than normal. At 10.10 P. M. I was summoned hastily to the bedside, and found the President in an unconscious and dying condition, pulseless at the wrist, with extreme pallor, the eyes opened and turned upward, and respiration 8 per minute, and gasping. Placing my finger upon the carotid, I could not recognize pulsation; applying my ear over the heart, I detected an indistinct flutter, which continued until 10.35, when he expired. The brave and heroic sufferer, the nation's patient, for whom all had labored so cheerfully and unceasingly, had passed away.

Besides the physicians there were present at the moment of death Mrs. Garfield and her daughter, Colonel Rockwell, Mr. O. C. Rock well, General Swaim, Dr. Boynton, J. Stanley Browne and Warren Young, the President's private secretaries, and four attendants of the sick-chamber. Death was preceded by a severe pain at the heart, and the President's last words were, "O Swaim!" The announcement of his demise evoked expressions of universal grief, not only throughout this country but from the principal cities of the Old World. Messages of condolence came from representatives of authority abroad as well as at home, and from many private and unofficial sources.

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MRS. GARFIELD, LONG BRANCH: Words can not exble moment. May God support and comfort you as press the deep sympathy I feel with you at this terrihe alone can! THE QUEEN.

An autopsy of the body was made on the afternoon of September 20th, Dr. D. S. Lamb, of the Medical Museum at Washington, handling the knife, and all the physicians who had taken part in the case, as well as Dr. Andrew H. Smith, of Elberon, being present. The result showed that the diagnosis of the wound, so far as it concerned the course of the bullet, had been mistaken from the start. The following is the official announcement of the result of the autopsy:

By previous arrangement a post-mortem examination of the body of President Garfield was made this afternoon, in the presence and with the assistance of Reyburn, Andrew H. Smith, of Elberon, and acting Drs. Hamilton, Agnew, Bliss, Barnes, Woodward, Assistant Surgeon D. S. Lamb, of the Army Medical Museum, Washington. The operation was performed by Dr. Lamb. It was found that the ball, after fracturing the right eleventh rib, had passed through the spinal column in front of the spinal canal, fracturing the body of the first lumbar vertebra, driving a number of small fragments of bone into the adjacent soft parts, and lodging below the pancreas, about two inches and a half to the left of the spine, and behind cysted. The immediate cause of death was secondary the peritonæum, where it had become completely enhemorrhage from one of the mesenteric arteries adjoining the track of the ball, the blood rupturing the peritoneum, and nearly a pint escaping into the abdominal cavity. This haemorrhage is believed to have been the cause of the severe pain in the lower part of the chest complained of just before death. An abscess cavity, six inches by four in dimensions, was found in the vicinity of the gall-bladder, between the liver and the transverse colon, which were strongly adherent. It did not involve the substance of the liver, and no communication was found between it and the wound. A long, suppurating channel extended from the external wound between the loinmuscles and the right kidney almost to the right groin. This channel, now known to be due to the burrowing of pus from the wound, was supposed during life to have been the track of the ball. On an examination of the organs of the chest evidences of severe bronchitis were found on both sides, with broncho-pneumonia of the lower portions of the right lung, and, though to a much less extent, of the left. The lungs contained no abscesses and the heart no clots. The liver was enlarged and fatty, but free from abscesses. Nor were any found on any other organ, except the left kidney, which contained near its surface a small abscess about one third of an inch in diameter. In reviewing the history of the case in connection with the autopsy, it is quite evident that fractured, spongy tissue of the vertebræ, furnish a sufthe different suppurating surfaces, and especially the ficient explanation of the septic condition which existed. D. W. BLISS,

J. K. BARNES,
J. J. WOODWARD,
ROBERT REYBURN,
FRANK H. HAMILTON,
D. HAYES AGNEW,
ANDREW H. SMITH,
D. S. LAMB.

Dr. Bliss concluded a review of the case. published in the "Medical Record," in October, as follows:

The most important points revealed by the autopsy, and which are to be considered by the profession, are: 1. Would the condition of the President, immediately after his injury, have justified a more thorough exploration of the wound, or would such a procedure have been safe at any time before primary reaction was established?

2. Was his transfer to the Executive Mansion timely and properly made?

3. Were the best and most judicious means instituted to secure prompt reaction?

4. After reaction was comparatively complete on the 3d of July, and when there had occurred spontaneous evacuations of normal urine and alvine evacuations, and an absence of any evidence of internal hæmorrhage or peritonitis, would further exploration have been necessary, especially when it is considered that the probable reopening of the lacerated vessels would induce hæmorrhage?

