This arrangement was warmly approved by Count Hatzfeld, the German embassador, and favored by all the others except the British representative. The latter would not hear of the substitution of the great island which guards the Ægean, just as Beaconsfield and Salisbury opposed its cession when demanded at the Berlin Congress by the Greek delegates, Brailas and Delijannis, and approved by Waddington. The Porte now withdrew this proposition, and promised to grant nearly the whole of Thessaly and a small strip of Epirus, including a part of the coast of the Gulf of Arta, but retaining Prevesa as well as Janina and MezZOVO. Goeshen insisted upon the cession of the entire Gulf of Arta. The embassadors, after prolonged discussion of the arrangement to which the Porte had been induced to accede, and after modifications favorable to Greece were agreed to, all concurred in the settlement and obtained the approval of their governments. The acceptance of the compromise by Greece was then all that was wanting. The unanimous agreement of the powers in the new settlement had the legal effect of annulling the former decision. The conclusions were communicated to the Greek Government in an identical note from all the powers. The Porte announced that in case Greece rejected the offer it would recall its proposal. The note expressly declared that Greece, if she refused the conditions which the powers had procured on her behalf, and should proceed to enforce her demands with arms, would stand entirely alone and must bear the consequences. Coumoundouros, before the reception of the identical note, sought to rob it of a part of its force, and leave the way open for further pretensions to Epirus, by a circular to the powers.

The new boundary-line adopted by the Constantinople Conference commences at the Agean coast a little to the north of Kara Dervent, curves slightly to the southward, and ascends again, striking the line of the Berlin Conference in the vicinity of Tchula, which it follows for 30 or 35 miles in a westerly direction, then trends southward, leaving Mezzovo and Janina on the Turkish side, striking the Arta River, which it follows to its mouth. The fortress of Punta is given to Greece; Prevesa remains in Turkish hands, but its fortifications are to be razed; while the navigation of the Gulf of Arta is to be free. These latter conditions were imposed upon the Porte by the powers. The powers engaged to see that the arrangement was carried out, and the territory given over to Greek possession.

The extent of the ceded territories is about two thirds of the area awarded by the Berlin Conference. It contains 265 geographical square miles. The Turkish official almanac gives the male population of the ceded districts in Thessaly as 20,000 Mohammedans and 150,000 nonMohammedans, composed of Greeks and Pindus Wallachians, and the male population of the district of Arta as 4,000 Mohammedans and

Of

20,000 non-Mohammedans, the latter consisting of Græco-Wallachians, Pindus Wallachians, and Zinzarians or Macedo-Wallachians. the 140,000 Christian inhabitants about 114,000 are of pure Greek blood, 14,000 are of mixed Greek and Wallachian descent, and 12,000 are pure Wallachians. The Mohammedan element is most thickly settled in and about Larissa and Phersala, occupying the most productive portions of the annexed territory. The Wallachians are thickest in the southern parts of the Pindus Mountains, in the northern end of the Arta Valley, and on the south western slope of Olympus. The Græco-Wallachians are found everywhere in the border-lands between Greek and Wallachian settlements.

The new boundary-line starts from Kara Dervent, on the Gulf of Salonica, 5 miles below Platamana, and on the northern edge of the bottom-land at the mouth of the Salambria. It follows the southernmost ridge of the Olympus, passing north of Lividaki Lake and over the heights of Analipsis and Hodaman. From here it takes first a southwesterly direction, crossing the summit of Meluna, afterward a southerly one along the Kritiri chain to the Xeria River. Elassona, the industrial town Cherichina, and the mountainous district to the north, which were given to Greece by the Berlin Conference, remain Turkish. The line takes a westerly direction between the Salambria and Xeria Rivers, passing the villages of Flamuristi and Gavronon, and merges in the line of the Berlin Conference five kilometres northwest of the latter place. It diverges from this again in order to leave on the Turkish side the important strategic point of Mezzovo with the Zygos Pass, and is marked by the summits of Mavromuni, Doshimi, and the gigantic Peristeri. It then passes into Epirus, following a mountain creek, the Kalarytes, down to the Arta, near the village of Michalici, and transects the valley of the Arta down to the Ambrakian Gulf. Two thirds of the drainage basin of the Arta fall to the share of Greece. The peak of Actium, or Punta, is on the Greek side, and its fortifications must be dismantled.

The intensest excitement prevailed throughout Greece when the news came that the powers had approved, with some modifications, the boundary-line proposed by the Porte, instead of maintaining the frontier adopted by the Berlin Conference. The "on" newspaper struck a note to which every heart responded when it called to arms and appealed to the Panhellenic idea:

Europe, which has torn up its own work, may not philippics are written fulminating wrath, if the will seem to be the friend and well-wisher of Greece, and of Europe is defied and its decree set at naught.