5. Were the surgeons then in attendance justified in deferring any further exploration until the arrival of the distinguished counsel on the morning of July

4th ?

6. At the consultation, July 4th, and after it was proved to be impossible to follow the track of the ball any considerable distance beyond the fractured rib, would an operation have been justifiable, necessitating an incision through the soft parts, and a removal of a portion of the rib, so as to develop the track?

7. In the light of modern military surgery, which teaches the readiness with which leaden balls become encysted, would an operation at any time for removal of the missile have been justified unless there was some evidence of the missile being a source of irritation?

8. Considering carefully the condition of the President during the entire period of his illness, and the facts revealed by the autopsy, would not any operation for the purposes before mentioned have placed the President's life in great jeopardy, and, at best, have hastened the time of his death without affording any signal relief?

9. Was the treatment of the case as presented proper, and did it or not prolong his life to the utmost

limit?

10. Was the mistaken diagnosis a natural result of the conditions present, and, to have developed a correct diagnosis, would not operative procedures have

ensued !

11. If we had known the exact course and locality of the ball, and the organs injured in its passage, should the treatment have been modified in any par

ticular?

I desire to say, in a brief review of the leading facts as to the general conduct of the case, that it has been apparent to the medical reader that my prognosis was favorable, and, notwithstanding the mutations, I augured a successful termination. It is but justice to myself to state that my prognosis was based on a lesion of minor importance. Had our diagnosis been correct, modern surgery should have conducted the case to a successful termination. I believe the medical profession, whom I address, will bear me out that the prognosis was correct, if the diagnosis had been also correct. I was not always able, during the progress of the case, to account for many of the more profound symptoms, and yet could not succeed in learning of any more extensive or complicated lesions than were first suspected. I desire to make the inquiry whether more extensive explorations could have been safely made, or whether the condition presented-a knowledge of the relative position of the patient to the assassin, the character of the missile, and the condition of the lesion and symptoms which follow would have directed the investigation toward the actual track and lodgment of the ball, the track of the ball presenting a course of entrance downward and forward to the point of impingement upon the eleventh rib, and being then deffected to the left at almost a right angle, passing behind the kidney, perforating the intervertebral cartilage and first lumbar vertebra VOL. XXI.-21 A

anterior and to the left of the kidney, and finding its lodgment below the left extremity of the pancreas, wounding in its track the splenic artery. I would ask if any known instrument or means of exploration has ever been presented to the profession capable of tracing before the death of said patient the course of this bullet? Also whether the conditions could have been improved or mitigated, or his life preserved longer by any other line of treatment; whether, in view of the facts, modern conservative surgery could offer anything more for the comfort or recovery of the illustrious patient?

It is proper to state, in conclusion, that the most approved antiseptic dressings were used during the entire progress of the case.

There was considerable lay and professional discussion of the medical treatment, the general conclusion being that, aside from the mistaken diagnosis, the wound was necessarily mortal, and it is doubtful if anything more could have been done to mitigate the sufferings of the patient.

The remains lay at the Francklyn Cottage, Elberon, until Wednesday, September 21st, and the public was admitted to view the face of the dead President. After brief religious ceremonies at ten o'clock, on the 21st, the body was borne by special train froin Long Branch, and, passing silent and reverent crowds at every station, reached Washington at about 4.30, where it was received by an imposing funeral escort and taken to the Capitol. It was laid in state under the great dome, previous to being taken to Cleveland, Ohio, for burial. It was exposed to view during the 22d, and crowds of people passed through the rotunda to look upon the face of the deceased. Meantime, preparations were made in Cleveland for receiving the remains, and there the principal obsequies were to take place. On the afternoon of the 23d, after impressive ceremonies in the rotunda of the Capitol, the coffin was borne to the station of the Baltimore and Polittle after five o'clock. Official representatives tomac Railroad, and the funeral train started a of the various departments of the Government, of most of the States, and many municipal corporations, accompanied or followed the remains. The train, heavily draped with mourning emblems, entered Cleveland at 1.20 o'clock P. M., on the 24th, and the body was placed in state on a catafalque beneath a pavilion erected for the purpose in the center of Monumental Park. All day on Sunday, the 25th, a great concourse of people passed the pavilion, and on the following day an impressive funeral took place, and the remains were deposited in a tomb in Lake View Cemetery, to await the preparation of the place of final sepulture which had been set apart for the purpose by the trustees of the cemetery. The procession included a military and civic pageant of unusual proportions. The day of the funeral, September 26th, was observed throughout the country as an occasion of general mourning, in response to a proclamation of President Arthur, which had been supplemented in many of the States by the recommendations of their Gov

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