But the essence of the matter is, that Europe, even against its will, is on our side, and can not act otherwise than in our favor. Though a thousand protocols and declarations be written down; though warnings, ay threats, be denounced against us, all will vanish like bubbles at the first breath, so soon as we

on our part adopt a firm policy and a manly determination to tread without deviation the path of national duty and of sacred interests. After Turkey has carried her arrogance and her contempt for Europe to the point of dragging Europe to Constantinople to tear up the decision of the Berlin Congress-who will maintain that Greece will be punished by Europe, when Europe has not punished Turkey?

Europe can not come out as our opponent if we proceed to the execution of its own decision, and supplement and complete it if possible. True, no treaty has been signed which guarantees us the alliance of Europe, and we have no protocol which assures us of aid and support in our struggle. But let us not forget that the true international treaties are not those written with ink and paper-the latest treaty, that of Berlin, shows us clearly how much weight written treaties possess. The true treaties of lasting value are the unwritten treaties of national rights and international interests, and these neither personal cavils nor diplomatic artifices can destroy or impair. Such true and irreversible compacts subsist between us and Europe, between us and the whole civilized world. Greece represents in the Orient, not conquest, but liberation not robbery and extortion, but creative effort and peaceful industry; not misery and decay, but progress and liberty.

It was feared that the dissatisfaction of the Greeks at the change in the boundary arrangement would still prevent a peaceful settlement; that they would either reject the offer outright or delay their answer so long that Turkey would withdraw her propositions. Within the proper time Coumoundouros returned, April 7th, a cautiously worded note in which he accepted the promised territory, demanded that the powers should secure its evacuation, and committed the welfare of the Epirotes to the guardianship of Europe, without renouncing the prospects held out by the Berlin decision of the amalgamation of Epirus with Greece. The accept ance of the proffered cession was couched in the following words:

Greece, though pained to see substituted for the decision of the Conference of Berlin another boundaryline, hastens nevertheless to thank the powers for their benevolent interest. She desires to know what term will be set for the occupation, and what guarantee will be offered that the occupation will be accomplished

without bloodshed.

The representatives of the powers objected to the form of the acceptance, and on the 13th of April Coumoundouros substituted the following document, which was approved as a formal acceptance of the conditions:

When the Greek Government accepted the serious decree of the Berlin Conference, the Government considered, as it considers to-day, that the decision of the great powers of Europe created rights and obligations affecting both Turkey and Greece, and the inhabitants of the provinces which were awarded to Greece as well as Europe. To-day the great powers come forward to inform Greece that since, through the force of circumstances, the conclusions laid down in the Berlin decision can no longer attain the peaceable fulfillment which the Cabinets had in view, these have instructed their ministers in Greece that they should consider and establish among themselves the boundary-line which best suits the requirements of the situation. The conclusions of the embassadors, which Europe has adopted and expressly substituted for those of the decree of July 1, 1880, alter in a radical

manner the boundary-line of the Berlin Conference; they put in the place of it a new boundary-line, the

main positions on which afford no sort of security and lack every requirement for natural defenses. This line, whose defects must occasion inevitable difficulties in the present and danger for the future, Greece is expected, according to the dispatch which has been received, to accept at once. In regard to this invitation of the powers, Greece could not avoid reflecting as to whether its acceptance would bring the question nearer to a conclusion, whether it would insure the complete, rapid, and peaceful solution of the difficulty. The experience of the past, the fate of the arrangement concluded in Berlin, the effect of the acquiescence expressed by Greece in the conclusions of the conference-all this has not encouraged the Hellenic Government to give an affirmative reply. Hence it is of importance to her to learn when the new decision of Europe shall be carried out; whether the peaceable delivery of the territories ceded to Greece will be effected immediately, or within a stated, brief period; and finally, to be enlightened as to the guarantees which the powers would give that it would take place. The Greek Government is pained to learn that the prospect of a breach of the peace has been sufficient to impel Europe to modify the decision reached in Berlin. Greece would never have supposed that Turkey would refuse to submit to the arbitration of the great powers in such manner as to oppose their firm and unalterable will and expose herself to all the eventualities of a war whose consequences and extent she herself could not calculate. Greece desires peace; she rests in the hope that the great powers will take into serious consideration her appeal to their sense of right, that they will weigh it in the same spirit of good-will which has ever guided them in their decisions upon Greece and the Hellenes. Greece is grateful to Europe for the peaceful solution of the question of the Greek boundaries. She will therefore hasten ceive, and to offer all guarantees that may be desired to take possession of the territories which she is to refor the benefit of the Mussulmans of the annexed provinces, both with regard to their religion and respect for their rights of property. But though resolved to take the peaceful course which has been pointed out been accustomed to respect, Greece believes it to be to her by Europe, whose counsels she has at all times neither a dignified nor an honorable proceeding on her part toward children who remain on the other side of the new boundary, and whose rights Europe solemnly acknowledged at Berlin, and has repeatedly confirmed, to leave them to their fate.

COUMOUNDOUROS.

As soon as the conditions of the new adjustment were made public, the military ardor of the Greeks abated. In the country demonstrations in favor of war took place, but at Athens the party of Trikoupis as well as the adherents of the Government approved the tranquil acceptance of the situation. There was a party which would have embraced the opportunity afforded by any wavering on the part of Turkey to agitate in favor of breaking off from the agreement. The powers addressed a collective note to the Porte, urging that the terms of the settlement should be drawn in a formal convention without delay. The Greek frontier commission met to arrange the terms of the convention in the middle of May. The convention between the Porte and the powers was concluded and signed at Constantinople, May 24th. The Ottoman delegates on the commission presented stipulations for insuring the religious, civil, and property rights of Mussulmanded among other terms that Mussulman mans in the ceded provinces. The Porte decommunities should choose their own officials,

dent, and he is well seconded in his efforts by the enlightened zeal of the present Minister of Public Instruction, Don Delfino Sanchez. The "Institutos" of Guatemala and Quezaltenango, and the colleges for females in both towns, are establishments worthy of a progressive government and country. "Belen," with its efficient staff of lady professors, principally foreigners, excites universal admiration for its excellent managerment and the rapid progress of its pupils. This is the favorite educational establishment, and here the daughters of the leading members of society receive their education, side by side with many who are maintained at the public expense, with the expectation that they will afterward devote part of their time to the education of their less fortunate sisters, as teachers in the public schools that now exist throughout the republic.

The national revenue and expenditures for the year 1879 were as exhibited in the subjoined tables:

REVENUE.

Balar ce from preceding year

agencies, $70,007.12; bills receivable, $1,202,825.90; various debtors, $233,510.63; shares of the Bank of Salvador, $70,000; United States bonds, $57,612.50, etc. Bills of the bank circulated to the amount of $276,652, The reserve has been increased to $64,000, and the dividend-fund is $20,686.74. Discounts during the six months footed up to $2,063,224.70. The exchange business during the six months was profitable, and promises to be still more favorable on account of special advantages obtained for the bank in Europe, by Mr. J. F. Medina, the former manager. The net profits of the concern were $66,050.52 for the six months, out of which a dividend of $500 per share was paid, or at the rate of over 14 per cent per annum on the paid-up capital of the bank.

The exports and imports, with the destinations and sources thereof respectively, were as follows for 1880:

821,617

$835,000

Customs receipts..

2,510,369

1,776,000

727,000

Moncpolies..

82.805

860,000

Reimbursements, interest, etc

13.869

Various.

227,000

National Bank..

887,862

This total shows an increase of $1,964,829 as compared with the showing for January 1, 1879.

In the annual report of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders, published in 1881, the statement concerning the Guatemala indebtedment growing out of British loans figured as follows: approximate principal unredeemed, £542,200 ($2,711,005); total, with overdue interest, £712,392 ($3,561,960).

We transcribe the following extract from the semi-annual returns of the International Bank of Guatemala for the period ending June 30, 1881; the situation described therein being as satisfactory as the showing of other prosperous banks in larger commercial centers: There are ninety-one subscribers to its funds, who, on a nominal capital of $910,000, have paid up $637,000. Casli in hand, $379,831.17; cash in

Italy

All other destinations

Total......

The imports from the United States were as follows in 1880: from New York, $141,591.43; from California, $502,995.26; from New Orleans, $11,367.12; total, $656,913.81. The exports to the United States, in the same year, were of the total value of $1,776,214.70.

The work on the branch of the railway from Escuintla to the capital had been commenced; and a concession for the construction of a line from Santo Tomás, on the Atlantic coast, had been granted to Larrondo Brothers; distance, 240 miles; estimated cost, $14,000,000. This new line, if built, will materially facilitate our trade with Guatemala, there being already a line of steamers plying between New Orleans and Livingston, near Santo Tomás.

Guatemala is now in the Postal Union.

GUITEAU'S TRIAL. Within a few days after the death of President Garfield proceedings were begun in the District of Columbia for bringing his assailant to trial on a charge of murder. At first a question of jurisdiction was raised, the death of the victim having occurred in the State of New Jersey. The opinion was expressed that the rule of the common law prevailed in the District, and that its courts could not have jurisdiction in a case of murder unless the death as well as the criminal act occurred within its boundaries. There was no doubt that the courts of New Jersey would have jurisdiction, inasmuch as the statute law of that State provided that both in the case of death within its limits from criminal injury caused elsewhere, and injury within its limits resulting in death elsewhere, indictment could be found and tried in the county within which either the death or the injury took place. At the request of Judge E. W. Scudder, of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, Attorney-General Stockton considered the question of the proper action to be taken in that State. He wrote to District - Attorney Corkhill, of the District of Columbia, stating that he should not advise any legal proceedings to be taken in New Jersey with a view to the punishment of the crime of Guiteau, unless he should be informed that it could not be punished under the jurisdiction of the courts of the Federal District. The District Attorney replied that he had no doubt that the law in force there would be found adequate to meet the case. Judge Scudder accordingly, on the 4th of October, charged the Grand Jury of Monmouth County that it would not be advisable or necessary "to take any action in this matter at the present time, unless we shall be notified that the prosecution and indictment of the offense in this county are required to prevent a failure of justice, which does not now appear probable, according to the statement made by the proper legal authority of the city of Washington."

The case had by this time been already brought before the Grand Jury of the District of Columbia on the evidence of Surgeon-General Barnes, who testified in relation to the wound; George W. Adams and Officer Kearney, who witnessed the shooting; and Dr. D. S. Lamb, who conducted the autopsy of the President's body. The presentment of the jury was made on the 4th of October, the indictment was found in due form a few days later, and on the 14th of October the prisoner was arraigned in court to plead to the indictment. In the mean time he had caused to be printed in one of the public journals a statement of facts and an explanation of his motives. In this he gave a long account of his career, his participation in the political canvass of 1880, and his efforts to obtain an appointment at the hands of the new Administration. He said:

My conception of the idea of removing the President was this: Mr. Conkling resigned on Monday, May 16,

He then proceeded to give a detailed account of his preparation for the crime and of its execution, claiming that he was under a divine pressure which he could not resist. In regard to the legal aspect of the case and his defense, he said:

I shot the President without malice or murderous intent. I deny any legal liability in this case. In order to constitute the crime of murder two elements must co-exist. First, an actual homicide; second, malmalice from the fact of the homicide; the degree of ice-malice in law or malice in fact. The law presumes malice depends upon the condition of the man's mind at the time of the homicide. If two men quarrel and one shoots the other in heat or passion, the law says that is manslaughter. The remoteness of the shooting of the malice. The further you go from the concepfrom the moment of its conception fastens the degree tion to the shooting the greater the malice, because the law says that in shooting a man a few hours or a few days after the conception the mind has a chance to cool, and therefore the act is deliberate. Malice in fact depends upon the circumstances attending the homicide. Malice in law is liquidated in this case by the facts and circumstances, as set forth in these pages, attending the removal of the President. I had none but the best of feelings, personally, toward the President. I always thought of him and spoke of him as

General Garfield.

On his

At the request of the accused, his brotherin-law, George M. Scoville, of Chicago, took charge of his defense. Attempts to secure the aid of prominent lawyers, including R. T. Merrick, of Washington; Emory A. Storrs, of Chicago; and B. F. Butler, of Massachusetts, were unsuccessful, though Mr. Merrick expressed his willingness to argue the question of jurisdiction, if it were made an issue in the case. arraignment the prisoner pleaded "Not guilty," and desired to make a statement, but the priv ilege was denied, as not appropriate at that time. In arguing for a delay of the trial, Mr. Scoville stated that the defense would consist of two points: First, the insanity of the defendant; and, second, that the wound was not necessarily mortal, and was not the cause of death. The time of trial was fixed for November 7th, and it was intimated that there might be a preliminary consideration of the question of jurisdiction. This was not had, however, as the plea of "Not guilty" waived for the time the objection on this point. Subsequently Judge Cox, of the Criminal Court, assigned Mr. Leigh Robinson to be associate counsel for the defense; and Mr. Walter D. Davidge, of Washington, and John K. Porter, of New York, were employed to assist in the prosecution. A motion for the postponement of the trial to November 21st resulted in its being set down peremptorily for the 14th of that month. In the mean time an order was obtained from the